Red Exudate Research Articles

Modulation of Growth and Mycotoxigenic Potential of Pineapple Fruitlet Core Rot Pathogens during In Vitro Interactions.

Pineapple Fruitlet Core Rot (FCR) is a fungal disease characterized by a multi-pathogen pathosystem. Recently, Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium oxysporum, and Talaromyces stollii joined the set of FCR pathogens until then exclusively attributed to Fusarium ananatum. The particularity of FCR relies on the presence of healthy and diseased fruitlets within the same infructescence. The mycobiomes associated with these two types of tissues suggested that disease occurrence might be triggered by or linked to an ecological chemical communication-promoting pathogen(s) development within the fungal community. Interactions between the four recently identified pathogens were deciphered by in vitro pairwise co-culture bioassays. Both fungal growth and mycotoxin production patterns were monitored for 10 days. Results evidenced that Talaromyces stollii was the main fungal antagonist of Fusarium species, reducing by 22% the growth of Fusarium proliferatum. A collapse of beauvericin content was observed when FCR pathogens were cross-challenged while fumonisin concentrations were increased by up to 7-fold. Antagonism between Fusarium species and Talaromyces stollii was supported by the diffusion of a red pigmentation and droplets of red exudate at the mycelium surface. This study revealed that secondary metabolites could shape the fungal pathogenic community of a pineapple fruitlet and contribute to virulence promoting FCR establishment.

Hidden in plain sight: hyperspectral documentation of complex biofluorescence produced by the green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis)

Biofluorescence in echinoderms is largely unexplored, and even though the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis is a well-studied species, the presence and/or function of fluorescence remains very poorly understood. Hyperspectral imaging was conducted on adult sea urchins (N = 380) while fluorospectrometric analysis was conducted on sea urchin coelomic fluid (N = 30). Fluorescence was documented in both the spines and coelomic fluid of S. droebachiensis. Intact spines exhibited a low intensity green emission (∼550–600 nm), while broken spines averaged a high emission peak in the green spectrum (∼580 nm). Sea urchins produce a red exudate with a pronounced emission peak (∼680 nm) with a shoulder peak (∼730 nm). The sampled coelomic fluid exhibited high variability, with a majority exhibiting a low-level green fluorescence while pronounced emission peaks (N = 5) were found in the red spectrum (∼680 nm). The complex fluorescence produced by S. droebachiensis warrants further investigation on its applicability for monitoring welfare of sea urchins in aquaculture facilities.

Polyphasic Approach Utilized for the Identification of Two New Toxigenic Members of Penicillium Section Exilicaulis, P. krskae and P. silybi spp. nov.

Two new species, Penicillium krskae (isolated from the air as a lab contaminant in Tulln (Austria, EU)) and Penicillium silybi (isolated as an endophyte from asymptomatic milk thistle (Silybum marianum) stems from Josephine County (Oregon, USA)) are described. The new taxa are well supported by phenotypic (especially conidial ornamentation under SEM, production of red exudate and red pigments), physiological (growth at 37 °C, response to cycloheximide and CREA), chemotaxonomic (production of specific extrolites), and multilocus phylogenetic analysis using RNA-polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2), partial tubulin (benA), and calmodulin (CaM). Both new taxa are resolved within the section Exilicaulis in series Restricta and show phylogenetic affiliation to P. restrictum sensu stricto. They produce a large spectrum of toxic anthraquinoid pigments, namely, monomeric anthraquinones related to emodic and chloremodic acids and other interesting bioactive extrolites (i.e., endocrocin, paxilline, pestalotin, and 7-hydroxypestalotin). Of note, two bianthraquinones (i.e., skyrin and oxyskyrin) were detected in a culture extract of P. silybi. Two new chloroemodic acid derivatives (2-chloro-isorhodoptilometrin and 2-chloro-desmethyldermoquinone) isolated from the exudate of P. krskae ex-type culture were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS).

Bloodwood: the composition and secreting-site of the characteristic red exudate that gives the name to the Swartzia species (Fabaceae).

TheSwartziaspecies are commonly known as bloodwood due to the red exudate released from the stem after injury. This exudate has aroused great interest, and an integrative study is essential to describe it in detail. Thus, this work aimed to identify the red exudate's secreting-site inS. flaemingiiandS. langsdorffii, and determine if it is a latex or a resin. Samples of the stem bark and the secondary xylem were prepared for histological analysis. Fresh exudates were dissolved in deuterated methanol and analyzed by 1H-NMR; other samples were resuspended in MeOH:H2O (9:1), partitioned with organic solvents and analyzed bydirect infusion mass spectrometry. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were determined spectrophotometrically, and antioxidant capacity was determined using ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. The results showed that the exudate is a red latex produced by articulated laticifers located among the phloem cells. The latex is composed of sucrose, catechin glucosides, chlorophyll derivatives, and hederagenin-type saponins. Both samples of S. flaemingiiandS. langsdorffii presented high amounts of phenolicsand flavonoids, as well as a strong antioxidant capacity. The anatomical study showed that the secreting-site of the Swartzia red exudates were laticifers. This finding allows us to exclude other substances such as resin or oleoresin, generally produced by secretory cavities or ducts. Furthermore, since laticifers are rare in Fabaceae, this finding is significant, and represents an essential taxonomic feature. The showy red color is due to the large amounts of flavonoids. This latex probably has a protective role against microorganisms and photodamage. The bioactive potential of this exudate inspires further studies, which may boost the economic importance of Swartzia.

CASE REPORT: LIPOSARCOMA WITH MICROVASCULAR PROLIFERATION IN A COCKATIEL (Nymphicus hollandicus)

A five-year-old female cockatiel weighing 117 g was presented with a fast-growing mass beside the uropygial gland. Excisional biopsy was performed and the mass measured [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm in size and weighed 30.6 g. On the surface of cut sections, the mass was yellow-brown with white or yellow colloidal substances and red exudate. Histopathology showed that the tumor mass was covered by the skin and located in the deep dermis and hypodermis. The tumor consisted of abundant vascular adipose tissue and lipoblasts with intracytoplasmic lipid droplets, which varied in size. Also, small, well-differentiated blood vessels, with varied degrees of congestion and dilation, were observed within the tumor. Histochemically, staining with Oil red O produced a positive reaction in which the lipid droplets presented a reddish color. Immunohistochemistry produced positive staining for Desmin and successfully marked the muscular layers of blood vessels. On the basis of these results, a rare case of liposarcoma with microvascular proliferation adjacent to the uropygial gland was diagnosed in a cockatiel.

Kindia (Pavetteae, Rubiaceae), a new cliff-dwelling genus with chemically profiled colleter exudate from Mt Gangan, Republic of Guinea.

A new genus Kindia (Pavetteae, Rubiaceae) is described with a single species, Kindia gangan, based on collections made in 2016 during botanical exploration of Mt Gangan, Kindia, Republic of Guinea in West Africa. The Mt Gangan area is known for its many endemic species including the only native non-neotropical Bromeliaceae Pitcairnia feliciana. Kindia is the fourth endemic vascular plant genus to be described from Guinea. Based on chloroplast sequence data, the genus is part of Clade II of tribe Pavetteae. In this clade, it is sister to Leptactina sensu lato (including Coleactina and Dictyandra). K. gangan is distinguished from Leptactina s.l. by the combination of the following characters: its epilithic habit; several-flowered axillary inflorescences; distinct calyx tube as long as the lobes; a infundibular-campanulate corolla tube with narrow proximal section widening abruptly to the broad distal section; presence of a dense hair band near base of the corolla tube; anthers and style deeply included, reaching about mid-height of the corolla tube; anthers lacking connective appendages and with sub-basal insertion; pollen type 1; pollen presenter (style head) winged and glabrous (smooth and usually hairy in Leptactina); orange colleters producing a vivid red exudate, which encircle the hypanthium, and occur inside the calyx and stipules. Kindia is a subshrub that appears restricted to bare, vertical rock faces of sandstone. Fruit dispersal and pollination by bats is postulated. Here, it is assessed as Endangered EN D1 using the 2012 IUCN standard. High resolution LC-MS/MS analysis revealed over 40 triterpenoid compounds in the colleter exudate, including those assigned to the cycloartane class. Triterpenoids are of interest for their diverse chemical structures, varied biological activities, and potential therapeutic value.

Five new Talaromyces species with ampulliform-like phialides and globose rough walled conidia resembling T. verruculosus

Talaromyces verruculosus, T. aculeatus and T. apiculatus are the only Talaromyces species that produce conidiophores with ampulliform phialides, which taper into very thin necks and have rough walled, globose conidia. In this study, we introduce five new species with similar micromorphological features, but were found to display unique macromorphological characters. Talaromyces australis (CBS 137102T) is distinguished by its restricted growth on CYA at 25 and 37 °C (16–24 mm; 9–13 mm) and red pigments produced on most media. Talaromyces kendrickii (CBS 136666T) is distinguished by its inability to grow on CYA at 37 °C. Talaromyces veerkampii (CBS 500.78T) grows rapidly on MEA (38–42 mm) and colonies on YES has a bronze green reverse. Talaromyces fuscoviridis (CBS 193.69T) colonies have dark green reverses on MEA and commonly produces red exudates on other media. Talaromyces stellenboschiensis (CBS 135665T) grows faster on CYA at 25, 30 and 37 °C (40–45 mm; 48–53 mm; 35–40 mm) than the others. Morphological findings were supported by both multigene phylogenetic analyses and the extrolites produced by these species.

Protective effect of zinc on mouse renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by anti-apoptosis and antioxidation.

The paper discussed the protective effect of zinc pretreatment on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) and its mechanism. 50 male ICR mice were randomly divided into five groups: sham-operated group, model group, high-dose group with zinc sulfate pretreatment (60mg/kg body weight), medium-dose group with zinc sulfate pretreatment (30mg/kg body weight) and low-dose group with zinc sulfate pretreatment (15mg/kg body weight). The mice were administrated with zinc sulfate once a day for two weeks, subsequently the RIRI animal models were prepared by ligation of the left renal pedicle 30 minutes. 24h after reperfusion, the kidney tissue was removed and pathological results by HE staining showed that in the model group, kidney surface covered with a large number of red exudates, renal tubular dilatated, disorganized, renal tubular epithelial cell vacuolar degenerated, nuclear pyknosis and necrosis appeared; congestive and necrosis were visible in medullary junction. The pathological changes of renal ischemia- reperfusion were obviously relieved in the animals with medium and low-dose zinc pretreatment. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the lowdose zinc sulfate pretreatment group was significantly higher than that in the model and high-dose groups (P <0.05). The malondialdehyde (MDA) content of renal tissue, the apoptotic cells percentage in the medium and low dose groups were significantly lower than those in the model group (P <0.05), and MDA content in the low-dose group was significantly lower than that in the medium dose group (P <0.05). The ratio of BCL-2/BAX protein expression in the medium and low dose groups was significantly higher than that in the model group (P<0.05), the ratio in the low groups was significantly higher than that in the medium dose and high dose group by double immunofluorescence staining (P <0.05). In conclusion, zinc has a protective effect on the renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by antioxidant capacity and inhibition of apoptosis in the kidney.

Influence of Temperature and Plant Growth Stages of Red Clover and Wheat on Small Broomrape (Orobanche minor) Germination

Small broomrape is a holoparasitic plant that attaches to the roots of red clover as well as several other host plants. Hosts and false hosts produce stimulants that induce small broomrape germination but small broomrape does not attach to a false host. Wheat has been identified as a false host for small broomrape; therefore, studies were conducted to investigate the effect of red clover and wheat root exudates on small broomrape germination. In one study, the effect of exudates from red clover and wheat at multiple growth stages on small broomrape germination was evaluated. Red clover induced small broomrape germination at all growth stages tested but was greatest (78%) in the presence of exudates from red clover at the three-trifoliolate stage. Maximum small broomrape germination was 25% when exposed to exudates produced by one-leaf-stage wheat. In a second study, the relationship between small broomrape germination and host growth condition was evaluated using root exudates from red clover or wheat grown under several temperature conditions for either 4 or 8 wk. For the different temperatures, there were no differences in small broomrape germination when exudates of red clover grown for 4 wk were used. Small broomrape germination was reduced when exposed to exudates from red clover plants grown for 8 wk at 10 C compared with plants grown at 15, 20, and 25 C. Differences in small broomrape seed germination were observed with temperature under which wheat was grown for 4 wk, but not for 8 wk. Although wheat exudates resulted in less small broomrape seed germination than red clover exudates, growing wheat as a false host in a small broomrape-infested field could be an important component of an integrated management plan.

First Report of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, the Causal Agent of Bacterial Canker of Kiwifruit in France.

In June 2010, young plants of kiwifruit growing in the French regions of Rhone-Alpes (Actinidia deliciosa 'Summer') and Aquitaine (A. chinensis 'Jintao') showed small, angular, necrotic leaf spots and cankers on some canes that was sometimes associated with production of a red exudate. Most of the affected canes died, and in a few cases after a few months, the entire plant died. Symptoms were consistent with Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, a bacterium that affects several species of Actinidia (A. deliciosa and A. chinensis, the two most important commercial species of kiwifruit). A recent outbreak of this disease is devastating the Italian kiwifruit industry. Bacterial colonies were isolated on King's medium B (KB) from leaf spots and infected canes. Three isolates from Aquitaine and 10 from Rhone-Alpes were retained for further characterization. The 13 isolates were gram negative, induced a hypersensitive reaction when infiltrated in tobacco plants, did not have a cytochrome c oxidase, an arginine dehydrolase or urease activity, did not hydrolyze esculin, starch, or gelatine, and did not induce ice nucleation. When plated on KB, these strains did not show strong fluorescence usually associated with strains of P. syringae. Complete lack of fluorescence reported for the pathotype strain ICMP 9817 has not been observed for those strains. They showed the same weak fluorescence as the strains of P. syringae pv. actinidiae recently isolated from Italy. Those characteristics match those of strains of P. syringae pv. actinidiae (3). Using total DNA of the 13 strains, the pathotype strain, and primers PsaF1/R2 (2), a 280-bp fragment was amplified by PCR, supporting the strains as being P. syringae pv. actinidiae. The amplicon from 6 of the 13 strains was sequenced and found to be 100% similar to the corresponding DNA fragment of the pathotype strain ICMP 9617 (GenBank AY342165). Partial sequences of 1,381 bp of the 16S rDNA gene of four of the six isolates, three strains isolated from Rhone-Alpes and one strain isolated from Aquitaine, were obtained by amplification with primers 27f and 1492r (1). Except for the sequence of strain 181, which was isolated from Aquitaine and had a 1 bp difference (GenBank JF323026), the other sequences were 100% identical to each other (GenBank JF323027 to JF323029). These four sequences were 99% identical to the 16SrDNA sequences of ICMP 9617, the pathotype strain of P. syringae pv. actinidiae (GenBank AB001431). These four strains and the pathotype strain were sprayed (1 × 109 CFU/ml) on leaves of four 6- to 8-week-old seedlings of A. chinensis each. After 4 days, small, necrotic, angular spots were found on all plants inoculated with those four strains and the pathotype strain. No symptoms were found on plants treated with water only. From those leaf spots, bacteria that had all the characteristics of P. syringae pv. actinidiae (as previously described) were isolated. Recently, two different haplotypes for the housekeeping gene cts were described for P. syringae pv. actinidiae (4), the strains isolated from France belong to the haplotype I. This is the same haplotype to which strains isolated from the recent Italian outbreak also belong. To our knowledge, this is the first report of bacterial canker of kiwifruit in France.

Novitates gabonenses (30). A New Species in Agelaea (Connaraceae)

Five years ago Agelaea gabonensis Jongkind, the first species in the genus with five instead of three leaflets in the compound leaf, was described (C.C.H. Jongkind, Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 61: 7175. 1991). As this was quite exceptional in the genus, a new section, gabonensis was proposed for it. In this paper a second species of Agelaea section gabonensis is described. It also has leaves with five leaflets and indumentum with fascicles of not more than two hairs. The new species also shows the short multicellular hairs fringing the sepals. A red exudate like in A. gabonensis has not been observed by any of the collectors of the new species.

EFFECTS OF VARIOUS FRESH MEAT STORAGE METHODS ON THE COLOR OF COOKED GROUND PORK

ABSTRACT The effects of microbial growth in raw materials on cooked pork color were investigated. In two trials with sow meat held aerobically at 2C for 3 weeks, microbial load reached spoilage levels (107 cfu/g), pH increased to 6.46, and samples cooked to 71C had red exudate, shown by absorption spectroscopy to contain myoglobin and cytochrome c. Samples cooked to 82C also received high panel ratings for red color, due to red, flocculent precipitate in the exudate, but undenatured myoglobin levels were low. In sow meat held frozen or vacuum‐packaged at 2C, pH after 3 weeks was 6.03 and 6.18, and plate counts were 104 and 107, respectively, but exudates after cooking were much less red. In five trials with fresh pork legs, total plate counts also reached 107 cfu/g by 3 weeks storage, and pH increased to 6.37, but cooked samples were not red. Higher myoglobin levels in sow meat probably accounted for the red color and level of undenatured myoglobin remaining after cooking of high pH, spoiled samples.

The effects on rat pups when nitrofen (4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)nitrobenzene) was applied dermally to the dam during organogenesis

Nitrofen (4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)nitrobenzene; TOK® herbicide) was administered dermally as an aqueous dilution of an emulsifiable concentrate on Day 6–15 of gestation to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats at dose levels of 0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2 and 12.0 mg/kg/day. No maternal toxicity occured. At 12 mg/kg neonatal survival was reduced and the animals that died had a high incidence of diaphragmatic hernias. Survivors showed increased incidences of diaphragmatic hernias and of missing or reduced Harderian glands, chromodarcryorrhea (a clear red exudate around the eyes), and a high frequency of slight to severe dilation of the renal pelvis. Thyroid and Harderian gland weights were significantly depressed in Day 42 survivors of both sexes at 12.0 mg/kg; liver and lung weights were decreased, and renal weight was increased in the females. At 12.0 mg/kg thyroid weights of males and females were significantly depressed at 146 days postnatal. The incidence of dilated kidneys was increased at 0.3 mg/kg and higher. No effect was observed at any dose level on time to eye opening, time to vaginal opening, mitotic index of the liver, or T3 levels in the dams or the offspring, and no gross behavioral effects were recorded. The no observable effect level was estimated to be 0.28 mg/kg in males and 0.17 mg/kg in females using a mathematical extrapolation.

Pathology of spleen and liver in turkeys inoculated withescherichia coli1

Lesions of spleen and liver were studied by light and electron microscopy in 3-week-old turkeys inoculated intravenously with Escherichia coli. Spleen and liver of turkeys given avirulent E. coli were hyperaemic and had increased numbers of heterophils. Aggregates of heterophils were in the splenic red pulp and hepatic sinusoids. Turkeys given virulent strains of E. coli had intense heterophil infiltration in spleen and slightly increased numbers of heterophils in liver. In these spleens, reticular sheaths . (ellipsoids) contained large aggregates of heterophils, fibrin, and thrombocytes 2 to 8 hours postinoculation. Turkeys given virulent E. coli and killed in extremis had hypaeremic red pulp and fibrinopurulent exudates and haemorrhage in splenic white pulp. Livers of birds killed in extremis were turgid, friable and engorged with dark blood. Centrolobular hepatocytes were individualised and vacuolated. The dilated sinusoids contained fibrin, erythrocytes, heterophils and bacterial colonies. Phagosomes of hepatic macrophages contained up to 10 structurally normal bacilli, whereas heterophils contained bacilli with altered cell walls. Thrombi, composed of thrombocyte aggregates and fibrin, were common in small hepatic veins. These studies indicate that early bacteraemia with virulent E. coli leads to intense fibrinopurulent splenitis. Progressive bacteraemia is associated with pooling of blood in viscera, intravascular coagulation, and venous thrombosis and bacterial colonisation in liver.

Reproduction study of Guanabenz, a new antihypertensive agent (3) - perinatal and postnatal test in rats

Guanabenz (WY-8678) was given to rats to examine its effects on dams and offspring in terms of influence on postnatal development emotion, learning and reproductive ability. The drug was administered orally to rats at 15, 8, 5, 2 and 1 mg/kg/day from the 17th day of gestation to the 21st post-partum day. The vehicle used was 5%-Arabic Gum at dose level of 5 ml/kg and a control experiment where only vehicle was administered was also conducted. The results obtained were as follows. 1. In observation of the dams, increase in body weight tended to be repressed after administration in the 8 mg/kg group, and in the 15 mg/kg group body weight decreased. Food consumption and water intake tended to be suppressed in the 15 mg/kg group. During nursing, changes of body weight, food consumption and water intake were not influenced by Guanabenz in each group. 2. The drug produced sedation, abnormal walking, decrease in a reflex test and lacrimation of red exudate in dams. 3. In the 15 mg/kg group, the length of gestation was prolonged. Furthermore, abnormal delivery and nursing were observed, and in one-third of dams in the 8 mg/kg group and in all dams of 15 mg/kg group, the still-birth of all offspring was observed. No difference was observed among groups as to the organ weights at weaning. 4. In observation of the offspring, differences were observed in the viability rate and the weaning rate. No difference was observed among groups as to the viability rate, changes of body weight, postnatal development, and behavioral development on the 7th day. No differences were observed in each group regarding emotion, motion, perception and learning. 5. No difference was observed among groups in the reproduction test. As to symptoms seen in gestation, the dams and fetuses were not influenced by dosage of Guanabenz. From these results, the safe dose level seems to be below 5 mg/kg/day.

Reproduction study of Guanabenz, a new antihypertensive agent (1) - fertility test in rats

Guanabenz (WY-8678) was given to rats to examine its effects on their reproductive ability, dams and their fetuses. The drug was administered orally to rats at 30, 15, and 1 mg/kg/day. The vehicle used was 5%-Arabic Gum at dose level of 5 ml/kg, and a control experiment where only vehicle was administered was also conducted. Male rats were treated for 60 days before mating and the treatment continued through mating. Female rats were treated 14 days before mating and the treatment continued from mating to the 7th day of gestation. The results obtained were as follows. 1. In male rats before mating in the 30, 15, and 5 mg/kg groups, the increase of body weight tended to be suppressed, and decrease of food consumption and increase of water intake were found. In female rats before mating in the 30 and 15 mg/kg groups, increase of body weight tended to be repressed, and decrease of food consumption and increase of water intake were found in each group. 2. In the observation of males and females, the drug induced decrease in spontaneous movement, sedation, lacrimation of red exudate and nebula of the eyeball. 3. In the reproduction test, copulations were confirmed in almost all rats by the second cycle of matings. However, the pregnancy rate tended to decrease a little in the 30 and 15 mg/kg groups. 4. Body weight increase during gestation was not affected by oral administration of 1 mg/kg, but was inhibited dose-dependently by administration of more than 5 mg/kg/day of Guanabenz. Food consumption and water intake tended to increase in drug-treated groups. 5. In the observation of the fetuses, the average number of corpora lutea were decreased in the 15 mg/kg group. The average number of implantations decreased in the 30 and 15 mg/kg groups. The implantation rate decreased in the 30 mg/kg group. No difference was observed in each group on the number of resorptions, the number of live fetuses, and the sex ratio. 6. No difference was observed in each group as to external and visceral malformations. In the skeletal observation, retardation of ossification was observed in the 30 mg/kg group. From these results, it is concluded that Guanabenz shows neither fatal effect nor teratogenic potential on fetuses in rats and the safe dosage level seems to be below 5 mg/kg/day.