Red Blood Cell Size Research Articles

Prognostic Value of Red Cell Distribution Width in Outcome of Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background: Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a haematological parameter that indicates the range of sizes of red blood cells. It is now widely acknowledged as a prognostic indicator for ischaemic stroke. Aim and Objective: To Study theprognostic value of red cell distribution width (RDW) in outcome of acute ischemic stroke. Materials and Method: The cross-sectional study was undertaken at Aarupadi Veedu Medical College in Puducherry. It included 61 patients, aged 18-80 years, who were diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke within 48 hours. Clinical assessment of patient by NIHSS Score and measuring the outcome by modified Rankin scale. The study took place in both the Outpatient and Inpatient in Department of General Medicine. Results: The study indicates a notable proportion of male more than female ,older participants (64.0% aged 56 years and above), There is a significant occurrence of hypertension (62.3%) and diabetes mellitus (63.9%) a substantial frequency of individuals who do not smoke (63.9%), and a majority of participants who do not use alcohol (77.0%). Levels of RDW exhibited significant positive relationships with stroke severity. Conclusion: The study highlights the potential of Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) as a helpful predictive indicator in outcome of ischemic stroke. Increased RDW levels were observed to have a substantial correlate with more severe stroke and disability, as indicated by strong associations with NIHSS and mRS scores. The study emphasizes the usefulness of RDW in assessing the severity of ischaemic stroke and emphasizes the need for additional research to improve its clinical use.

Red Cell Distribution Width and the Early Detection of Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian Cancer is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity, lacking clinical manifestations and effective early diagnostic techniques. The majority of cases are diagnosed at later stages; however, asymptomatic screening is currently not recommended due to its low predictive value and invasive nature. Furthermore, the current CA-125 biomarker used to monitor Ovarian Cancer is elevated in other conditions, including endometriosis or pelvic inflammation. Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) is a parameter measured in a complete blood count, measuring the range of variation in red blood cell size and heterogeneity of red blood cell volume. RDW levels positively correlate with Ovarian Cancer progression, additionally increased in Ovarian Cancer groups compared to benign ovarian tumour groups. RDW possesses high sensitivity in distinguishing between cancerous and benign ovarian tumours, in line with ideal screening method standards. RDW additionally shows potential as a diagnostic biomarker in combination with other blood parameters, such as hemoglobin. The hemoglobin-RDW ratio (HRR) acts as an independent predictor of Ovarian Cancer stage. RDW’s mechanism of action is not fully elucidated but can be associated with iron/folic acid deficiency, ineffective hematopoiesis caused by chronic inflammation, or inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and IL-17. High RDW levels additionally possess prognostic value, acting as an indicator of low cumulative overall survival and poor chemotherapy responses in various cancers. Further research is needed on RDW’s mechanism of action and its implication as a marker in female cancers, particularly Ovarian Cancer, to implement effective early screening techniques and reduce fatalities.

Standardized bone marrow assessment, risk variables, and survival in dogs with myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia.

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are heterogeneous neoplasms of hematopoietic stem cells that are challenging to diagnose, differentiate, and prognosticate. Cytogenetic and mutational analyses are useful in humans but unavailable for dogs, where diagnosis and classification still rely largely on hematologic and morphologic assessment. The objectives of this study were to apply a classification scheme to myeloid neoplasms and to assess outcome in relation to predictor variables. Keyword search of a laboratory database, application of sequential exclusion criteria, and consensus from 3 reviewers yielded 70 cases of myeloid neoplasia with hematology results, and cytologic (11), histologic (14), or both (45) types of marrow specimens. Based on blast percentage and morphology, 42 cases were classified as MDS and 28 as AML. Dogs with MDS had significantly lower body weights, hemoglobin concentrations and blood blasts, and higher red blood cell size variability and platelet numbers than dogs with AML. Estimates of median survival using Kaplan-Meier curves for dogs with MDS and AML were 384 and 6 days, respectively (P < .001). The instantaneous risk of death for dogs with MDS was approximately 5× lower than that of dogs with AML. Significant predictor variables of survival were body weight, white blood cell count, platelet count, and percent blood blasts (P < .05). Hazard ratios (HRs) derived from best-fitting Cox regression models were 1.043, 0.998, and 1.061 for increased neutrophils, decreased platelets, and increased blood blasts, respectively. Findings from this study suggest that hematologic and morphologic variables are useful to predict outcomes in myeloid neoplasia.

Red Cell Distribution Width and its Association with Maternal Mortality in HIV-Infected Pregnancy

Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW), a measure of the variability in red blood cell size, has gained attention for its role in diagnosing and predicting outcomes in various medical conditions. In the context of HIV-infected pregnancies, RDW may serve as a significant marker for assessing maternal health and predicting complications. This review explores the association between RDW and maternal mortality in HIV-positive pregnant women, highlighting how fluctuations in RDW can indicate underlying issues such as anemia, inflammation, and the effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Elevated RDW levels may correlate with increased risk of adverse outcomes, making it a potentially valuable tool in managing HIV-infected pregnancies. HIV infection complicates pregnancy by increasing the risk of adverse outcomes, including preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and anemia, all of which can contribute to maternal mortality. RDW, by reflecting red blood cell variability, offers insights into these complications and the overall impact of HIV on maternal health. ART, crucial for managing HIV, can also influence RDW levels, as some regimens may affect red blood cell production and contribute to anemia. Monitoring RDW in conjunction with ART and other clinical parameters can enhance the detection of complications and improve management strategies.

An Insight into Red Cell Distribution Width Fluctuations and Pregnancy Outcomes in HIV-Affected Women

Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW), a measure of the variability in red blood cell size, has gained attention as a potential biomarker for assessing pregnancy outcomes, particularly in women living with HIV. This review explores the relationship between RDW fluctuations and maternal and fetal health during pregnancy in HIV-affected women. Elevated RDW levels have been associated with various adverse outcomes, including preeclampsia, preterm birth, and low birth weight, which are of significant concern in this population. HIV infection introduces additional complexity to pregnancy, increasing the risk of complications for both mother and infant. The interaction between HIV, antiretroviral therapy, and RDW levels can influence maternal hematological health, potentially affecting pregnancy outcomes. This review examines current literature to understand how RDW variations correlate with these complications and the implications for maternal and fetal well-being.

Near missed aggressive natural killer cell leukaemia – importance of extensive immunophenotyping

Aggressive natural killer cell leukaemia (ANKL) is a rare neoplasm of NK cells with poor prognosis, varied morphology and positivity for CD2, CD3 epsilon and CD56, negative for surface CD3 and CD5. A 32-yearold man presented with high grade fever, generalized weakness, significant weight loss in the last 2 months and a lower limb mass, diagnosed elsewhere as Ewing sarcoma. He initially presented with TLC of 8000/uL which drastically increased to 52000/uL, with presence of atypical lymphoid cells. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy was performed, bone marrow aspirate showed 44% atypical lymphoid cells that were 1.5 to 2 times the size of red blood cells with scant blue agranular cytoplasm, clumped chromatin and inconspicuous nucleoli, and flow cytometric immunophenotyping showed atypical lymphoid cells that were positive for CD45, CD38 and CD 56 and negative for CD34, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8, CD20, CD10, CD19, CD138, kappa and lambda. Since a definitive diagnosis could not be reached on this, IHC on bone marrow biopsy was done, which showed the atypical lymphoid cells to be positive for CD45, CD3, CD2, CD56, CD38 and negative for CD117, CD5, CD7, CD30, CD20, CD57 and EBV. A diagnosis of aggressive natural killer lymphoma was reached. The diagnosis was difficult as the morphology and flow cytometry did not show any specific features of ANKL. The diagnosis was made after extensive immunophenotyping on bone marrow biopsy. This highlights the importance of doing NK cell markers when basic panel of antibodies are not supportive.

Integrative paleophysiology of the metriorhynchoid Pelagosaurus typus (Pseudosuchia, Thalattosuchia).

Paleophysiology is an emergent discipline. Organismic (integrative) approaches seem more appropriate than studies focusing on the variation of specific features because traits are tightly related in actual organisms. Here, we used such an organismic approach (including lifestyle, thermometabolism, and hunting behavior) to understand the paleobiology of the lower Jurassic (Toarcian) thalattosuchian metriorhynchoid Pelagosaurus typus. First, we show that the lifestyle (aquatic, amphibious, terrestrial) has an effect on the femoral compactness profiles in amniotes. The profile of Pelagosaurus indicates that it was amphibious, with a foraging activity in shallow marine environments (as suggested by the presence of salt glands) and thermoregulatory basking behavior in land (as suggested by the presence of osteoderms with highly developed ornamentation). As for the thermometabolism, we show that the mass-independent resting metabolic rate of Pelagosaurus is relatively high compared to the sample of extant ectothermic amniotes, but analysis of vascular canal diameter and inferences of red blood cell size refute the hypothesis suggesting incipient endothermy. Finally, the foraging behavior was inferred using two proxies. Pelagosaurus had a mass-independent maximum metabolic rate and an aerobic scope higher than those measured in the almost motionless Iguana iguana, similar to those measured in the sit-and-wait predator Crocodylus porosus but lower than those quantified in the active hunter Varanus gouldii. These results suggest that Pelagosaurus may have had a hunting behavior involving a slow sustained swimming or a patient waiting in shallow waters, and may have caught preys like gharials, using fast sideways sweeping motions of the head.

Factors Associated With The Incidence Of Anaemia In Grade X Students At Sman 1 Sukahaji, Majalengka District In 2023

Anemia is a condition in which the number and size of red blood cells or hemoglobin levels fall below the set normal limit, resulting in disruption of the capacity of the blood to transport oxygen throughout the body. The incidence of anemia in Indonesia is 48.9% with the proportion of anemia in the age group 15-24 years namely 32%. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with the incidence of anemia in class X students at SMAN 1 Sukahaji, Majalengka Regency in 2023. This type of research uses an observational analytic study with a cross sectional approach. The number of samples is 129 female students taken by probability random sampling from 187 female students. The data were analyzed using the Chi-Square statistical test. From the results of statistical tests, it was found that there was a relationship between nutritional status (p=0.017), menstrual cycle (p=0.014), menarche (p=0.000), knowledge about anemia (p=0.000) and adherence to taking iron supplement tablets (p=0.000 ) with the incidence of anemia in class X students at SMAN 1 Sukahaji, Majalengka Regency in 2023. It was concluded that nutritional status, menstrual cycle, menarche, knowledge about anemia and adherence to taking blood supplement tablets are factors associated with anemia in class X students at SMAN 1 Sukahaji, Majalengka Regency in 2023. It is recommended for female students to increase consumption of iron and protein and it is hoped that the role of parents or teachers to monitor female students in consuming iron tablets.

Optical discrimination of pathological red blood cells.

Fast diagnostic methods are crucial to reduce the burden on healthcare systems. Currently, detection of diabetes complications such as neuropathy requires time-consuming approaches to observe the correlated red blood cells (RBCs) morphological changes. To tackle this issue, an optical analysis of RBCs in air was conducted in the 250-2500 nm range. The distinct oscillations present in the scattered and direct transmittance spectra have been analyzed with both Mie theory and anomalous diffraction approximation. The results provide information about the swelling at the ends of RBCs and directly relate the optical data to RBCs morphology and deformability. Both models agree on a reduction in the size and deformability of RBCs in diabetic patients, thus opening the way to diabetes diagnosis and disease progression assessment.

The Value of Red Cell Distribution Width and Its Correlation with Other Parameters in Ovarian Cancer

Abstract Background: The red cell distribution width (RDW) is a measure of the range of variation in the red blood cell size. It reflects red blood cell volume heterogeneity and is a part of the whole blood cell count. The use of the RDW in the diagnosis of malignant tumors has recently attracted much attention. Related research has mainly focused on endometrial cancer, lung cancer, and liver cancer. Aim of the Study: This study investigated the correlation between the RDW and ovarian cancer by observing changes in the RDW in patients with different stages of ovarian cancer. Patients and Methods: A case–control study involving 50 females with ovarian cancer and 50 healthy females conducted at Baghdad Oncology Teaching Hospital, and Al-Imamian Al-Kadhimiyain Medical City from January 1, 2022, to December 30, 2022. Data collection included demographic data, complete blood count with the calculation of platelets to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), transferrin saturation, and cancer antigen 125 (CA-125). Adult females with histologically proven ovarian cancer were included in this research. Patients with conditions that affect red blood cells were excluded from the study. Results: The mean age was 52.6 ± 10.4 years old for the cases and 50.0 ± 11.4 years for the control group. Platelets count (PLT), absolute neutrophil count (ANC), PLR, NLR, RDW, and CA-125 were significantly higher in the women with ovarian cancer in comparison to the control group (P &lt; 0.001). RDW values were found to be positively correlated with white blood cell, PLT, ANC, NLR, PLR, and CA-125 values (P &lt; 0.001). RDW values were also positively associated with cancer stage; thus, higher values of RDW are to be expected with a higher stage of cancer (P &lt; 0.001). The optimal cutoff point for RDW was found to be 14.6% with a sensitivity of 92%, specificity of 90%, and an area under the curve of 96%. Conclusion: The RDW is increased with ovarian cancer, and a clear cutoff point for the prediction of ovarian cancer has been observed. Furthermore, RDW was positively correlated with cancer stage and inflammatory markers including PLT, ANC, PLR, NLR, and a tumor marker CA-125.

Geometrical characterization of healthy red blood cells using digital holographic microscopy and parametric shape models for biophysical studies and diagnostic applications

Modeling of the red blood cell (RBC) shape is an integral part of the experimental and computer simulation investigations of light scattering by these cells for fundamental studies as well as diagnostic applications in techniques like cytometry and quantitative phase imaging. In the present work, a comprehensive study of the geometrical characterization of healthy human RBCs using digital holographic microscopy (DHM) and six frequently employed parametric shape models is reported. It is shown that the comparison of the optical phase profiles, and the thickness profiles given by the models with the DHM results gives a better judgment of the appropriateness of the parametric shape models. It is also shown that the RBC parametric models offer a simpler solution to the refractive index-thickness decoupling problem in QPI methods. Results of geometrical characterization of 500 healthy RBCs in terms of volume, surface area (SA), and sphericity index (SI) led to the classification of the parametric models in two categories based on the nature of variation of these quantities with the cell diameter. In light of the variability of the healthy RBC shapes, our findings suggest that the parametric models exhibiting a negative correlation between the SI and the cell diameter would provide more reliable estimates of the RBC parameters in diagnostic applications. Statistical distributions and descriptive statistics of the RBC volume, SA and SI serve as a guide for the assessment of the capability of the studied parametric models to give a reliable account of the variability of the healthy RBC shape and size.

Estimation of red blood cell aggregation size using power spectrum considering density of red blood cells in focal region

We have studied a noninvasive and quantitative method for measuring the aggregate size of red blood cells (RBCs). In our previous study, the scattering power spectrum obtained from the vascular lumen was fitted to the reference scattering spectra calculated from the scattering spectrum of a single-sphere scatterer. In this paper, we propose a method for calculating the reference scattering spectra by summing the scattering spectra for numerous scatterers in the ultrasound focal region. By applying this method to the size estimation of microparticles simulating RBC aggregates, the estimated sizes are found to be close to the true values. In in vivo measurements, the estimated sizes at rest are equivalent to the size of a single sphere with the same volume as an RBC, and those during avascularization are larger than those at rest, which is reasonable. The proposed method has the potential to accurately estimate the size of RBC aggregates.

A prospective observational study of red cell distribution width (RDW) as an outcome marker in Critically ill children admitted to a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in a tertiary care hospital in central India

Background Critically ill pediatric patients often present with a broad spectrum of conditions, and early prognostic markers are essential for guiding clinical decisions. Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW), a measure of the variability in red blood cell size, has been associated with various health conditions. Methods The study will be conducted over two years at a tertiary care hospital in Central India. Critically ill children between the ages of 1 month and 18 years admitted to the PICU will be consecutively enrolled after obtaining informed consent. Demographic data, vital signs, diagnoses, laboratory results, and relevant scores (PELOD-2 and SOFA) will be recorded. Outcome variables will be documented, including ICU stay duration, mechanical ventilation days, ionotrope usage, development of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), renal replacement therapy, and outcome (death or discharge). Statistical analysis will involve t-tests, chi-square tests, ROC curve analysis, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value calculations. Expected results The study aims to provide insights into the potential of RDW as a predictor of morbidity and mortality in critically ill pediatric patients. Comparison with established scoring systems will contribute to understanding the practical significance of RDW in clinical decision-making.

Red Cell Distribution Width as a Predictor of Survival in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Background and Objectives. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the intrahepatic biliary tract cancers are estimated to rank sixth for incidence among solid cancers worldwide, and third for mortality rates. A critical issue remains the need for accurate biomarkers for risk stratification and overall prognosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of a biomarker of heterogeneity of the size of red blood cells, the red cell distribution width (RDW), to predict survival in patients with HCC. Materials and Methods. A consecutive series of patients with a histologic diagnosis of HCC were included into this study irrespective of their age, stage of the disease, and treatment administered, and followed-up for a period of three years. Demographic, anthropometric [age, sex, body mass index (BMI)], and clinical data (Charlson Comorbidity Index, Child-Pugh score, etc.), along with laboratory tests were retrieved from clinical records. Results. One-hundred and four patients were included in this study. Among them, 54 (69%) were deceased at the end of the follow-up. Higher RDW values, but not other hematological and biochemical parameters, were significantly associated with mortality in both univariate and multivariate analysis. The optimal RDW cut-off value identified with the Youden test for survival was 14.7%, with 65% sensitivity and 74% specificity (AUC = 0.718, 95% CI 0.622-0.802, p < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed significantly lower survival with higher RDW values (HR = 3.5204; 95% CI 1.9680-6.2975, p < 0.0001) with a mean survival of 30.9 ± 9.67 months for patients with RDW ≤ 14.7% and 22.3 ± 11.4 months for patients with RDW > 14.7%. Conclusions. The results of our study showed that RDW can perform better than other blood-based biomarkers in independently predicting prognosis in patients with HCC.

RED BLOOD CELL DISTRIBUTION WIDTH: WHAT CAN IT TELL US?

Abstract Red blood cell distribution width (RDW), a measure of red blood cell size variability used in evaluating anemia, has been found to predict cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. RDW increases with age, but the determinants of age-associated elevation in RDW independent of CVD and associated risk factors is limited. Therefore, we examined the association of RDW within the normal range (11.5-15.0%) with age, sex, race, other red blood cell properties, major cardiovascular disease risk factors, and other physiologic data. Data were from 606 men and 627 women (aged 50-95) participating in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Candidate correlates of RDW were included in multiple linear regression models; a reduced model was then obtained by backward selection. RDW was higher with age and female sex. Differences in RDW by sex were explained by hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular volume. Further, mean platelet volume (STβ=0.0779, P=0.007), interleukin-6 (STβ=0.0774, P=0.011), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (STβ=0.0746, P=0.028), institutional normalized ratio (STβ=0.0836, P=0.004), thyroid stimulating hormone (STβ=0.0653, P=0.023), and body mass index (STβ=0.1725, P=8.98E-8) were all independently associated with RDW. In the final model, age remained a strong correlate of RDW (STβ=0.2412, P=2.91E-12). In summary, inflammation, metabolic rate, and body habitus independently predict RDW, but do not completely explain its association with age. Future investigation of longitudinal change in RDW with age and its association with these and other factors is needed to advance knowledge on the timing and potential mechanisms of age-associated increases in RDW, and its implication for health outcomes.

Pengaruh Pemberian Sari Kacang Hijau Terhadap Peningkatan Kadar Hemoglobin pada Ibu Hamil Anemia

Anemia is a condition where the number and size of red blood cells or hemoglobin concentration is below the normal limit value. It is estimated that 52.5% of women in Southeast Asia experience anemia. Iron content. Green beans are a source of vegetable protein, vitamins (A, B1, C and E), as well as several other substances that are very beneficial for the human body. The aim of this research was to see the effect of giving green bean juice on increasing hemoglobin levels of anemic pregnant women in the Lubuk Buaya Padang Health Center work area. The research design used quantitative quasi-experimental methods, one group pretest-posttest design. The sample size was 15 pregnant women. Research results The average hemoglobin levels of pregnant women before and after being given green bean juice in the treatment group were 10.5 gr/dL and 11.4 gr/dl. In these results there was an increase in hemoglobin levels. There is an effect of giving green bean juice on increasing hemoglobin levels in pregnant women with anemia, the result is p value = 0.000 and the significance value is greater than 5% (p=0.000&lt;0.05 for the variable Hb level (0.000). This means that giving green bean juice can increase Hb levels of pregnant women. This study concluded that there was an effect of giving green bean juice on increasing the value of hemoglobin levels in pregnant women.

Studi filariasis berbasis pemeriksaan laboratorium di Kota Semarang

Background: Filariasis is a disease caused by parasitic nematodes of Filariae. Filariasis is caused by filarial worm species, namely Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori. This disease is transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes (Anopheles, Aedes, and Culex). Symptoms of filariasis in men or women include damage to the lymphatic system swelling of the arms, legs, and genitals, which causes pain, decreased productivity, and social problems. Filarial diagnosis through examination of blood smears to detect filarial parasites in the blood, accompanied by hematological and clinical chemical examinationsObjective: This study aimed to describe filariasis through blood tests (blood smears, hematological examinations, and clinical chemistry examinations) on filariasis respondents using a cross-sectional approach.Method: This type of descriptive research uses a cross-sectional approach. The research subjects were 6 filarial respondents in Pedurungan District, Semarang City. The examination was conducted at the Tologosari Wetan and Kulon Health Centers on September 12-18, 2020. Secondary data collection was obtained from capillary blood examination using thin blood smears, automatic hematological examination using a hematology analyzer, and clinical chemistry examination using the spectrophotometer method with a spectrophotometer. The research data was processed and analyzed using Univariate analysis using maximum, minimum, and average values.Results: Hematological examination for hemoglobin level of 12,5 g%, leukocytes 3200 cells/ml, platelets 137.00 cells, erythrocytes 4,07x106 cells, lymphocytes 35 cells, neutrophils 73 cells, eosinophils 1 cell, monocytes 9 cells, MCH 30,78 pg, MCV 86,48 fl, MCHC 36,24 g/l and clinical chemistry examination results for cholesterol 145,7 g/dl and triglycerides 104,6 g/dl. Meanwhile, on examination of thin blood smears, microfilariae were found.Conclusion: The results of the blood smear evaluation showed an abnormality in the size of the red blood cells in the form of microcytic (smaller red blood cell size), and filarial findings were found. In contrast, hematology and clinical chemistry examination results obtained normal results.

Prevalence and risk factors of preoperative anemia in patients undergoing elective orthopedic procedures in Northwest Ethiopia: a multicenter prospective observational cohort study

BackgroundPreoperative anemia is a common hematologic problem in major orthopedic surgery in developing countries. It is a condition in which the number and size of red blood cells are insufficient to meet the body’s physiologic needs, consequently impairing the capacity of the blood to transport oxygen to the body. Preoperative anemia is common in elective orthopedic surgical patients and is an independent risk factor for perioperative morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess preoperative anemia prevalence and risk factors in patients undergoing elective orthopedic procedures.MethodA multicenter prospective observational cohort study was conducted from June 01 to August 30, 2022. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select the study unit. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were expressed in percentages and presented with tables and figures. Binary logistic regression was used to see the association between independent and dependent variables. A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultPreoperative anemia’s prevalence and risk factors in patients undergoing elective orthopedic procedures was 24.1[95%CI= (18.2–30.6)]. Multivariable logistic analyses showed that low monthly income level [AOR:5,95%CI:(1.36–7.98)], patient with cancer [AOR:3.4,95%CI:(3.7–8.84)], patient with malaria infectious [AOR: 3.2,95%CI:( 1.13–8.91)], patient with anti-retroviral therapy [AOR: 5.2,95%CI:( 1.8-11.04)], and previous history of surgery [AOR:1,95%CI(1.43–2.4)], were factors significantly associated with preoperative anemia.ConclusionThe prevalence of preoperative anemia among adult patients who underwent elective orthopedics procedures was high. Low Monthly income, patients with cancer, patient with malaria infection, and patients with anti-retroviral therapy, previous histories of surgery were found significantly associated with preoperative anemia. So, we recommend to health professional’s early identification, diagnosis and treatment of preoperative anemia should be done to reduce the risks of anemia and related adverse outcomes.

Investigating the impact of APOE4 genotype on the association between cerebral blood flow and haematological properties in mid‐life adults

AbstractBackgroundCarriership of the apolipoprotein ε4 (APOE4) allele confers a heightened risk for the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is decreased in prodromal and established AD, however findings in the preclinical stage are mixed, with some studies reporting increases. CBF can be impacted by many factors including the haematocrit. We investigated in a cohort at risk of developing AD how haematological variables relate to CBF and if this relationship is differentially moderated by APOE4.Method375 participants from the PREVENT‐Dementia study underwent arterial spin labelling (ASL) and structural 3Tesla MRI. ASL data were analysed using BASIL/FSL and structural scans with SPM12. CBF maps were corrected for partial volume effects. A vascular territory mask with nine territories, the middle, proximal and distal branches of the anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries (ACA, MCA, PCA) was used for region‐of‐interest analysis and registered to the native ASL space. Regional gray matter (GM) CBF values were harmonised using COMBAT. Linear regression was used to examine differences between APOE4 carriers and non‐carriers controlling for age, sex and years of education. Associations between haematological properties and CBF were examined with Pearson’s correlations. Differential relationships between CBF, haematocrit, and measures of red blood cell size and shape (distribution width (RDW) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV)) were investigated by including interaction terms of APOE4 and haematological variables in the models.ResultAPOE4 carriers had significantly higher CBF in the proximal MCA (t = 2.54, p = 0.01). Across all subjects, RDW and MCV were not associated with GM CBF, though several significant interactions were observed between APOE4 and RDW in predicting CBF (Figure 1). Haematocrit was associated with GM CBF (ρ = ‐0.19, p &lt; 0.01). No significant interactions were seen between APOE4 and haematocrit or MCV in predicting CBF.ConclusionThe variability of the size and shapes of erythrocytes was differentially associated with CBF between APOE4 carriers and non‐carriers suggesting a different response to morphological erythrocyte alterations. This could further relate to underlying factors such as inflammation, which is associated with a higher RDW. Such associations should be examined in further studies.

Investigating the impact of APOE4 genotype on the association between cerebral blood flow and haematological properties in mid‐life adults

AbstractBackgroundCarriership of the apolipoprotein ε4 (APOE4) allele confers a heightened risk for the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is decreased in prodromal and established AD, however findings in the preclinical stage are mixed, with some studies reporting increases. CBF can be impacted by many factors including the haematocrit. We investigated in a cohort at risk of developing AD how haematological variables relate to CBF and if this relationship is differentially moderated by APOE4.Method375 participants from the PREVENT‐Dementia study underwent arterial spin labelling (ASL) and structural 3Tesla MRI. ASL data were analysed using BASIL/FSL and structural scans with SPM12. CBF maps were corrected for partial volume effects. A vascular territory mask with nine territories, the middle, proximal and distal branches of the anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries (ACA, MCA, PCA) was used for region‐of‐interest analysis and registered to the native ASL space. Regional gray matter (GM) CBF values were harmonised using COMBAT. Linear regression was used to examine differences between APOE4 carriers and non‐carriers controlling for age, sex and years of education. Associations between haematological properties and CBF were examined with Pearson’s correlations. Differential relationships between CBF, haematocrit, and measures of red blood cell size and shape (distribution width (RDW) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV)) were investigated by including interaction terms of APOE4 and haematological variables in the models.ResultAPOE4 carriers had significantly higher CBF in the proximal MCA (t = 2.54, p = 0.01). Across all subjects, RDW and MCV were not associated with GM CBF, though several significant interactions were observed between APOE4 and RDW in predicting CBF (Figure 1). Haematocrit was associated with GM CBF (ρ = ‐0.19, p &lt; 0.01). No significant interactions were seen between APOE4 and haematocrit or MCV in predicting CBF.ConclusionThe variability of the size and shapes of erythrocytes was differentially associated with CBF between APOE4 carriers and non‐carriers suggesting a different response to morphological erythrocyte alterations. This could further relate to underlying factors such as inflammation, which is associated with a higher RDW. Such associations should be examined in further studies.