Red Crab Meal Research Articles

Digestibility, growth, blood chemistry, and enzyme activity of juvenile Oreochromis niloticus fed isocaloric diets containing animal and plant byproducts

ABSTRACT In this work, we studied the digestibility, growth, blood chemistry, and enzyme activity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles (0.95±0.18 g) using different animal (fish silage meal, whey meal, bovine blood meal, and red crab meal) and plant (extruded bean, extruded chickpea meal, coconut paste, Jatropha curcas meal, and chickpea meal) dietary byproducts. Nine isocaloric diets (321.92±9.10 kcal g−1) were evaluated for 60 days. The highest digestibility of crude protein values for animal and plant sources were obtained for [...]

Apparent digestibility of dry matter, protein, and essential amino acid in marine feedstuffs for juvenile whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Apparent protein and amino acid digestibility coefficients of feedstuffs are needed for more accurate, environmentally friendly, and economical feed formulations for shrimp. Coefficients of digestibility of nine feedstuffs of marine origin were measured, in terms of apparent dry matter, protein, and essential amino acid, for juvenile whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, using 1% chromic oxide as the inert marker. The tested ingredients included four commercial fish meals (FMs) from different sources, batches, or species designated as A, B, C and D, fish soluble protein concentrate (FSPC), squid ( Loligo gahi) meal (SM), shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei) head meal (SHM), red crab ( Pleuroncodes planipes) meal (RCM), and Catarina scallop ( Argopecten ventricosus) by-product meal (CSBM). A reference diet was formulated and produced along with the experimental diets which included 30% of each ingredient and 70% of the reference diet. Apparent dry matter and protein (APD) digestibility coefficients varied very much among feedstuffs, from 46% to 102% and from 64% to 99%, respectively. APD for the fish soluble protein concentrate, squid and shrimp head meals were excellent (over 90%), Catarina scallop meal and FMA (sardine 66% CP) showed high protein digestibility (over 84%), while red crab meal (77%), FMB (sardine 70% CP; APD 71%) and FMD (tuna 60% CP; APD 70%) had low digestibility. The lowest dry matter (46%) and protein (63%) digestibilities were recorded for FMC (sardine 70% CP). Apparent amino acid digestibility (AAAD) coefficients were also variable among feedstuffs, and there was a reasonable, but not total, correspondence to protein digestibility. The most digestible feed ingredients for whiteleg shrimp were: fish soluble protein concentrate, squid meal, shrimp head meal, Catarina scallop by-product meal, and fish meal A (sardine 66% CP) showing that these ingredients are good sources of available protein and amino acids for juvenile whiteleg shrimp.

Carbohydrate and lipid digestibility of animal and vegetal ingredients and diets for the pre-adult redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens)

In vivo carbohydrate and lipid digestibility of four animal [sardine meals 67% and 58% crude protein (CP), squid meal and red crab meal] and three vegetal (soy paste, textured wheat and sorghum meal) ingredients and diets were evaluated in experimental diets for pre‐adult redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus. A reference and seven experimental diets were formulated, including 14.5% of each ingredient in the reference diet. A single factor, completely randomized experimental design with five replicates per treatment was done. Experimental organisms were pre‐adult redclaw of 10±0.8 g. The best carbohydrate digestibilities were recorded for some vegetal ingredients such as sorghum and textured wheat (93.6% and 83.9%) and the corresponding diets (90.9% and 90.8%). For animal ingredients, carbohydrate digestibilities were very poor (from 12.3% to 41.1%), and the inclusion of these ingredients diminished the digestibility of the corresponding experimental diets as compared with the reference diet (86.3–89.2% vs. 89.9%). The highest lipid digestibility corresponded to red crab meal (97.5%). Textured wheat and soy paste meal also had excellent lipid digestibility (96.4% and 95.1%). The same tendency was found for the corresponding diets. The lowest percentages were obtained with 58% crude protein sardine meal (32.9%) and its diet (86.2%).

Effect of casein substitution with fishmeal, soybean meal and crustacean meal in the diet of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino

The effect of dietary substitution of casein with fishmeal, soybean meal and crustacean meal on the growth of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino was determined. A 350 g casein per kilogram diet was included into the CS diet. The whole casein was then substituted by: (1) 300 g fishmeal and 200 g soybean meal per kilogram diet (FS), (2) 200 g fishmeal, 200 g soybean meal and 130 g krill meal per kilogram diet (FSK), (3) 200 g fishmeal, 200 g soybean meal and 280 g red crab meal per kilogram diet (FSC) or (4) 200 g fishmeal, 200 g soybean meal and 130 g shrimp head meal per kilogram diet (FSS). In addition, a 50-g by-product of green tea per kilogram diet was included in the FS diet to form the FSG diet. Sea tangle (ST)diet was supplied to abalone as a control feed. Weight gain, final shell length and final shell width of abalone fed with the various substitution feeds (FS, FSK, FSC, FSS and FSG) were not different from those obtained with the CS diet. All the formulated feeds, however, produced higher weight gain and final shell width values than the ST diet. The results of this study show that casein can be replaced with a combination of fishmeal, soybean meal, krill meal, crab meal and/or shrimp head meal in the diet without a retardation of growth of abalone.

Feasibility of a new fishery in Baja California, Mexico based on the red crabPleuroncodes planipes: preliminary economic evaluation and risk assessment

A preliminary economic evaluation of the feasibility of establishing a fishery to process red crab meal (Pleuroncodes planipes) was conducted. Risk assessment indicated that a fishery of nine boats could operate with an average 1.53 benefit-cost ratio (B C−1) and annual net revenues (NR) of US$427 840, and that there is certainty of obtaining economic profit in every season, with a B C−1 > 1 and NR > 0. Total catch and average catch per trip could be reduced from a total baseline catch of 10 328 tons (1735 t meal) to 6061 (1844 t meal), and from a baseline catch per trip of 11.4 t (4.78 t meal) to 6.73 tons (4.85 t meal) without economic losses. There was no possibility for profit when total catch and average catch per trip were, respectively, lower than 5365 t (1648 t meal) and 5.96 t (4.71 t meal). For a single-fishing trip operation, average B C−1 was 1.5 and NR was US$480. We determined that there was a confidence level of 84% to generate profits. To guarantee profits, a catch of 13.5 t per trip (1.35 t meal) should be obtained. Single trips catching less than 3.3 t (0.94 t meal) cannot make a profit. Sensitivity analysis indicated that plant processing efficiency for converting fresh red crab to meal, catch per trip, and sales price of red crab meal were most important in determining B C−1 and NR values. Plant efficiency constitutes the main element that needs to be optimized, particularly management practices to preserve fresh catch quality. A low sensitivity to costs for processing suggests the possibility of negotiating a higher price and the opportunity for processing plants to venture into processing of red crab meal.

Partial replacement of red crab ( Pleuroncodes planipes) meal for fish meal in practical diets for the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Effects on growth and in vivo digestibility

The nutritional value of red crab ( Pleuroncodes planipes) meal (RCM) as a protein source and partial replacement for fish meal in diets for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei was evaluated. Fish meal in the control diet was replaced by increasing dietary levels of red crab meal (5%, 10% and 15%), replacing 12.7%, 25.3% and 38.0%, respectively, of the protein derived from fish meal. A 30-day feeding trial with juvenile shrimp (0.26 g mean initial weight) was conducted and digestibility of the diets was also determined. Survival of shrimp in all treatments ranged from 98% to 100% and growth was significantly higher for shrimp fed diets that contained 15% RCM ( P < 0.05). Feed conversion and protein efficiency ratios were better when compared to the control diet. Protein digestibility values for all RCM dietary treatments (83%, 84% and 84%, respectively) were significantly higher than that of the control diet (80%). Digestibility of lipids ranged from 79% for the control diet to 84% for the 15% red crab meal diet, while carbohydrate digestibility values decreased as the level of red crab meal increased. Apparent digestible energy was significantly higher in diets containing RCM. These results indicate that red crab meal used in this study serves as a suitable partial replacement for tuna by-product meal, and can improve growth, feed conversion and protein efficiency of L. vannamei juveniles.

Carbohydrate and lipid digestibility of animal and vegetal ingredients and diets for juvenile Australian redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus

Carbohydrate and lipid digestibility of three vegetal and four animal ingredients, and diets in which they were included, were evaluated for juvenile Australian redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus. The ingredients were: soy paste, textured wheat, sorghum meal, sardine meals (67% and 58% crude protein), squid meal and red crab meal. A basal diet was formulated, and then seven experimental diets were created, including 150 g kg[superscript [-]1] of each ingredient in the reference diet. Digestibility was measured in vivo, using chromic oxide as marker. A single-factor, completely randomized experimental design with three replicates per treatment was performed. Mean carbohydrate digestibility of vegetal ingredients and the corresponding diets was better than carbohydrate digestibility of animal ingredients. Sorghum meal had a carbohydrate digestibility over 94%, and the diet in which it was included over 92%. Soy paste and wheat meals also presented excellent carbohydrate digestibility (around 88% for ingredients and over 90% for diets). Mean carbohydrate digestibility of animal ingredients and their corresponding diets were very poor (from 18% to 32%) and this affected the carbohydrate digestibility of diets in which they were included (87-89%). Lipid digestibility was also better for vegetal ingredients. Soy paste and wheat meal recorded values over 93% and their diets over 94%. Sorghum lipid presented slightly lower digestibility. Some of the animal ingredients, especially red crab, had an excellent lipid digestibility (92.1%).

Effect of partial and total replacement of fish, shrimp head, and soybean meals with red crab meal Pleuroncodes planipes (Stimpson) on growth of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone)

Red crab meal (RCM), as a potential protein source in diets for juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, was evaluated over a 45-day growth trial under laboratory conditions. Eight experimental diets were tested. The basal diet contained fish (tuna by-product), shrimp head and soybean (solvent extracted) meals as primary protein sources. Fish or soybean meals were substituted, on an equal-protein basis, at 33%, 66% and 100% by RCM, whereas shrimp head meal (SHM) was substituted at 100%. A commercial diet was included as a reference. Final weight ranged between 2.23 and 3.36 g and growth rates (GRs) between 0.048 and 0.073 g day−1. Where 66% or 100% of the protein from fish or soybean meals was substituted by RCM, the diets produced significantly higher final weights and GRs than other diets. Regression analysis showed that final weight of shrimp depended significantly on the percentage of substitution, and that the maximum weight gain would be obtained when substituting RCM for 80.2% of fish meal and 81.2% of soybean meal. Feed conversion ratio was below 1.8 for all treatments and there was no apparent relationship with other aspects of the diet. Red crab meal served as a suitable protein source for partial or total replacement of tuna by-product, soybean and SHMs for cultivated juvenile shrimp L. vannamei.

In vivo dry matter and protein digestibility of three plant-derived and four animal-derived feedstuffs and diets for juvenile Australian redclaw, Cherax quadricarinatus

Dry matter and protein digestibility of three plant-derived and four animal-derived feedstuffs and diets in which they were included were evaluated for juvenile Australian redclaw. The ingredients evaluated were: soy paste, textured wheat, sorghum meal, two sardine meals (67% and 58% crude protein), squid meal, and red crab meal. A reference diet was formulated and produced in the CIBNOR nutrition laboratory. Seven experimental diets were then made including 15% of each ingredient in the reference diet. The experiment consists of a single-factor, completely randomized design with five replicates per treatment. Digestibility was measured indirectly, using chromic oxide as a marker. Plant-derived ingredients and the corresponding diets had, in general, a higher digestibility than animal ingredients. Soy paste and sorghum meals, and the diets in which they were included, showed an excellent dry matter (over 87%) and protein (approximately 90%) digestibility. Some of the animal ingredients such as sardine meal 67% CP and squid meal had a good dry matter digestibility (over 80%), but were significantly lower than plant-derived ingredients. The lowest dry matter and protein digestibility was recorded for sardine meal 58% CP and red crab meal. It is concluded that juvenile redclaw are omnivorous and able to efficiently consume diets containing plant- and animal-derived ingredients, but they can digest plant-derived ingredients more efficiently.

Cholesterol and n-3 and n-6 fatty acid content in eggs from laying hens fed with red crab meal (Pleuroncodes planipes)

Red crab (Pleuroncodes planipes) is a marine crustacean that represents an abundant resource that has not been properly used. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on cholesterol and n-3 and n-6 FA content in eggs when red crab meal (RCM) was included in laying hen rations. Ninety White Leghorn laying hens were randomly distributed into 3 treatments: control (0%RCM), 3% red crab meal (3%RCM), and 6% red crab meal (6%RCM) for 3 wk. Cholesterol and linoleic (LA), alpha-linolenic (ALA), arachidonic (AA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. Performance parameters and cholesterol content were not different among treatments (P > 0.05). Total lipids were different in the control group and 6%RCM (9.0 and 9.4% respectively) compared with 3%RCM (10.9%). With 3%RCM and 6%RCM, the levels of all fatty acids analyzed were higher than in the control. Diets with 3 and 6% RCM doubled the content of ALA (16.4 and 15.4 mg/100 g of egg, respectively). Eicosapentaenoic acid was lowest in 0%RCM (6 mg/100 g of egg) compared with 3%RCM (13 mg/100 g) and 6%RCM (17 mg/100 g). Similar results were obtained for DHA (56, 133, and 246 mg/100 g of egg). Linoleic acid and AA were highest (1,211 and 228 mg/100 g, respectively) with 3%RCM and with 6%RCM (1,151 and 200 mg/100 g, respectively) vs. control (890 and 163 mg/100 g). The ratio of n-6 to n-3 FA was 3 times lower with 6%RCM than in the control. It was concluded that inclusion of red crab meal in laying hen rations at levels of 3 and 6% (P < 0.05) increased the n-3 and n-6 fatty acids content in eggs.

Effect of substitution of shrimp meal, fish meal and soy meal with red crab Pleuroncodes planipes (Stimpson) meal in pelleted diets for postlarvae and juvenile Farfantepenaeus californiensis (Holmes)

A study was conducted to investigate red crab Pleuroncodes planipes (Stimpson) as a protein source in experimental diets for postlarvae and juvenile brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus californiensis (Holmes). Four experimental diets were prepared. The base diet contained 10% shrimp meal, 25% fish meal and 27% soy meal plus other ingredients. Complete substitution of shrimp meal with red crab meal (RCM) was done on the remaining diets. Additionally, 5% of the soy meal was replaced with RCM in one diet, and 4% of the fish meal was replaced with RCM in the last diet. A commercial diet (36% crude protein) was used as an external comparison diet to provide a basis to evaluate the growth of shrimp on the test diets. The trial with shrimp postlarvae showed that diets containing RCM produced better results in terms of final weight (3.24–3.55 g), growth rate (0.044–0.046 g d−1) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (3.7–3.8) than the base or the commercial comparison diets. The FCR was significantly different between the base diet (4.5) and the commercial diet (5.5). Final weight (3.83 g) and growth rate (0.044 g d−1) were higher when the diet replacing 4% fish meal was used to feed juveniles. The commercial diet produced the lowest values of final weight (2.57 g) and growth rate (0.025 g d−1) and the highest FCR (5.6) (P<0.05). These results indicate that the use of P. planipes as a replacement for traditional ingredients in shrimp rations is desirable.

Crude fiber and chitin in the red crab (Pleuroncodes Planipes, Stimpson): Similarities and differences

One of the potentially important marine resources in Mexico is the crustacean known as the red crab, Pleuroncodes plunipes, Stimpson. During a bibliographic review of the chemical composition of crustaceans, it was found that some authors report chitin as crude fiber, a structural component of plants formed principally by cellulose. It differs from chitin in that it is a homopolysarccharide and the main component of the exoskeleton of crustaceans. The objective of this work was to determine similarities and differences between the official method of estimating crude fiber and the method selected here for analyzing chitin in red crab meal. The analytical methods were: that described by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists for crude fiber, and that of Black and Schwartz for chitin. Twelve repetitions in five lots of red crab meal were conducted to determine crude fiber and chitin. The results show statistical differences between chitin and crude fiber. The conclusions indicate that despite similarities in the analytical methods and the chemical structures of crude fiber and chitin, and that they both form the structural part of the organisms and are considered as the indigestible portion, specific techniques should be used to quantify them. Using the crude fiber method instead of the chi- tin method overestimates the chitin. Since no official technique exists for determining chitin, it is recommended to use Black and Schwartz’ method since it can be adapted in a conventional food analysis laboratory.