Reddish Brown Color Research Articles

The Effect of Chicken Bones Powder Adsorbent Mass and its Contact Time on Reducing Color Concentration in Peat Water Treatment

Peat water is surface water or ground water which is found abundantly in tidal, swampy and lowland areas. It has a reddish-brown color, with an acerbic taste (high acidity), and has a high organic content. Peat water can be treated using the adsorption method. Adsorption is a physical phenomenon in which the molecules of the adsorbed material are attracted to a solid surface, which acts as an adsorbent. In this study, the authors used the adsorption method to reduce the color concentration of peat water using activated chicken bones powder as an adsorbent and observing the changes that occur when mass of powder to the amount of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 grams were added to 50 ml of peat water with contact time that varied from 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes. From this study, we conclude that the optimum yield was obtained when the mass and contact time were at 0.5 grams and 40 minutes, which yield a percentage of reduction of 95.59%, wherein the initial color concentration of peat water at 337.816 was reduced to 14.89 Pt-Co, which is in line with the standard color for clean water as specified in a Regulation by the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 492/MENKES/PER/IV/2010, which state the standard color for clean water is 15 Pt-Co.

Ophiolites: Geological Heritage with Multifaceted Cultural Values

Cultural geomorphology is a very recent discipline that studies the geomorphological component of a territory which embodies both a cultural feature of the landscape and its interactions with cultural heritage: this cultural approach concerns the dialogue and cultural integration between humanistic and scientific disciplines and can be extended to all the fields of Earth Sciences. Ophiolite rock masses strongly characterize the landscape: their greenish-black, sometimes red-brown colour; the steep profile of the slopes, which results from their greater resistance to erosion than the surrounding softer sedimentary rocks; the scarce or even absent vegetation cover. The value of ophiolites is not only related to scientific and aesthetic interests, but is also due to historical–geographical, cultural and socio-economic issues. In this research, we present the elements of cultural and landscape value related to the ophiolites of the Northern Apennines, and how these geological and geomorphological features have led to specific relationships with humankind and human geography. Indeed, ophiolites represent characteristic elements of popular culture with immediate reference to toponymy, local legends and religion. Ophiolites are also an element of great strategic importance, as they are crucial for human settlement, with specific reference to defence, and for mining and quarrying activities. The landscape of ophiolites is of great geological, geomorphological, hydrogeological and pedological interest, resulting in a high concentration of geosites, hence on the one hand the opportunity for enhancement and potential geotourism, and on the other hand the need for their protection and geoconservation.

Construction of diverse adaptive camouflage nets based on soluble yellow-to-green switching electrochromic materials

The potential application of electrochromic (EC) materials and devices as adaptive camouflage in diverse environments requires further investigation. In this study, we aimed to enhance the camouflage effect of electrochromic devices (ECDs) by developing innovative EC camouflage nets. Three soluble EC materials (FTP, FEP and FBP) were synthesized by incorporating phenothiazine and ProDOT with different donors through direct(hetero) arylation polymerization. Due to the fine-tuning of the energy gap, the three materials exhibit yellow, yellowish-brown and reddish-brown colors in their neutral states, respectively. Particularly, FTP and FEP can switch between different yellow-to-green with superior EC performance. Furthermore, FTP-PEDOT and FEP-PEDOT ECDs were constructed. Notably, the FEP-PEDOT ECD demonstrated enhanced EC performance, characterized by a more noticeable yellow-to-green switch, faster switching times and improved cycle stability. To meet the adaptability for multi-environmental camouflage and wearable applications, we created diverse camouflage patterns using the mask-spray technique and developed three types (“stripe”/ “cross stripe”/ “block”) camouflage net ECDs. This study offers a comprehensive approach for developing adaptive camouflage nets tailored to diverse real combat settings.

Effects of industrial-scale pickling processes on the dynamic changes in the physicochemical indicators and microbial diversities of Yacai

The effects of dry-salted and salt-fermented processing on the physicochemical characteristics and microbial communities of Yacai were systematically investigated. The results showed that the contents of total acid, amino acid nitrogen (AAN) and nitrite in the final products of dry-salted Yacai were greater than those in salt-fermented Yacai. Lactic acid was the dominant organic acid in the two types of Yacai. Dry-salted processing is more conducive to forming a high-quality reddish-brown color. During whole pickling process, the microbial diversity of dry-salted Yacai was higher than that of salt-fermented Yacai, particularly in the early and middle stages of fermentation. For dry-salted Yacai, 8 bacteria (Natribacillus, Chromohalobacter, Marinococcus, Lentibacillus, Nesterenkonia, Gracilibacillus, Oceanobacillus and Tetragenococcus) and 1 fungus (Zygosaccharomyces) showed a significant positive correlation with AAN. For salt-fermented Yacai, 8 bacteria (Gracilibacillus, Alkalibacillus, Oceanobacillus, Virgibacillus, Lentibacillus, Salibacterium, Chromohalobacter and Tetragenococcus) and 3 fungi (Zygosaccharomyces, Millerozyma, and Wickerhamomyces) exhibited significant positive correlations with AAN.

A new design of colorimetric films using bacterial cellulose nanocrystals derived from nata de coco for sensing volatile organic compounds

In this work, bacterial cellulose (BC) derived from Nata de Coco is a polysaccharide material, and it is further processed into bacterial cellulose nanocrystal (BCNC) via acid hydrolysis. Then BCNC is doped with transition metals to enhance its amine/hydrogen sulfide response. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the use of transition metals as indicators to detect amine and hydrogen sulfide gas for efficiently monitoring food spoilage. BCNCs were treated with various concentrations of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4·5H2O). Then the dropwise addition of ascorbic acid was applied to reduce Ag+ and Cu2+ to Ag0 (silver nanoparticle) and Cu0 (copper nanoparticle), which refer to red brown and red wine colors, respectively. The results indicated that BCNC/Ag nanoparticles were spherical, while BCNC/Cu nanoparticles exhibited a rod-like structure. XRD results also presented the incorporation of Ag and Cu nanoparticles, as confirmed by both crystallography structures. Furthermore, UV–Vis spectra showed the adsorption bands at 422–430 nm and 626–629 nm, belonging to Ag and Cu nanoparticles. After H2S and ammonia gas exposure, BH/Ag and BH/Cu films turned black from brown and red. In conclusion, transition metal-doped BCNCs exhibit potential for innovative food spoilage gas sensors.

Bactericidal action of cost-effective colorimetric acid-base sensor of dyed cotton-based fabrics as a promising wound dressing mat

Acid-base sensitive fabrics is considered as one of interesting features for smart textile applications; therefore, this work presents a simple treatment of cotton fabric with 3-Chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC) followed by dyeing with curcumin dye. On the contrary, the dyed cationized cotton fabric exhibited a rough surface owing to the curcumin dye adsorption onto the surface of cationized cotton fabric. The interesting acid-base sensitivity of the dyed (dyed cationized cotton) fabric was observed and the color of dyed cationized cotton was changed from brownish yellow color to bright yellow color in acidic pH up to 6 while by increase the pH than 8 the color changed from brownish yellow to reddish brown color. The color change can easily be observed by naked eye. It was found that, dyed cationized cotton fabric exhibit the highest bactericidal activity compared with the undyed cationized cotton fabric, and untreated cotton fabric, which possessed the lowest antibacterial effect. The results show that a more serious case for dyeing cotton fabric leads to bacterial cell membrane permeability than untreated cotton fabric or a control group. Furthermore, the research showed that untreated, cationized and dyed/cationized cotton fabrics are unaffected by negative reactions. The dyeing process increased the functional performance of cotton fabric, as they have better anti-adhering capability. This technique can be tailored for biomedical especially with wound dressing, which designed to prevent the biofilm formation. Results obtained in this work recommend that dyed cationized cotton fabric with curcumin is an excellent pH sensitive for wound dressing material that can prevent the bacterial infection and control of biofilm adhesion.

The potential biological activities of Aspergillus luchuensis-aided green synthesis of silver nanoparticles.

Biosynthetic metals have attracted global attention because of their safety, affordability, and environmental friendliness. As a consequence, the cell-free filtrate (CFF) of Dill leaf-derived endophytic fungus Aspergillus luchuensis was employed for the extracellularly synthesis silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). A reddish-brown color shift confirmed that AgNPs were successfully produced. The obtained AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis (ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), FTIR, EDX, and zeta potential. Results demonstrated the creation of crystalline AgNPs with a spherical shape at 427.81 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum, and size ranged from 16 to 18 nm as observed by TEM. Additionally, the biogenic AgNPs had a promising antibacterial activity versus multidrug-resistant bacteria, notably, S. aureus, E. coli, and S. typhi. The highest growth reduction was recorded in the case of E. coli. Furthermore, the biosynthesized AgNPs demonstrated potent antifungal potential versus a variety of harmful fungi. The maximum growth inhibition was evaluated from A. brasinsilles, followed by C. albicans as compared to cell-free extract and AgNO3. In addition, data revealed that AgNPs possess powerful antioxidant activity, and their ability to scavenge radicals increased from 33.0 to 85.1% with an increment in their concentration from 3.9 to 1,000 μg/mL. Furthermore, data showed that AgNPs displayed high catalytic activity of safranin under light irradiation. The maximum decolorization percentage (100%) was observed after 6 h. Besides, the biosynthesized AgNPs showed high insecticidal potential against 3rd larval instar of Culex pipiens. Taken together, data suggested that endophytic fungus, A. luchuensis, is an attractive candidate as an environmentally sustainable and friendly fungal nanofactory.

Effect of Sprouted Buckwheat on Glycemic Index and Quality of Reconstituted Rice.

This study utilized sprouted buckwheat as the main component and aimed to optimize its combination with other grains to produce reconstituted rice with enhanced taste and a reduced glycemic index (GI). The optimal blend comprised wheat flour, sprouted buckwheat flour, black rice flour, and purple potato flour in a ratio of 34.5:28.8:26.7:10.0. Based on this blend, the reconstituted rice processed through extrusion puffing exhibited a purple-black hue; meanwhile, the instant reconstituted rice, produced through further microwave puffing, displayed a reddish-brown color. both imparted a rich cereal flavor. The starch in both types of rice exhibited a V-shaped structure with lower relative crystallinity. Compared to commercial rice, the reconstituted rice and instant reconstituted rice contained higher levels of flavonoids, polyphenols, and other flavor compounds, along with 1.63-fold and 1.75-fold more proteins, respectively. The GI values of the reconstituted rice and the instant reconstituted rice were 68.86 and 69.47, respectively; thus, they are medium-GI foods that can alleviate the increase in blood glucose levels.

Extraction and characterization of natural dye from leaves of Lannea coromandelica and application on cotton fabric

Purpose The purpose of this study is to extract and characterize a novel natural dye from the leaves of Lannea coromandelica and the extraction with finding ways of dyeing cotton fabric using three mordants. Design/methodology/approach The colouring agents were extracted from the leaves of Lannea coromandelica using an aqueous extraction method. The extract was characterized using analysis methods of pH, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and cyclic voltammetry measurement. The extract was applied to cotton fabric samples using a non-mordant and three mordants under the two mordanting methods. The dyeing performance of the extracted colouring agent was evaluated using colour fastness properties, colour strength (K/S) and colour space (CIE Lab). Findings The aqueous dye extract showed reddish-brown colour, and its pH was 5.94. The GC-MS analysis revealed that the dye extract from the leaves of Lannea coromandelica contained active chemical compounds. The UV-vis and FTIR analyses found that groups influenced the reddish-brown colour of the dye extraction. The cyclic voltammetry measurements discovered the electrochemical properties of the dye extraction. The mordanted fabric samples showed better colour fastness properties than the non-mordanted fabric sample. The K/S and CIE Lab results indicate that the cotton fabric samples dyed with mordants showed more significant dye affinities than non-mordanted fabric samples. Originality/value Researchers have never discovered that the Lannea coromandelica leaf extract is a natural dye for cotton fabric dyeing. The findings of this study showed that natural dyes extracted from Lannea coromandelica leaf could be an efficient colouring agent for use in cotton fabric.

Implementation of netting system for production of ‘Calabacita’ dried figs: Effects on pest incidence, fruit quality and mycotoxin occurrence

In recent decades, the increasing demand for dried figs has led to greater sector professionalisation. However, the drying and harvesting process continues to be carried out traditionally. During this time, the fruit can be damaged by various biotic agents such as birds, insects and fungi. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a netting system adapted to the fig tree's canopy, compared to those from traditionally managed ones regarding reduced damage by biotic agents and physicochemical quality of dried figs. Fruit damage, physicochemical and microbiological parameters, and mycotoxin occurrence in figs collected from nets were compared to those from traditionally managed ones. The netting system significantly reduced bird damage from 11.93 to 1.02 % and Lepidopteran damage from 8.11 to 3.74 %, while coleopteran damage remained constant. Additionally, this system led to dried figs with greater fruit size, softer firmness and a lighter reddish-brown colour. In contrast, it did not influence the microbial count of moulds. However, its use significantly reduced the levels and occurrence of most of the detected mycotoxins: aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, ochratoxins A and B, kojic acid, and alternariol. These findings demonstrate its effectiveness in reducing pest incidences and providing dried figs with better physicochemical and hygienic-sanitary quality. This scientific evidence and the improvements that the netting system brings to the harvesting process suggest that its use could lead to more profitable production and have a positive impact on the marketability of dried figs.

Application effects of NaCl substitute on the fermentation profile of Pixian douban (broad bean paste).

The effects of a reduced-salt substitute (composed of NaCl, sodium gluconate, KCl, L-histidine, and L-lysine) applied in the fermentation of traditional Pixian douban (PXDB) were explored in this study according to sensory quality, physicochemical characteristics, color, colony count, and the contents of free amino acids (FAAs), organic acids, and volatile flavor compounds. The results showed that the PXDB with a 15% salt substitution had the most attractive reddish-brown color, a mellow fragrance, and the lowest total colony count of the three pastes. The fermentation quality of the 15% salt substitute PXDB was superior to that of the control groups, its sensory quality was more readily accepted, and the contents of its amino acid nitrogen, FAAs and organic acids had increased by 0.1050, 0.3290, and 3.9068mg/g, respectively. Moreover, the concentrations of the main aroma compounds in the PXDB containing the salt substitute were higher than those of the control. These included phenylethanol, 3-methylthiopropanol, isoamyl alcohol, furfural, benzaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde, nonanal, isoamyl aldehyde, 4-ethylphenol, and, particularly, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, which had increased as much as 100 times. Correlation analysis showed that Glu, Phe, Tyr, Gly, Leu, Val, Asp, Ile, citric acids, and succinic acids were all positively correlated with the main aroma and contributed to the generation of PXDB's characteristic flavor, and main aroma substances in turn positively influence PXDB flavor sensory attributes. Overall, these results showed the application of the 15% salt substitute during PXDB fermentation improved the quality of the paste and, thus, would benefit the development of reduced-salt PXDB.

Research Progress in Traditional Applications, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Safety Evaluation of Cynomorium songaricum.

Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. (CSR) belongs to the family Cynomoriaceae. It is a perennial succulent parasitic herb with a reddish-brown coloration, predominantly submerged in sand and lacking chlorophyll. Traditionally, it has been used in ethnic medicine to treat various diseases, such as gastric ulcers, indigestion, bowel movements, and improving sexual function. To comprehensively collect CSR data, extensive literature searches were conducted using medical, ecological, and scientific databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). This article summarizes and categorizes research on the uses, phytochemical characteristics, pharmacological activities, and toxicity of ethnic medicine, with the aim of establishing a solid foundation and proposing new avenues for exploring and developing potential applications of CSR. So far, a total of 98 compounds have been isolated and identified from CSR, including flavonoids, terpenes, steroids, and other compounds. It is worth noting that flavonoids and polysaccharides have significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, these compounds also show good application prospects in anti-tumor, antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-fatigue, anti-diabetes, and other aspects. Although extensive progress has been made in the basic research of CSR, further research is still needed to enhance the understanding of its mechanism of action and explore more unknown compounds. Our review indicates that CSR has broad prospects and deserves further research.

The impact of Fengcheng Spatholobus spatholobi on breast cancer

The essay introduces the basic concept of breast cancer and its high incidence among Singaporean women. Scientists have tested different kinds of drugs to help manage or overcome the effects of breast cancer. In recent years, Caulis spatholobi, a Chinese herbal medicine, has attracted much attention. It has anti-tumor, antiviral, immune regulation, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, soothing, and hypnotic effects. Caulis Spatholobi has also been found to positively affect the blood, including nourishing, improving blood circulation, and dredging the meridians. Clinically, it can be used to treat diseases such as irregular menstruation, blood deficiency, jaundice, numbness, rheumatism, and pain. Caulis Spatholobi can also reduce and improve blood pressure and positively regulate myocardial blood supply. Caulis Spatholobi is cylindrical. The outer surface is grayish brown, with a reddish-brown color and longitudinal grooves where the cork peels off. The transverse section of the medicinal herb shows a light redwood with an irregular arrangement of small pores. The skin has resin-like secretions that appear reddish brown or black brown. The most obvious feature of the medicinal herb is that it is arranged in an eccentric semi-circular ring with the wood alternately. Myelinated, small, and leaning to one side. The texture is solid and not easy to break, and the broken section may have irregular rows and flakes. Mild Qi, astringent taste. Promoting blood circulation, nourishing blood, and regulating menstruation: It can be used to treat menstrual disorders, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, and other symptoms, and is often combined with traditional Chinese medicine Angelica, Chuanxiong, and Xiangfu. Relaxing tendons and activating collaterals: This product is a commonly used medicine for treating meridian obstruction and disharmony. The elderly have weak qi and blood, numbness, and paralysis in their hands and feet. Radiation-induced leukopenia. This product has great results.

Sensory improvement and antioxidant enhancement in silver carp hydrolysate using prebiotic oligosaccharides: insights from the Maillard reaction.

Our previous studies have highlighted the potential of silver carp hydrolysate (SCH) in managing chronic diseases. Unfortunately, its fishy smell and bitter taste limited consumer acceptance. Prebiotic oligosaccharides are often used as dietary supplements, ignoring their role as carbonyl ligands in the Maillard reaction to enhance food's sensory and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to improve SCH's sensory attributes and investigate its physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities using prebiotic oligosaccharides via the Maillard reaction. The results showed that xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) had the highest reactivity among the oligosaccharides tested, and it greatly enhanced the taste and flavor of SCH, as well as its antioxidant activities (0.45 to 16.5 times). Specifically, XOS effectively reduced the fishy smell and bitter taste, imparting a caramel-like flavor and overall acceptability to SCH. The improved flavor profile was attributed to the increased presence of sulfur-containing and nitrogen oxide volatile flavor compounds, such as benzothiazole, methional, and furans, which also contributed to antioxidant effects. Sensory evaluation results indicated that SCH obtained from papain exhibited a stronger bitter taste than that obtained from alcalase. Additionally, XOS imparted a reddish-brown color to SCH due to the higher browning intensity. This study is the first to demonstrate that XOS in the Maillard reaction can effectively improve the undesirable flavor and taste of SCH while enhancing its antioxidant activities, providing a theoretical basis for developing SCH as a market-acceptable functional food ingredient.

Transformation of Rhodococcus Pigment Production Hydroxylase (PPH) gene into Camelina sativa: an alternative marker for the detection of transgenic plants.

Production of transgenic plants with desired agronomic and horticultural traits has gained great importance to fulfill demands of the growing population. Genetic transformation is also a fundamental step to study basics of plant sciences. Different transformation protocols have been developed and used which are reliable and efficient. These protocols used antibiotic or herbicide resistance genes incorporated along with gene of interest to identify transformed plants from non-transformed ones. These marker genes may pose a threat to human and environment. Use of visual markers enables direct and easier observation of transformed plants with more precision. In current study a gene cassette with 'pigment production hydroxylase (PPH) gene under fiber specific promoter (GhSCFP) and downstream Nos-terminator was designed. After checking the structural and functional efficiency of codon optimized gene using bioinformatics tools, the cassette was sent for chemical synthesis from commercial source. The pigment gene cassette (PPH_CEMB), cloned in pCAMBIA-1301, was transformed into Agrobacterium through electroporation. Agrobacterium-mediated floral dip method was used to transform Camelina sativa inflorescence. After seed setting a total of 600 seed were observed for change in color and out of these, 19 seeds developed a reddish-brown coloration, while the remaining 581 seeds remained yellow. The transformation efficiency calculated on basis of color change was 1.0%. PCR analysis of leaves obtained after sowing reddish seeds confirmed the transformation of pigment production gene, while no PCR amplification was observed in leaves of plants from wild type seeds. From the results it is evident that Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of C. sativa inflorescence is very efficient and environment friendly technique not only for detection of transformed plants but also to study basic cellular processes.

A gold nanomaterial-integrated distance-based analytical device for uric acid quantification in human urine samples.

In this article, we present the first demonstration of a distance-based paper analytical device (dPAD) for uric acid quantification in human urine samples with instrument-free readout and user-friendliness for the rapid diagnosis and prognosis of various related diseases. By employing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as a peroxidase-like nanozyme, our proposed technique eliminates the utilization of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), making the device cost-effective and stable. In our dPAD, uric acid in the sample is oxidized by the uricase enzyme and subsequently catalysed with AuNPs in the sample zone, generating hydroxyl radicals (˙OH). Then, the produced ˙OH reacts with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) to form poly DAB (oxDAB), resulting in a coloured distance signal in the detection zone of the dPAD. The variation of the distance of the observed red-brown colour is directly proportional to the uric acid concentration. Our sensor exhibited a linear range from 0.50 to 6.0 mmol L-1 (R2 = 0.9922) with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.25 mmol L-1, covering the clinical range of uric acid in urine. Hence, there is no need for additional sample preparation or dilution. Additionally, this assay is highly selective, with no interferences. We also found that this approach could accurately and precisely determine uric acid in human control samples with the recovery ranging from 99.37 to 100.35 with the highest RSD of 4.05%. Our method is comparable with the use of a commercially available uric acid sensor at a 95% confidence interval. Consequently, the developed dPAD offers numerous advantages such as cost-effectiveness, simplicity, and ease of operation with unskilled individuals. Furthermore, this concept can be applied for extensive biosensing applications in monitoring other biomarkers as an alternative analytical point-of-care (POC) device.

Isolation, Screening, Identification, and Assessment of Laccase-Producing Fungi Isolated From Different Environmental Samples

ABSTRACT: One of the extracellular enzymes involved in ligninolytic is lacasse, secreted by white and brown rot fungus. The class of blue copper proteins that includes laccases consists of N-glycosylated multicopper oxidases. Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes, and Basidiomycetes are all fungi that contain laccase; many of these are white-rot fungi that break down lignin. Due to their wide range of substrate specificity, laccases have been the focus of extensive research over the past few decades. Their latest applications include anything from the textile pulp and paper industries to culinary applications and bioremediation techniques. Laccases are also used in organic synthesis, where phenols and amines are common substrates. Dimers and oligomers are produced due to the coupling of reactive radical intermediates in these reactions. The current investigation gathered 50 white rot fungi, and the most incredible laccase-producing organisms in submerged fermentation were looked into. Ten of the 21 cultures displayed a reddish-brown color zone. Of these ten isolates (PTD 19, PTD 4, PP2J15, LKT 34, ITC 1, NRL 7, GOJ 7, PTD2, PP2J, and PKT12), only PP2J15 and GOJ 7 displayed the most reddish-brown color zone. The isolation of white rot fungus, their molecular characterization, and testing for laccase production are all covered in this Paper. Talaromyces verruculosus and Cladosporium cladosporioides were identified as the PP2J15 and GOJ 7 strains based on sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis with reference taxa.

Perbandingan Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Sirih Cina (Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth) dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Etanol Menggunakan Spektrofotometri UV-Vis

Chinese betel can be used to lower cholesterol, heal broken bones, rheumatoid arthritis, anti-fungal medication, gout, protect the digestive system, treat urinary tract disorders and so on. Chinese betel plants contain active compounds such as terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and phenols. Flavonoids are natural chemicals found in plants. Flavonoids also have antioxidant properties to reduce the effects of free radicals. The research aims to determine the total flavonoid content of Chinese betel extract with variations of 70%, 80% and 96% ethanol using the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method. This method was carried out by quantitative analysis of the total flavonoid content of Chinese betel ethanol extract using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and qualitative analysis using concentrated Mg and HCL powder. The material used is Chinese betel extract (Peperomia pellucida) obtained from Jembrana district, Bali province. Other materials used are 70% ethanol, 80% ethanol, 96% ethanol and ethanol p.a., sodium acetate, distilled water, AlCl3, quercetin, Mg powder and concentrated HCL. The results of testing the total flavonoid content in Chinese betel ethanol extract varied in concentration of 70%, namely containing flavonoids of 2.78576 g/100g EQ, 80% ethanol Chinese betel extract containing flavonoids of 5.132503 g/100g EQ, and Chinese betel ethanol extract 96 % contains flavonoids of 6.77682 g/100g EQ. The highest flavonoid content results were obtained by the 96% ethanol concentration extract because 96% ethanol has polar properties so it can attract flavonoid compounds well. Qualitative analysis of flavonoids showed positive results with the formation of a brownish red color.

Redox-controlled differential weathering of andesitic pumice: Possible catalytic effects of ferrous/ferric iron on rapid halloysite accumulation in a Holocene tephra layer

Differential weathering process of Holocene andesitic tephra in Atsuma, Hokkaido, northern Japan, were investigated with a specific focus on the flame-like occurrence of halloysite bands and their formation mechanism. The parent material was coarse-grained pumice (Ta-d2) deposited 9 ka to form a highly permeable metre-thick layer atop fine-grained impervious periglacial loam, which is covered by humic soil–tephra sequences. The shallower part of the Ta-d2 layer was weathered to a reddish or yellowish brown colour, which is characterized by intensive leaching of Si and Al, with abundant precipitation of iron (hydr)oxide and amorphous secondary minerals in an oxidizing environment. A reductive grey colour was observed only at the Ta-d2 bottom below the halloysite band, where pumice grains survived significant elemental leaching and contained ferrous iron in the solid phase with abundant dissolved Fe in the liquid phase. Between these oxidized and preserved zones, an irregularly shaped, fine-grained, white iron-rich halloysite layer with a decimetre-scale thickness developed. In this clay band, the molar ratio of Si to (Al + Fe) was nearly 1:1, with a small amount of remnant Ca. Mössbauer analysis revealed that Fe2+ was initially incorporated into the aluminosilicate sheet via Al3+ substitution and transformed into Fe3+ within the structure. The halloysite band was formed at depths in the tephra layer corresponding to the redox front. The abundance of Si and Al in pore water in any zone of the tephra layer meets the stability requirements of halloysite, indicating that the redox condition controls the rapid local accumulation of halloysite through the isomorphous substitution followed by valence change of iron. We propose a new hypothesis stating that iron catalyses halloysite nucleation via a stepwise function, including layer charging to absorb hydrated cations and subsequent charge loss resulting in cation desorption and passive intercalation of water molecules within the 1:1 layer.

A novel sulfhydryl-modified superparamagnetic photonic crystal sensing material for the simultaneous heavy metal ions detection and adsorption treatment

A novel superparamagnetic photonic crystal (Fe3O4@SiO2@Sulfhydryl SPC) was successfully created for simultaneous visual detection and absorption of harmful heavy metal ions. This SPC was made by combining photonic crystal and superparamagnetic nanosphere technologies. During detection, Fe3O4@SiO2@Sulfhydryl nanospheres can move in the liquid sample and fully absorb the target substances. The detection range is from 1 μg/L to 5 mg/L, which corresponds to the critical concentration range for heavy metal ions in drinking water and sewage. The detection limit is 1 μg/L. In the detection process, the signal responded rapidly and remained stable when analyzed with a fiber optic spectrometer. Notably, the signal intensity decreased significantly, with a reduction of 62.22 a.u. for Hg2+ and 124.31 a.u. for Ag+. Simultaneously, the visual results were striking. The SPC changed color from orange (PC structural color) to the original reddish-brown color of the solution with the formation of magnetic aggregates (PC structural color disappeared). This SPC exhibits excellent sensitivity, offers a clear visual display, possesses strong absorption detection capabilities, is easy to use, cost-effective, and, importantly, does not cause secondary pollution. Furthermore, the harmful heavy metal ions absorbed by the SPC can be easily removed from the water sample using an external magnetic field, overcoming challenges related to efficient separation of the adsorbent material from wastewater. As a result, this SPC holds great promise for real-time visual monitoring and practical sewage purification processes.