Red Blood Cell Membrane Stabilization Research Articles

ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, ANTIDIABETIC, ANTHELMINTHIC, AND THROMBOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF THE METHANOL EXTRACT OF CITRULLUS LANATUS PEEL

Background: The present study aimed for in vitro evaluation of Citrullus lanatus Peel (CLP) methanol extract for antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anthelmintic, and thrombolytic activity. Method: CLP was extracted with methanol and tested for in vitro antioxidative (DPPH and H2O2 scavenging method), thrombolytic, anthelmintic, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties (human red blood cell membrane stabilization method, α-amylase inhibitory effect by using Iodine-Starch method. Results: The percentage yield was 7% and phytochemical profile showed the presence of steroid, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, glycoside and reducing sugar. In DPPH scavenging assay, 88.7% was at 1000 g/ml, whereas 34% to 48.9% (IC50 27.65 µg/ml) in H2O2 and from 61.8% to 95.2% (IC50 value: 07 µg/ml) in ASCOR. In in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, the maximum protection percentage was observed 58% and 44%. Consecutively, in anti-diabetic activity, IC50 values of 1137.64 μg/ml whereas reference (Acarbose) exhibited IC50 at 671.71 μg/ml. On the other hand, the inhibitory effect of Acarbose showed 57% and 98% respectively at 2000 μg/ml. In earthworms, it considered as very potential for the helminthic infection and helminthiasis. A significant clot lysis activity of 44% was noticed when the clots were treated with 100 µl of CLP extract (10 mg/ml) in in-vitro thrombolytic activity assay. Conclusions: The findings of this study revealed that the peel possessed the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anthelminthic and thrombolytic activities. These findings will be motivated to do further research on molecular level to finds into more depth which is considered as the limitation of this study. Peer Review History: Received 3 February 2024; Revised 12 March 2024; Accepted 20 April; Available online 15 May 2024 Academic Editor: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, amaka_mgbahurike@yahoo.com Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewers: Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt, gehankandeel9@yahoo.com Dr. Francis Adou Yapo, Felix Houphouet Boigny, University of Abidjan, Ivory Coast, fyapo@yahoo.fr

Novel synthesis of trans-ferulic acid loaded tragacanth-chitosan nanoformulations and evaluation of their biological activities

Trans-ferulic acid, is one of the many biologically significant bioactive components of Datura. It has wide range of potential applications in the food industry, health, and cosmetics industries. Trans-ferulic acid possess myriad properties like anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, antiangiogenic, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. To exploit its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, first of all, trans-ferulic acid loaded tragacanth/chitosan nanoparticles (TFA loaded TGCA-NPs) were synthesized by ionic gelation method using tragacanth and chitosan as polymers. Tragacanth used to encapsulate the trans-ferulic acid is a polysaccharide gum, which is used all over the world in industries ranging from the food industry to healthcare systems due to its availability, affordability, non-toxicity, and environmental friendliness. The synthesized nanoparticles were then characterized by using techniques like FTIR, UV–Vis Spectroscopy, SEM and TEM. The particle size of nanoparticles thus obtained ranged from 105 nm to 250 nm. SEM micrograph of nanoparticles showed tiny rod-like structures, which appear to be coated on the polymer. TEM images showed somewhat sphere-shaped nanoparticles with a projecting rod-like structure that might be due to the trans-ferulic acid encapsulation in tragacanth-chitosan polymer. Decent antimicrobial activity of synthesized nanoparticles was observed against pathogenic bacteria named Staphylococcus aureus. Hemocompatibility of trans-ferulic acid loaded tragacanth-chitosan nanoparticles was also examined. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging assay, in which synthesized nanoparticles showed 41.62 % radical scavenging activity. For in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity Human Red Blood Cell membrane stabilization method (HRBC method) was used, and the results showed higher protection by the synthesized nanoparticles in comparison to the pure trans-ferulic acid and blank nanoparticles.

In-vitro Anti-inflammatory Activity for Combination of Ethanol Extract from Sappan Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) and Red Ginger Rhizome (Zingiber officinale Roxb.)

Sappan wood and red ginger rhizome have been utilized as herbal medicine due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, analgesic, and immunomodulatory activities. Previous study revealed that sappan wood and red ginger rhizome showed good anti-inflammatory activity. However, the studies are focused on single extract. There are no research about combining the sappan wood extract and red ginger rhizome extract for antiinflammatory agent. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of the combination of sappan wood and red ginger rhizome ethanol extracts for antiinflammatory properties using red blood cell (RBC) membrane stabilization test. The tested samples consisted of sappan wood ethanol extract, red ginger rhizome ethanol extract, combination formulas (F1, F2, and F3), and positive control (diclofenac sodium). F1 comprises a 1:1 mixture of ethanol extract of sappan wood and red ginger rhizome, while F2 and F3 are composed of 2:1 and 1:2, respectively. The IC50 values for sappan wood ethanol extract, red ginger rhizome ethanol extract, and formulas F1, F2, and F3 were 47.63, 181.26, 101.93, 94.98, and 104.98 ppm, respectively. Statistical analysis using the one-way Anova followed by the Games-Howell post-hoc test revealed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the IC50 of each sample. For single extracts, sappan wood is better as an anti-inflammatory. Meanwhile, in the formulations, Formula F2 is superior as an anti-inflammatory agent

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIINFLAMASI EKSTRAK BATANG AKAR KUNING (Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr.) SECARA IN VITRO

Inflammation is a natural response that occurs in tissue damage caused by oxidative stress. Yellow root plant is one of the plants from the Menispermaceae family that contains bioactive compounds with several potential pharmacological activities, including as anti-inflammatory. The purpose of this study was to test the effect of administration of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and 70% ethanol extract of yellow root on anti-inflammatory activity and test the most optimal anti-inflammatory activity on the type of solvent of yellow root extract (Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr.). This study used a method of stabilizing red blood cell membranes in vitro which was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Stabilization was observed through the inhibitory ability of yellow root extract against red blood cell lysis due to the induction of a hypotonic solution which was then compared with a positive control (Ibuprofen). Results showed that n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and 70% ethanol extracts of yellow root can stabilize red blood cell membranes. Data analysis showed significant significance that there was a significant percent difference in red blood cell membrane stabilization in the four test groups. The most optimal anti-inflammatory activity was found in yellow root n-hexane extract at a concentration of 250 ppm which was 48.76% comparable to the positive control (Ibuprofen) at a concentration of 50 ppm of 59.09%.

Total Flavonoid Content and In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Potentials of Kombucha with Enrichment of Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea) Flower Extract

Kombucha is a fermented beverage from tea (Camellia sinensis) that is claimed to be beneficial for several medical ailments. Several studies have conducted nutritional enrichment of kombucha to optimize its nutritional benefits. One of the native Indonesian plants that can be utilized as nutritional enrichment material is the butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) flower. Its nutrition is expected to increase the health benefits of kombucha Camellia sinensis. Kombucha has beneficial compounds such as flavonoids that have potential applications in medical chemistry due to its anti-inflammatory properties. This study aims to enrich the valuable nutrition and test the in vitro anti-inflammatory potentials of kombucha, conducted by formulating kombuchaCamellia sinensis with Clitoria ternatea flower extract addition (0; 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2)% (m/v), the chemical characterization including pH value test using digital pH meter and total flavonoid content (TFC) using colorimetric (AlCl3) assay) with quercetin as its standard, and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity test using the red blood cell (RBC) membrane stabilization method. The result showed that the pH value of kombucha had met the consumption quality standard (3-4), starting from 3,30 + 0,00 (0%) to 3,66 + 0,01 (2%). The flavonoid content increased from 38,89 + 0,05 mgQE/g (0%) to 126,73 + 0,13 mgQE/g (2%). Kombucha samples showed anti-inflammatory activity potentials with the best IC50 value of 140,22 ppm (2% addition). The data from this study were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA statistical test. It shows there is an influence from the addition of Clitoria ternatea to the TFC result (p<0,05), and it continued to Duncan's Multiple Range test (DMRT) that showed sample F0 to F4 were significantly different from each other (p<0,05). In conclusion, the enrichment of kombucha (Camellia sinensis) using Clitoria ternatea flower extract has been proven to increase the health-beneficial compound (flavonoids) and have potential anti-inflammatory activity.

Wound healing potential of an Indian under-utilized fruit Garcinia gummi-gutta: Evidences from in vitro and in vivo experiments

Garcinia gummi-gutta is a native plant of Southeast Asia, commonly known as Malabar tamarind in English and Kudam puli in Tamil. In addition to utilization of dried pulp of this G. gummi-gutta fruit, traditional healers using it for wound healing, but there is no scientific piece of evidence. The main objective of the work is to investigate the wound-healing potential of G. gummi-gutta fruit using in vitro methods and in vivo excision model. Sequential extraction was done in the dried fruit pulp of G. gummi-gutta using different solvents (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and water). Phytochemical screening and quantitative analysis results revealed the presence of high level of alkaloids (0.16 mg/mL), flavonoids (2.15 mg/mL), terpenoids (0.09 mg/mL), phytosterols (0.46 mg/mL), phenols (9.42 mg/mL) and tannins (1.27 mg/mL) in the methanol extract. Among various solvent extracts, methanol extract exhibited higher level of antioxidant (87.64% 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging, 82.86% superoxide scavenging, 19.03% hydrogen peroxide scavenging and 78.36% hydroxyl radical scavenging) and anti-inflammatory (41.67% inhibition of protein denaturation, 27.17% protease inhibition and 66.22% red blood cells membrane stabilization) properties. Liquid chromatography with mass spectroscopy and gas chromatography with mass spectroscopy analysis of methanolic extract revealed the presence of phytochemicals like Daphnoretin, Flindersine, Taxuspine-D, 3-Butenyl isothiocyanate, Cyclopentanone dimethyl hydrazone and 2-Acetyl indole. It was observed that the wound healing potential of ointment prepared from the methanolic extract of G. gummi-gutta was significantly (p < 0.05) higher (0.5 mm) than betadine treatment (0.9 mm) in Wistar rats on 11th day. Histopathalogical analysis G. gummi-gutta-treated animals exhibited a high amount of granulation tissue, microvascular density, epidermal closure and differentiation, which indicates the good wound healing capacity of the G. gummi-gutta. Thus, the present work recorded the wound healing potential of G. gummi-gutta-ointment through in vivo excision wound model in addition to proven various in vitro wound healing mechanisms.

In vitro Screening of Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Plant Extract Adenanthera pavonina

Adenanthera pavonina (AP) is a medicinal herb used in traditional systems of medicine in Sri Lanka. It is considered a rich source of bioactive compounds as they are able to produce a great variety of secondary metabolites with great anticancer and antioxidant properties. In the present study, the bark of the plant was used and water extract was prepared in order to screen Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), Ferric ion reducing power, DPPH radical scavenging capacity, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, inhibition of protein oxidation and inhibition deoxyribose oxidation. Anti-inflammatory activity was screened in vitro using Human Red Blood cell Membrane stability assay (HRBM) and inhibition of protein denaturation assay. All methods were carried out according to the standard protocol. The TPC and TFC were 80.3±0.1 mg GA/g (Gallic Acid/g) and 46.1±0.1 mg EGCG/g (epigallocatechin gallate /g) respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging capacity, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and deoxyribose oxidation were IC50, 15.8±0.5 (Gallic acid, 4.5±0.3 μg/ml), 46.1±0.5 μg/ml (Ascorbic acid , 58.4±2.2 μg/ml), 72.6±3.1 μg/ml (Ascorbic acid, 51.2±0.1 μg/ml) and 7.4±0.7 μg/ml (Ascorbic acid, 8.7±0.6 μg/ml) respectively. Reducing power of the AO extract increased with the concentration. HRBM and inhibition of BSA denaturation of AO extract were IC50 that 49.7±1.4 μg/ml (Diclofenac sodium, 47.8±2.1 μg/ml) and 29.1±1.5 (Diclofenac sodium 23.8±3.6 μg/ml) respectively. The results of the study suggest that the bioactive molecules present in the AP water extract can be used as a prototype for the development of new drugs or as a source of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical raw material.&#x0D; Keywords: Adenanthera pavonina, Inhibition of lipid peroxidation, Inhibition of protein oxidation, Inhibition deoxyribose oxidation.

Construction and study of blood purification membrane modified with PDE inhibitor: Investigation of antiplatelet activity and hemocompatibility

The recent “cell-based theory” of coagulation suggests that platelets serve as the site of coagulation factor reactions, making platelets an effective target for inhibiting membrane thrombosis. Unfortunately, there is limited research on how blood purification membranes affect platelet intracellular signaling. In this study, we modified polyethersulfone (PES) membranes with the platelet phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor dipyridamole (DIP) and investigated the effects of the DIP/PES (DP) membranes on platelet adhesion, activation, aggregation, and secretion, as well as the role of the PDE-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) intracellular signaling pathway. Additionally, we evaluated the hemocompatibility and preliminary in vivo safety of DP membranes. Our results demonstrate that the modified DP membranes effectively inhibited platelet adhesion, membrane CD62P expression, and plasma soluble P-selectin activation levels. Furthermore, we confirmed that DP membranes achieved platelet aggregation inhibition and reduced platelet factor 4 and β-thromoglobulin secretion levels by inhibiting platelet intracellular PDE-cAMP signaling. Moreover, the modified DP membranes exhibited good anticoagulant and red blood cell membrane stability and complement resistance and demonstrated preliminary biocompatibility in mouse experiments. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential application of DP dialysis membranes in blood purification for critically ill patients.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIINFLAMASI EKSTRAK ETANOL BIJI NANGKA (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) TERHADAP STABILISASI MEMBRAN SEL DARAH MERAH

Jackfruit seed (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is local plant that contains compounds such as flavonoids, saponins and steroids that have potential as antiinflammatory. This research aims to determine the difference in antiinflammatory activity of ethanol extract jackfruit seed (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) from sodium diclofenac on red blood cell membrane stability. Antiinflammatory activity can be seen from the decrease in absorbance of hemoglobin lysed in test solution after being induced by hypotonic solution and compared with the positive control (sodium diclofenac). This research is a quasi experiment with the method of red blood cell membrane stability in vitro using purposive sampling technique with samples of ethanol extract jackfruit seed concentrations of 0,005%, 0,01%, 0,02% and 0,04% which were repeated 3 times. The results showed that ethanol extract jackfruit seed (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) has the ability to stabilize red blood cell membrane with a percent stability at concentration of 0,005% is 41,70%, concentration of 0,01% is 50,70%, concentration of 0,02% is 54,20% and concentration of 0,04% is 64,60%. The antiinflammatory activity of ethanol extract jackfruit seed 0,02% is not different from sodium diclofenac 0,005% with p value &gt; 0,05, whereas ethanol extract jackfruit seed 0,005%, 0,01% and 0,04% are different from sodium diclofenac.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by Lallemantia royleana leaf Extract: Their Bio-Pharmaceutical and catalytic properties

The study of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesis based-green methods become more interesting recently due to their low-cost preparation, eco-friendly and non-toxic precursors. The present study approved the ability of the Lallemantia royleana (Benth. in Wall.) Benth. leaf extract for the synthesis of AgNPs for the first time. The synthesized AgNPs were physico-chemical characterized using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), zeta potential and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. The total phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanin, tannin contents, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and cytotoxic activities of L. royleana leaf extract and the synthesized AgNPs were investigated. The biocatalytic activity of prepared AgNPs was assessed on methylene blue as a pollutant organic dye. The TEM examination showed that the synthesized AgNPs were predominantly spherical with some mixed shapes and crystalline with average size 34.47 ± 1.6 nm, and showed a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak at 425 nm. The zeta potential value was −24.1 mV indicating the stability of produced AgNPs. The new prepared AgNPs have lower total phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanin, tannin contents than L. royleana leaf extract. In addition, the new prepared AgNPs demonstrated the higher DPPH radical scavenging activity (87 %) and the ABTS radical scavenging activity (77 %) at the maximum prepared concentration of 250 μg mL−1 as compared to the L. royleana leaf extract (62 % and 58 %, respectively). The produced AgNPs also exhibited the higher antimicrobial activity against both the Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and the Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri) bacteria and the Candida strains (Candida glabrata and Candida albicans) as compared to the L. royleana leaf extract. The resulting AgNPs indicated a dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect on human red-blood cell (RBC) membrane stabilization assay and had more activity (72 %) compared to the L. royleana leaf extract (61 %) at 250 µg mL−1. The prepared AgNPs showed promising in vitro anti-arthritic activity evaluated by 73 % compared to 58 % in case of L. royleana leaf extract. The new produced AgNPs showed the higher cytotoxic effect against the human hepatoma (Hep-G2) and the human breast (MCF-7) cancer cells compared to the L. royleana leaf extract with 79.3 % and 77.2 % at 250 µg/mL, respectively. The obtained results revealed also that the green synthesized AgNPs were capable to catalyze MB dye. Therefore, the obtained results provide a promising route of the green synthesis of AgNPs using L. royleana leaf extract with considerable biopharmaceuticals and catalytic applications.

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities, and Metabolite Profiling of Selected Medicinal Plants of Nepal

This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, antiarthritic, and anti-inflammatory properties of extracts from the leaves of twelve different medicinal plants in Nepal. We then evaluated the total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents of the extract using in-vitro assays and characterized it using GC-MS analysis. Results revealed that most of the leaf extracts contained phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. Few plants also showed the presence of glycosides, phytate, and vitamin C. Among the studied plants, Neolamarckia cadamba exhibited the highest total phenolic and tannin contents, as 241.53 ± 0.20 µg of gallic acid equivalent/mg and 74.48 ± 1.081 µg of tannic acid equivalent/mg, respectively. Ipomoea batatas exhibited the highest total flavonoid content, as 53.051 ± 1.11 µg of quercetin equivalent/mg. Moreover, Raphanus sativus demonstrated significant ferrous ion chelating, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and total antioxidant activities with IC50 value of 4.76 ± 0.68 µg/mL, 5.84 ± 0.14 µg/mL, 6.89 ± 0.16 µg/mL, and 8.99 ± 0.20 µg/mL, respectively. Similarly, Colocasia esculenta and Cicer arietinum exhibited the highest hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide scavenging activities, measuring IC50 value of 7.22 ± 0.56 µg/mL and 9.06 ± 0.10 µg/mL, respectively. Among all the extracts, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius displayed significant human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization activity (IC50 = 6.22 ± 0.78 µg/mL). Furthermore, Raphanus sativus, Chenopodium album, Cicer arietinum, and Murraya koenigii exhibited the highest inhibitory activities against protein denaturation with bovine serum albumin, antiarthritic, lipoxygenase inhibitory, and proteinase inhibitory, measuring IC50 of 7.48 ± 0.48 µg/mL, 9.44 ± 1.62 µg/mL, 14.67 ± 1.94 µg/mL, and 28.57 ± 2.39 µg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the twelve leaf extracts’ significant antioxidant, antiarthritic, and anti-inflammatory activities.

Simultaneous Study of Analysis of Anti-inflammatory Potential of Dryopteris ramosa (C. Hope) C. Chr. using GC-Mass and Computational Modeling on the Xylene-induced Ear Oedema in Mouse Model.

In the present study, we aimed to investigate the extraction and identification of the potential phytochemicals from the Methanolic Extract of Dryopteris ramosa (MEDR) using GC-MS profiling for validating the traditional uses of MEDR its efficacy in inflammations by using in-vitro, in-vivo and in silico approaches in anti-inflammatory models. GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of a total of 59 phytochemical compounds. The human red blood cells (HRBC) membrane stabilization assay and heat-induced hemolysis method were used as in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the extract. The in-vivo analysis was carried out through the Xylene-induced mice ear oedema method. It was found that MEDR at a concentration of 20 μg, 30 μg, and 40 μg showed 35.45%, 36.01%, and 36.33% protection to HRBC in a hypotonic solution, respectively. At the same time, standard Diclofenac at 30 μg showed 45.31% protection of HRBC in a hypotonic solution. The extract showed inhibition of 25.32%, 26.53%, and 33.31% cell membrane lysis at heating at 20 μg, 30 μg, and 40 μg, respectively. In comparison, standard Diclofenac at 30 μg showed 50.49% inhibition of denaturation to heat. Methanolic extract of the plant exhibited momentous inhibition in xylene-induced ear oedema in mice treated with 30 μg extract were 47.2%, 63.4%, and 78.8%, while inhibition in mice ear oedema treated with 60 μg extract was 34.7%, 43.05%, 63.21% and reduction in ear thickness of standard drug were 57.3%, 59.54%, 60.42% recorded at the duration of 1, 4 and 24 hours of inflammation. Molecular docking and simulations were performed to validate the anti-inflammatory role of the phytochemicals that revealed five potential phytochemicals i.e. Stigmasterol,22,23dihydro, Heptadecane,8methyl, Pimaricacid, Germacrene and 1,3Cyclohexadiene,_5(1,5dimethyl4hexenyl)-2methyl which revealed potential or significant inhibitory effects on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL-6) in the docking analysis. The outcome of the study signifies that MEDR can offer a new prospect in the discovery of a harmonizing and alternative therapy for inflammatory disease conditions.

Investigation of wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity of Senna occidentalis leaf extract, and in silico screening for both activities

Senna occidentalis, synonym Cassia occidentalis, is a native American pantropical plant species previously classified under the genus Cassia. This study is for testing and to discover new potent phytochemicals from this plant as wound healing and anti-inflammatory agents. The Excision and Assay of Red Blood Cell (RBC) Membrane Stabilization for Anti-Inflammatory Activity Test Method was used to test how well extracts of S. occidentalis leaves from methanol, n-hexane, chloroform, and absolute alcohol helped wounds heal and stopped inflammation. In silico is another method for finding potent phytochemicals for both activities. These leaf extracts effectively cure wound areas and promote re-epithelialization. The methanol extract exhibited maximum wound healing (95.04%) and anti-inflammation (62.94%) activity compared to their other extracts, standard, and control groups. In silico molecular docking of Apigenin, Aloe-emodin with GSK-3B protein, and 1-Methoxynaphthalene, Quinine with COX-2 protein showed binding affinity in (kjJ/mol) of −8.4, −8.6, and −7.3, −7.7, for wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity, respectively, in their binding sites with stability. They support the "Lipinski Rule of Five." This plant leaf extract is recommended as a traditional medicine and an alternative, complementary treatment for its continued contribution to drug discovery and development.

The Potential of a Sumbawa Herbal Oil-Based Oleogel as Burn Wound Dressing

This study aimed to innovate the current Sumbawa oil preparation which is still in the form of liquid into an oleogel so that it is easier to apply and more practical for distribution and storage. Phytochemical analysis of Sumbawa oil showed the contents of phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids. By adding hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) as a gelling agent and glycerin as a humectant, Sumbawa oil can be served in the form of an oleogel. The pH measurement of the Sumbawa oil oleogel at levels of 90%, 95%, and 100% ranged from 7.0–7.3 which is the ideal acidity level for the wound healing process. In the antimicrobial activity test with S. aureus and E. coli, the zone of inhibition ranged from 12.1–14.7 mm which is considered strong. Meanwhile, in in vitro testing of the anti-inflammatory activity using the human red blood cell membrane stabilization method, the stability level of each was obtained to be 78% for 100% Sumbawa oil, 74% for oleogel with 95% Sumbawa oil, and 73% for oleogel with 90% Sumbawa oil. The oleogel morphology observation using a scanning electron microscope showed a good gelation process at 5% and 10% HEC levels.

Antibacterial, Antibiofilm, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Ginger Extract against Helicobacter pylori

The increased emergence of multidrug-resistant Helicobacter pylori is related to many health issues. Zingiber officinale (Z. officinale) is a plant usually used in folk medicine to treat a variety of diseases. This study was conducted to evaluate the ability of Z. officinale extract to combat resistant H. pylori. The disc diffusion, microdilution, and microplate assays were performed to evaluate the susceptibility to antibiotics and the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the Z. officinale extracts. Using the checkerboard method, the combined effects of gentamicin and Z. officinale extract were investigated. In addition, anti-inflammatory activity and GC-MS analysis were performed according to a modified protocol. According to the findings, H. pylori isolates exhibited resistance rates of 56.33, 50.0, and 45.85 against metronidazole, gentamicin, and tetracycline, respectively. The methanolic extract of Z. officinale showed the strongest effectiveness against resistant H. pylori isolates with MICs of 20.0 to 50.0 µg/mL, including both H. pylori isolates and the standard strain NCTC 11637. Z. officinale extract suppresses the biofilm formed by H. pylori isolates with a percentage of 92.96% at 50.0 µg/mL, compared with 97.19% for gentamicin at the same concentration. According to FICI values, the combination of methanolic Z. officinale extract with gentamicin increases bacterial sensitivity to such drugs. Moreover, the Z. officinale extract exhibits strong anti-inflammatory activity, with inhibition of red blood cell membrane stabilization increasing from 49.83% to 61.47% at a concentration of 4 to 32 µg/mL. The GC-MS analysis of Z. officinale extract exhibits 17 different chemical compounds. Besides showing antibacterial properties, the extract also contains the anti-inflammatory compound gingerol as the main constituent, which inhibits the growth of H. pylori and its biofilm and is a promising natural therapeutic alternative or enhances antibiotic activity.

Preliminary phytochemical analysis, formulation and evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential of the formulated gel obtained from an Ethanolic leaves extract of Lour

Infectious microbes like bacteria, viruses, or fungi commonly cause inflammation when they enter the body, live in certain tissues or circulate in the circulation. For long years ago, natural sources have been used for the treatment of various diseases. In this way, belonging to the family Lamiaceae was found to be having various pharmacological activities like anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, larvicidal and cardiovascular activities. The objective of the study is to formulate and evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of the topical gel using an Ethanolic leaves extract of The formulated gel F3 showed better spreadability with a net content of 99 % and a drug release of 94.84 %. The anti-inflammatory potential of the formulation F3 was evaluated using the inhibition of albumin denaturation assay and Human red blood cells (HRBC) membrane stabilization assay. The formulated gel and standard exhibited 45.86-82.32 % and 55.25-88.07 % of inhibition at the concentration of 50-250 µg/ml, respectively at albumin denaturation assay and 25.35-75.49 % and 30.70-87.18 % of inhibition at 50-250 µg/ml concentration, respectively. Thus, the formulated topical gel using an Ethanolic leaves extract of was found to be possessing potent anti-inflammatory activity.

Therapeutic Potential of Alstonia scholaris Latex in the Management of Inflammatory Diseases: An in vitro Approach

Pharmacognosy Research,2023,15,3,478-483.DOI:10.5530/pres.15.3.049Published:June 2023Type:Original Article Authors:Bapan Banik, and Malay Kumar Das Author(s) affiliations:Bapan Banik, Malay Kumar Das* Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, INDIA. Abstract:Background: The different parts of Alstonia scholaris (AS) viz. leaf, bark root, and latex are used traditionally to treat pain, swelling, stiffness, immune deficiency, malaria, ulcer, and arthritis. The traditional healers in Dhemaji district of Assam prescribe raw AS latex for topical treatment of inflammatory diseases. The unique feature of this study is that the AS latex has been evaluated scientifically for the first time for its anti-inflammatory properties. Objectives: The present investigation evaluates the anti-inflammatory potential of the AS latex in arthritis using in vitro assays. Materials and Methods: Anti-arthritic potential of AS latex was evaluated using in vitro assays of bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation, egg albumin denaturation, and human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization. Results: It was observed that the standard diclofenac sodium and the AS latex showed good anti-arthritic potential. In BSA denaturation method, the latex, and diclofenac sodium showed 71.59% and 85.23% inhibition of proteinase enzyme at 250 μg/mL, respectively. In the egg albumin denaturation method, the latex, and standard showed the maximum percentage of inhibition of protein denaturation of 70.42% and 81.32%, respectively, at 250 μg/mL. In the HRBC membrane stabilization model, the latex produced considerable anti-arthritic potential in a concentration–dependent manner. At 250 μg/ mL in hypotonic solution, latex, and diclofenac sodium showed 68.77% and 72.12% membrane stabilization, respectively. Conclusion: The present investigation proved the antiarthritic activity of AS latex. It may also be used in the management of other inflammatory diseases. Keywords:Alstonia scholaris, Anti-arthritic, Anti-inflammatory, in vitro., LatexView:PDF (226.19 KB)

Diosgenin, a steroidal sapogenin, arrests arthritis through modulation of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress biomarkers in Wistar rats.

Diosgenin (DGN) is a well-known steroidal sapogenin that is obtained from the hydrolysis of dioscin. The current research aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic potential of DGN alone and in combination with methotrexate (MTX). The in-vitro antioxidant, and anti-arthritic potential was assessed by protein denaturation and Human red blood cell membrane stabilization assays. The in-vivo anti-inflammatory effect was examined by carrageenan-induced paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema methods. The arthritis was induced in Wistar rats by inoculation of 0.1ml Complete Freund's adjuvant in the left hind paw at day 1. The arthritic animals received MTX 1mg/kg as standard, DGN at 5, 10, 20mg/kg, and a combination treatment (DGN 20mg/kg + MTX) was administered orally from 8 to 28th day while normal and disease control received normal saline. DGN at 1600μg/ml exhibited the highest in-vitro activities in contrast to other tested concentrations. DGN at 20mg/kg exhibited the maximum (p < 0.05-0.0001) inhibition of inflammation in carrageenan and xyleneinduced edema models. Treatment with DGN and MTX alone and in combination significantly reduced the paw diameter, body weight, arthritic index, and pain. It restored altered blood parameters and oxidative stress biomarkers in contrast to the diseased control rats. DGN profoundly (P < 0.0001) downregulated mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-ĸβ, and COX-2 while upregulated IL-4 and -10 in treated rats. The combination of DGN with MTX showed the highest therapeutic efficacy than individual therapy, so it can be used as an adjunct for rheumatoid arthritis treatment.

AKTIVITAS ANTIINFLAMASI EKSTRAK BIJI PINANG (Areca catechu L.) MENGGUNAKAN METODE STABILITAS MEMBRAN RED BLOOD CELL (RBCs) (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES OF ARECA (Areca catechu L.) FRUIT SEED EXTRACTS USING RED BLOOD CELL (RBCs) MEMBRANE STABILITY METHOD)

Areca catechu L. belongs to the Arecaceae which has been widely developed as a raw material for cosmetics industries. Areca nut contains many bioactive compounds, one of which is anti-inflammatory. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activity of betel nut extract was tested using the Red Blood Cell membrane stability method. The results of phytochemical screening showed that areca nut contains flavonoid compounds. Partitioning was carried out with n-hexane, dichloromethane solvents. Partition results obtained fraction of n-hexane 1.442 g with a yield of 5.546%; fraction of dichloromethane 5.831 g with a yield of 22.427%; fraction of ethyl acetate 0.470 g with a yield of 1.807%; and fraction of methanol was 3.432 g with a yield of 13.200%. The results of the anti-inflammatory activity test showed that the highest percent value of hemolysis inhibition was in the 100 g/mL concentration of methanol extract, which was 77.693% compared to the partitioned fractions such as the n-hexane fraction 10.215%; dichloromethane fraction 75.713%; ethyl acetate fraction 73.218% and methanol fraction 48.130%. This value can be said to be good if it approaches or exceeds the positive control of diclofenac sodium, which is 89.613%. The data from this study showed that methanol extract, fraction dichloromethane and fraction ethyl acetate had the best potential as an anti-inflammatory because the percentage of hemolysis was close to positive control

Evaluation of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory properties of leaves of Ocimum basilicum L.

In India, a wide variety of medicinal plants are reported and utilized by people for the treatment of various diseases for a long time. The present study deals with quantitative analysis of phytochemicals like total phenols, tannins, and flavonoids as well as in-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum L. The values of total phenols, tannins, and flavonoids were found to be 5.02±0.06 µg Gallic acid equivalent/mg, 7.80±0.05 µg Gallic acid equivalent/mg, and 6.00±0.06 µg quercetin equivalent/mg alcoholic extract respectively. The antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) assay. The highest antioxidant activity of plant extract was observed at 60 µg/ml and maximum inhibition was recorded at 55.12%. The IC50 value of plant extract was found to be 24.81 µg/ml. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity was measured by the human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method. The hypo tonicity-induced HRBC were exposed to different concentrations of ethanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum L. and HRBC membrane lysis and membrane stabilization percentages were calculated against diclofenac sodium. The ethanolic extract exhibited significant HRBC membrane stabilization compared to diclofenac sodium; 98±0.57% membrane stabilization was observed at a dose of 1000 µg/ml.