Red GG Research Articles

Functionalization of commercial pigment Hostasol Red GG for incorporation into organic thin-film transistors

We explored the functionalization of the inexpensive commercial dye Red GG through a simple one-pot Grignard reaction leading to novel substituted derivatives that were incorporated into organic thin film transistors.

Organic thin-film transistors incorporating a commercial pigment (Hostasol Red GG) as a low-cost semiconductor

Inexpensive carbon-based semiconducting materials are of interest for the manufacturing of organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) for use in radio-frequency tags, gas sensors, printed logic circuits and flexible screens. The molecular organization of these materials at the interface with the dielectric layer in an OTFT is critical to device performance. We incorporated an inexpensive commercial pigment, 14H-anthra[2,1,9-m,n,a]thioxanthen-14-one (Hostasol Red GG, Solvent Orange 63), which has not been characterized before as a semiconductor in OTFTs. We found that of the four surface treatments used to modify the silicon dioxide (SiO2) dielectric, octyltrichlorosilane (OTS) had the greatest positive effect on device operation. We also illustrate the importance of moisture in the surface chemistry and its direct implications to film formation and device performance. Furthermore, increasing substrate temperature during physical vapor deposition of Red GG generally decreased device performance, despite increasing molecular organization and apparent grain size as characterized with atomic force microscopy (AFM). Optimized OTFTs had a field-effect mobility of up to 5 × 10−5 cm2/V, an on/off current ratio the order of 103 and a threshold voltage around 10 V. These results demonstrate the important role of processing conditions for Red GG-based OTFTs and could be applied to optimizing devices made with synthetic derivatives of Red GG for improved performance in this family of relatively inexpensive and unexplored semiconducting compounds.

Fractionation using adsorptive macroporous resin HPD-600 enhances antioxidant activity of Gnetum gnemon L. seed hard shell extract.

In this study, antioxidant activities and identification of the bioactive substances in Gnetum gnemon L. (Gg) seed hard shell were evaluated. The seed of Gnetum gnemon L., an Indonesian native plant, is commonly consumed as a vegetable or further processed as cracker. Isolated substances from Gnetum gnemon seed are mainly stilbenoid derivatives which show potent antioxidant, tyrosinase inhibitor, and antimicrobial activities. Nevertheless, the antioxidant activity of its crude extract is still considered weak. In this study, an effort was made to improve antioxidant potency by fractionation using macroporous adsorptive resin (MAR). This fractionation successfully enhanced antioxidant activity of red Gg seed hard shell extract with efficient adsorption contact time within 30min. Antioxidant activity of fractions 25-75% v/v ethanol increased three- to sevenfold as compared to crude extract and more importantly resulted in dry product which was easier for further processes. Identification of bioactive compounds in Gg seed hard shell extract with different degrees of ripeness was also performed by HPLC and confirmed the presence of Gnetin C, resveratrol, and other stilbenoid derivatives. These other stilbenoid derivatives could be the main substances contributing in antioxidant action with lower IC50 as compared to both Gnetin C and resveratrol. In summary, fractionation process using MAR HPD-600 reduced unnecessary sugar molecules from red Gg seed hard shell extract hence resulting to fraction with strong antioxidant activity.

Technological evaluation of reactive cyclodextrin in cotton printing with reactive and natural dyes

AbstractThe chemical modification of cotton fabric with reactive cyclodextrin (R‐CD) at different concentrations was carried out to enhance the printability of cotton fabric. The extent of the modification reaction was expressed as %N. Reactive and natural dyes were used to print cotton fabric before and after modification. Printing pastes were applied immediately after preparation or after 24 h of storage. Printing fixation was performed through either steaming or thermal treatment. The effect of the incorporation of R‐CD in the printing paste of unmodified cotton was also studied. The results reveal that the extent of the modification reaction increased with increasing R‐CD concentration and so did the color strength (K/S) of the printed sample regardless of the dye used. The results also revealed that K/S of the R‐CD modified cottons were higher than that of the corresponding unmodified samples regardless of the method of fixation or the time elapsed before printing. On the other hand, the incorporation of R‐CD in the printing pastes of reactive dyes, namely, Cibacron Brown 6R‐P or Remazol Brilliant Red GG, had adverse effects, most probability due to the (a) increasing viscosity of the paste and/or (b) interaction of the reactive dye with R‐CD hydroxyls. The opposite held true when a natural dye was used. Further, the incorporation of R‐CD in the printing pastes had no effect on the rheological type of the pastes or the on overall fastness properties of the prints. Nevertheless, such an incorporation of R‐CD was accompanied by a remarkable increase in the magnitude of the apparent viscosity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 338–347, 2006

The Role of the Plasma Membrane H +-ATPase in Defensive Lignification in Wheat

Summary In order to identify a role for the plasma membrane (PM) H + -ATPase in defensive lignification in wheat leaves the effects of various elicitors and H + -ATPase inhibitors on PM H + -ATPase activity and H + -pumping in membrane vesicles were investigated. In addition, the effects of these treatments on the lignification response were assessed by monitoring inducible phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) activities, useful marker enzymes for lignification, and by Fast Red GG, a histochemical stain for lignin. The elicitors, chitin, chitosan and N -acetyl-chitooligosaccharide (GlcNAc)4, had little direct effect on either PM H + -ATPase activity or on H + -pumping in membrane fractions. In contrast, all three treatments induced increases in PAL and CAD activities and elicited lignin deposition at wound margins. The ATPase inhibitors, vanadate and erythrosin B, had an inhibitory effect on PM H + -ATPase activity and H + -pumping, and induced increases in PAL, CAD and lignification. K252a, an inhibitor of the phospholipid Ca 2+ , ion-dependent protein kinase, was a potent elicitor of PAL and CAD and also was capable of eliciting lignin deposition.

The presence of phenolic compounds in isolated cell walls of brown algae

We isolated the cell walls of Hormosira banksii (Turner) Decaisne (Hormosiraceae) and Phyllospora comosa (Labillardière) C. Agardh zygotes and used light and electron microscopy to study the presence of phenolic deposits in these walls. The isolated walls had little contaminating cellular debris. Phenolic compounds are an important component of brown algal cell walls and are conspicuous toward the inside of the isolated walls. These compounds stain with toluidine Blue O, neutral red, fast red GG, osmium tetroxide, and those in Hormosira autofluoresce. Wall isolation is the important first step in the process of chemical analysis of polyphenolic compounds present in these walls. This is the first paper to describe the presence of phenolic components in isolated cell walls of brown algae.

Investigation of the Fracture of Resinated Single Wood Fibers in an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (Esem)

Abstract Single fiber fracture is important in understanding the fundamental failure mechanisms in wood/polymer composite products such as medium density fiberboard (MDF). The mechanical properties and fracture behavior of individual wood fibers has only recently been observable using a combination of environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), laser scanning confocal microscopy and digital image correlation (DIC). Previous work has shown that specific areas on the fiber such as microcompressions and pits acted as crack nucelators and induce a brash fracture across the surface of the fiber. Given the development of these procedures it is now possible to observe and measure the mechanical properties and fracture characteristics of the wood fiber/ polymer composite fibers. Individual black spruce wood fibers were coated with diphenylmethane 4-4'diisocyanate resin containing Hostasol Red GG. The addition of the Hostasol Red flurochrome provided the option of quantifying resin coverage by fluorescence microscopy.

Evaluation of fluorescent dyes for epoxy impregnation of porous ceramics

Eight different commercially available fluorescent dyes (fluorochromes) were tested for suitability for use in low‐viscosity epoxy resin. Dyes were compared based on solubility in different solvents and epoxy resin and a numerical criterion for each dye's fluorochromicity. The two best dyes, based upon the brightness of each dye after illumination by a UV source, were Hostasol Red GG and Hostasol Yellow 3G. These two dyes in epoxy resin were used to visualize impregnation and remnant porosity in porous superconductor ceramic pellets. The impregnant was either cured epoxy or a low melting point alloy.

THE pH RANGE OF THE DIAZOSAFRANIN REACTION OF RAT AND OTHER MAST CELLS

5-Hydroxytryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) give strong red azo coupling colors with fresh p-nitrodiazobenzene (fast red GG) at coupling pH levels of 3-9. Tyrosine, histidine, histamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopa, dopamine and tryptophan give strong red colors at pH 7-9, weakening to orange and yellow at pH 5-6 and negative below. Tryptophan gives weak orange-yellow to about pH 4. Rat mast cells color deep red with diazosafranin at pH 3-8. Protein colors pink to red at pH 7-8, weaker at 5-6, and remains almost uncolored below that. Preoxidation with 10 min 1% H5IO6, 2 hr 0.1 M FeCl3, 3 hr 5% K2Cr2O7 or 1 hr 3°C 10% I2/CH3OH does not prevent the diazosafranin reaction of rat mast cells. Periodic acid does not inhibit in vitro azo coupling of 5-HT or 1-naphthol, that of noradrenaline is prevented, and can be restored by reduction with Na2S2O5 or Na2S2O3. Azo coupling of enterochromaffin and adrenal medulla is prevented by these oxidations and restored by Na2S2O4 reduction. Diazosafranin staining of mast cells is not extracted by 24 hr 0.24 N HCl/70% alcohol. Safranin and other cationic dye staining of rat mast cells resists aqueous 0.1 N HCl some hours, largely disappearing at 24 hr, and is removed by 5-15 min in 0.12 N HCl/7O% alcohol. At pH 1 0.1% toluidine blue colors rat mast cells deep violet; when superimposed after acid diazosafranin the red mast cells assume a deep purple, intermediate color. Since in extended use of the method pH 3 diazosafranin colors only bilirubin casts, hematoidin and dog, rat, mouse and gerbil mast cells, and not monkey, most human or lead and mercury fixed guinea pig mast cells, it is suggested that the method is showing 5-HT in rat mast cells. The occasional reaction of human mast cells may be due to pathologic presence of that substance in these cells.

Strukturaufklärung zweier Pigmentfarbstoffe der Perylen‐Reihe

AbstractThe structures of C.I. Pigment Red 149 (PV Fast Red B)® and C.I. Pigment Red 178 (Paliogen Red GG)® as II and III respectively, are deduced from elemental analysis, spectroscopic data, and synthesis.

Histochemical azo coupling reactions of the pigments of obstructive icterus and of hematoidin. I. Diazonium salts used.

The azo coupling reaction readily demonstrates bile pigment and hematoidin in routine paraffin sections of human postmortem and surgical material fixed in formol, alcohol, chloroform + methanol, etc. A number of freshly diazotized amines as well as several commercial stable diazonium salts have been used successfully both in acid (1 N acetic acid) and slightly alkaline (pH 7.5-8) media. Alkaline coupling yields colors with some diazotates which have been perfectly stable for 14-18 months. Acid azo coupling almost completely eliminates background staining, but the staining results appear to be somewhat less stable. However, moderately good retention of stain for 6 months has been observed. Safranin O yields dark red to purple bile casts and granules and hematoidin globules and crystals, methylene violet (C.I. 50205) gives deep violet and p-nitroaniline (fast red GG) gives deep red colors of good stability. Fast black K, fast black B, fast blue B, fast garnet GBC and fast red B have given satisfactory red colors, but stable diazotates must be reasonably fresh with preferably under 1 year of shelf storage. Ethylanthranilate, anthranilic acid and even aniline have yielded deep red stains of bile casts and hematoidin, but the azo colors are increasingly unstable in the order given, the last fading completely in 18 hr. More consistent results are obtained with ethylanthranilate when a modified Claus diazotization is used. None of the diazonium salts tested discriminated between bile casts and hematoidin. The periodic acid-Schiff glycol reaction colors bile casts red but fails to color hematoidin globules. It is thought that this reaction demonstrates the presence or absence of glucuronic acid, although of course it is not specific for that substance. For the study of hematoidin several of the red azo coupling reactions were successfully combined with a preceding Prussian blue reaction for hemosiderin. Combination of the argentaffin reaction with the Prussian blue reaction does not prove practicable in either sequence. Sulfation enhances the basophilia of bile casts, but to a lesser degree than alkaline azo coupling with sulfanilic acid.

The colorimetric determination of phenol in air and urine with a stabilized diazonium salt.

The optimum conditions have been evaluated for the colorimetric determination of phenol with Brentamine Fast Red GG, the stabilized diazonium salt of p-nitroaniline. The use of this salt presents several advantages over the conventionally diazotized reagents. Application of the method to the estimation of phenol in urine specimens and air samples is described. Adsorption on activated silica gel was found to be an efficient means of recovering phenol from the atmosphere.

Determination of 3-Methoxy-4-Hydroxymandelic Acid (VMA) in Urine by Thin-Layer Chromatography

Abstract From studies of several variables, a method has been developed for the separation and quantitation of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA) in urine by thin-layer chromatography. The urine is pretreated with acid and Florisil, and then extracted with ethyl acetate. Thin-layer chromatography is performed on silica gel with a butanol: acetic acid:water solution. The VMA spot is located by spraying with fast red GG and potassium carbonate. After removal from the plate, maximum color is developed and quantitated by reading in a spectrophotometer at 510 mµ.

(238)アセナフテン系建染染料の合成に関する研究(第1報)ナフタールイミド及びインダンスレン・レッドGGの合成

(238)アセナフテン系建染染料の合成に関する研究(第1報)ナフタールイミド及びインダンスレン・レッドGGの合成