Recycling Of Organic Wastes Research Articles

INVESTIGATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS CONTENT IN ORGANIC WASTES USED FOR MARKET GARDENING

ISHS International Symposium on Urban and Peri-Urban Horticulture in the Century of Cities: Lessons, Challenges, Opportunitites INVESTIGATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS CONTENT IN ORGANIC WASTES USED FOR MARKET GARDENING

Amending soil with sludge, manure, humic acid, orthophosphate and phytic acid: effects on aggregate stability

Recycling of organic wastes via their incorporation in cultivated lands is known to alter soil structural stability. Aggregate stability tests are commonly used to express quantitatively the susceptibility of soil structural stability to deformation. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of biosolids addition, namely composted manure (MC) and activated sludge (AS), and spiking of the soils with orthophosphate (OP), phytic acid (PA) or humic acid (HA), on soil aggregate stability of semi-arid loamy sand, loam and clay soils before and after subjecting the soils to six rain storms (each 30 mm rain with a break of 3–4 days). Aggregate stability was determined from water-retention curves at high matric potential. The effects of the applied amendments on pre- and post-rain aggregate stability were inconsistent and soil-dependent. For the pre-rain state, all of the tested amendments improved aggregate stability relative to the control. For the post-rain condition, aggregate stability was lower in the MC, OP and PA treatments and higher in the AS and HA treatments than in the control. The coarse-textured loam and loamy sand soils were more affected by the soil amendments than the clay soil. For the pre-rain state, addition of organic matter significantly improved macro-porosity and hence the stability of apparent macro-aggregate (>250 μm). Our results indicate a possible advantage for separation of aggregates into macro- and micro-aggregates for more precise evaluation and understanding of the effects organic amendments might have on aggregate stability.

Effects of different biochars, compost and lime treatments on the chemical properties of sandy soils

Decrease in organic matter of the soil is one of the major threats to soils in Europe and other parts of the globe. Maintaining or increasing organic carbon is a great challenge in agricultural practices. Application of composts and other organic amendments is an important way of compensation of losses of organic carbon at the same time it is solving the placement and recycling of organic wastes and residues. The favorable effect of these amendments on physical, chemical and biological properties has been proved by different studies, however the stability and the rate of the influence is an issue that can be improved.The aim of the presented study was to investigate the effect of carbonates on the solubility of applied organic materials and selected soil parameters. Different biochars, compost and carbonate were added to light textured soil. The pH and E4/E6 rates were studied under laboratory conditions. Beside the increase of soil organic matter content, all studied parameters gave promising results. The decrease in E4/E6 rate suggests that the inorganic carbonates are stabilizing the fresh organic residues and prevent the leaching processes. Improved soil organic carbon stability is very important in light textured soils.Further investigations are undergoing to determine the optimal rate of components and extend the kinds of material available for application.

Evaluation of different vermicomposts and conventional composts for their maturity indices

The present investigation was carried out during 2009–2010 to monitor the changes in maturity indices i.e total organic carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, humic substances and humification index during conventional method of composting and vermicomposting of different organic residues i.e sugarcane trash, weeds, vegetable market waste and paddy straw. The results revealed that the total organic carbon and C/N ratio decreased while total nitrogen and humic substances increased with the passage of time during composting in all the organic residues. Vegetable market waste recorded narrow C/N ratio with high total nitrogen content in both the composting methods. Where paddy straw recorded less nitrogen with wide C/N ratio. The highest humic substances were observed in vegetable market waste vermicompost followed by weed vermicompost. Minimum per cent of humic substances were recorded with cane trash and rice straw. A well known index for humification is the HA/FA ratio, in both the composts paddy straw compost recorded low ratio and high ratio was recorded in vegetable market waste compost. Thus, vermicomposting offers a promising solution for the recycling of organic wastes into valuable organic manure within a short period of time over conventional composting.

Mathematical Modeling of Microalgae–mineralization–human Structure within the Environment Regeneration System for the Biosphere Compatible City

Modern fast growing megacities and urban agglomerations exert extremely high environmental load. One of the biggest problems of megalopolises is the human organic waste disposal. Under current technology, waste utilization requires enormous extent of sewer networks and large areas of treatment plants, which deform the natural landscapes and is expensive to operate. Organization of local recycling of organic waste is crucially important at creation of new urban objects satisfying the principle of biosphere compatibility. In addition, it should be noted, that with the rising of building tallness in modern cities the use of centralized water systems leads to excessive overruns of electricity by pumping equipment, therefore the local effluent regeneration systems is the optimal solution for skyscrapers. Making a start from successful design experience of closed ecological life support systems, which were initially created for long-duration space flights, our research implements the idea to realize closed circle for flows of substances and energy for utilization of human waste and improving air quality within residential building. We focus on small volume treatment facilities designed for 20-30 people. The main difference of our system is the high degree of closure of flows. Thus, the hardest part is to balance all technological processes. To solve this problem we suggest using rather complicated and accurate modelling founded on non-stationary partial differential equations describing the laws of matter conservation as a basis of an automatic control system. In this article, we present a mathematical model to simulate and control processes of transport phenomena in the system microalgae-mineralization-human. The model includes flow equations, the equations of reaction-advection-diffusion on a stratified set (linked 1D and 2D domains).

Transforming Municipal Waste into a Valuable Soil Conditioner through Knowledge-Based Resource-Recovery Management

Guam is a small, isolated tropical island in the western Pacific with a population of over 160,000 people. Although population growth and life style have been shown to have strong effects on the character and generation of waste, very little is known about consumption patterns and behavior of the people of Guam in this regard. Currently landfilling is the only discard method available to the island. Placement of huge volumes of organic waste material in landfills not only causes environmental problems for the island but in fact constitutes loss of valuable resources that could be composted and made available for land application as a soil amendment in forest lands, farm fields, and home gardens. Composting on the other hand reduces both the volume and the mass of the raw material while transforming it into a valuable soil conditioner. Here we present some of the results of survey questionnaires that was developed and conducted over the past two years that is anticipated to help waste operating managers and decision makers to determine societal consumption behavior and residential life style as the first step toward development of an effective waste-management strategy for the island of Guam. In this regards, we are also presenting an example of a large scale composting method developed in Isfahan, Iran, for recycling of organic wastes of municipal origin.

Biologicky aktivni latky jedleho hmyzu a jejich vyuziti v zemedelstvi - review

Possibilities of edible insect use in Western countries is now increasingly debated issue. Insects in Asian, African, American and South Central American cultures are mainly nutritional components. In Europe and other developed countries, however, insect is used in different ways, and this issue is viewed from a different angle. Insects are mainly used as feed for animals, in the organic waste recycling systems, in human and veterinary medicine, material production (such as silk) etc. This review summarizes up-to-date knowledge about using edible insects in human, veterinary medicine and agriculture, especially from the viewpoint of the biological and chemical content of active substances and the possibilities of further use in these areas.

Financial sustainability in municipal solid waste management – Costs and revenues in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

Providing good solid waste management (SWM) services while also ensuring financial sustainability of the system continues to be a major challenge in cities of developing countries. Bahir Dar in northwestern Ethiopia outsourced municipal waste services to a private waste company in 2008. While this institutional change has led to substantial improvement in the cleanliness of the city, its financial sustainability remains unclear. Is the private company able to generate sufficient revenues from their activities to offset the costs and generate some profit?This paper presents a cost-revenue analysis, based on data from July 2009 to June 2011. The analysis reveals that overall costs in Bahir Dar’s SWM system increased significantly during this period, mainly due to rising costs related to waste transportation. On the other hand, there is only one major revenue stream in place: the waste collection fee from households, commercial enterprises and institutions. As the efficiency of fee collection from households is only around 50%, the total amount of revenues are not sufficient to cover the running costs. This results in a substantial yearly deficit. The results of the research therefore show that a more detailed cost structure and cost-revenue analysis of this waste management service is important with appropriate measures, either by the privates sector itself or with the support of the local authorities, in order to enhance cost efficiency and balance the cost-revenues towards cost recovery. Delays in mitigating the evident financial deficit could else endanger the public-private partnership (PPP) and lead to failure of this setup in the medium to long term, thus also endangering the now existing improved and currently reliable service.We present four options on how financial sustainability of the SWM system in Bahir Dar might be enhanced: (i) improved fee collection efficiency by linking the fees of solid waste collection to water supply; (ii) increasing the value chain by sales of organic waste recycling products; (iii) diversifying revenue streams and financing mechanisms (polluter-pays-, cross-subsidy- and business-principles); and (iv) cost reduction and improved cost-effectiveness.We argue that in a PPP setup such as in Bahir Dar, a strong alliance between the municipality and private enterprise is important so that appropriate solutions for improved financial sustainability of a SWM system can be sought and implemented.

The potential contribution of sustainable waste management to energy use and greenhouse gas emission reduction in the Netherlands

Future limitations on the availability of selected resources stress the need for increased material efficiency. In addition, in a climate-constrained world the impact of resource use on greenhouse gas emissions should be minimized. Waste management is key to achieve sustainable resource management. Ways to use resources more efficiently include prevention of waste, reuse of products and materials, and recycling of materials, while incineration and anaerobic digestion may recover part of the embodied energy of materials. This study used iWaste, a simulation model, to investigate the extent to which savings in energy consumption and CO2 emissions can be achieved in the Netherlands through recycling of waste streams versus waste incineration, and to assess the extent to which this potential is reflected in the LAP2 (currently initiated policy). Three waste streams (i.e. household waste, bulky household waste, and construction and demolition waste) and three scenarios compare current policy to scenarios that focus on high-quality recycling (Recycling+) or incineration with increased efficiency (Incineration+). The results show that aiming for more and high-quality recycling can result in emission reductions of 2.3MtCO2 annually in the Netherlands compared to the reference situation in 2008. The main contributors to this reduction potential are found in optimizing the recycling of plastics (PET, PE and PP), textiles, paper, and organic waste. A scenario assuming a higher energy conversion efficiency of the incinerator treating the residual waste stream, achieves an emission reduction equivalent to only one third (0.7MtCO2/year) of the reduction achieved in the Recycling+ scenario. Furthermore, the results of the study show that currently initiated policy only partially realizes the full potential identified. A focus on highest quality use of recovered materials is essential to realize the full potential energy and CO2 emission reduction identified for the Netherlands. Detailed economic and technical analyses of high quality recycling are recommended to further evaluate viable integrated waste management policies.

Recycling of organic waste on the basis of biogas production

Estimated available resources for the production of alternative fuels. To determine the effectiveness of possible conversion of the proposed equation of material balance, the result of which solution is the concentration of methane in the biogas is extracted. Forecast further improvement of existing structures digesters according to the degree of processing of wastes subject to a minimum of energy consumption.

Electrode Material of Carbon Nanotube/Polyaniline Carbon Paper Applied in Microbial Fuel Cells

Abstrac t—Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are promising clean energy sources for simultaneous recycling of organic waste while harvesting electricity. As for the different effects of electrode materials on the power performance of MFCs, a new material of electrode, carbon nanotube/polyaniline carbon paper (CNT/PANI carbon paper) was utilized and compared with other traditional carbon paper/cloth in this study. Results show that a lower ohmic loss and a better power performance were executed by using CNT/PANI carbon paper. These findings further exhibit its feasibility to improvement of power performance in MFCs.

Scenario analysis of the benefit of municipal organic-waste composting over landfill, Cambodia

This paper presents insight into the benefits of organic waste recycling through composting over landfill, in terms of landfill life extension, compost product, and mitigation of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Future waste generation from 2003 to 2020 was forecast, and five scenarios of organic waste recycling in the municipality of Phnom Penh (MPP), Cambodia, were carried out. Organic waste—specifically food and garden waste—was used for composting, and the remaining waste was landfilled. The recycling scenarios were set based on organic waste generated from difference sources: households, restaurants, shops, markets, schools, hotels, offices, and street sweeping. Through the five scenarios, the minimum volume reductions of waste disposal were about 56, 123, and 219 m3 d−1 in 2003, 2012, and 2020, respectively, whereas the maximum volume reductions in these years were about 325, 643, and 1025 m3 d−1. These volume reductions reflect a landfill life extension of a minimum of half a year and a maximum of about four years. Compost product could be produced at a minimum of 14, 30, and 54 tons d−1 in 2003, 2012, and 2020, respectively, and at a maximum in those years of about 80, 158, and 252 tons d−1. At the same time benefit is gained in compost product, GHG emissions could be reduced by a minimum of 12.8% and a maximum of 65.0% from 2003 to 2020. This means about 3.23 (minimum) and 5.79 million tons CO2eq (maximum) contributed to GHG mitigation. In this regard, it is strongly recommended that MPP should try to initiate an organic-waste recycling strategy in a best fit scenario.

Biology ofChiloloba orientalis

This study, related to emergence of the cetoniid beetle, Chiloloba orientalis D and R (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae), was conducted annually from August to the middle of October from 2007 to 2010 in maize (Zea mays L. (Poales: Poaceae)), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), and grass (Hetropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. and Schult., Apluda mutica L.) cultivated fields in a selected plot of grassland in Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. Adults of C. orientalis feed on the inflorescence of S. bicolor, Z. mays, H. contortus and A. mutica. The occurrence of adults in this study indicates that the emergence of beetles coincides with the flowering period of its host plants. The immature stages of this beetle feed on the decaying organic matter of crop residues in composting heaps, indicating these immature stages play a key role in the recycling of organic waste of plant and animal origin and help in the enrichment of soil nutrients, especially in the red brown soil where primary decomposers are scarce. This study provides detailed information on the morphological peculiarities of immature stages with the duration required for the completion of the life cycle. The average incubation period of eggs was 15.2 days. The first, second, and third instar lasted for 22.7, 54.3, and 46.6 days respectively. The mean pupal period was 14.7 days. The average adult longevity was 9.4 days.

Recycling of Organic Waste from Acrylate Production

An analysis was made of the composition and physicochemical properties of waste from the process of purifying mother liquors of acrylate production. The possible ways of using floating organic matter in the form of an independent boiler fuel or as a component in a mixture with combustible waste from the production of phenol and acetone, acrylic acid nitrile, and methyl methacrylate were investigated.

Smart recycling of organic solid wastes in an environmentally sustainable society

The organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW), such as plastics and paper, is commonly recycled in Japan, but a considerable room for improvement still remains. Energy intensive industries, such as steel, cement, paper, and power plants, have great capacities to accept waste plastics and paper to substitute their fossil resource consumption and to reduce carbon emissions. We propose a “smart recycling system” that utilizes existing industrial facilities that have high energy efficiency, for establishing a cost-effective and robust recycling system. The core of the smart recycling system is the smart recycling center (SRC) that establishes a new recycling pathway connecting spatially diffuse municipal sources to facilities in energy intensive industries. This paper discusses the design and function of an SRC and estimates the CO2 emissions and costs related to the operation and construction of the SRC. We also evaluated the cost effectiveness of the smart recycling system, taking into account sorted collection, incineration, processes in the SRC, and processes in industrial facilities. We estimated that the system could result in a reduction of approximately 100kg of CO2 emissions per capita per year without a significant increase in cost.

Recycling of Organic Wastes Amended with Trichoderma and Gluconacetobacter for Sustenance in Soil Health and Sugarcane Ratoon Yield in Udic Ustochrept

A field experiment was conducted with the objectives to relate the changes in the physical properties, soil organic carbon (SOC), nutrient availability, and uptake and output input ratios for sustaining sugarcane ratoon growth and yield in an Udic ustochrept. Eight combinations of trash and farmyard manure (FYM) with and without Trichoderma viride and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus were applied in two sugarcane ratoon (first and second ratoon in succession) crops. Application of Trichoderma-enriched trash showed the lowest bulk density (1.36 Mg m−3) and the greatest infiltration rate (4.5 mm h−1). Greater rate of increase in SOC was observed under inoculation of Trichoderma with FYM compared to trash mulch. The output/input ratios were greater in plots having trash-based treatments compared to FYM and inorganic fertilizers. Bioagent-inoculated FYM produced greater mean sugar yield (8.89 t ha−1) compared to bioagent-inoculated trash (7.97 t ha−1).

Vermicomposting Biotechnology: An Eco-Loving Approach for Recycling of Solid Organic Wastes into Valuable Biofertilizers

Day by day vigorous changes in the human population, indiscriminate growth of urban cities, industrialization, and agricultural practices have led to an increased accumulation of solid organic waste materials in the environment. The recovery of nutrients by modification of wastes like municipal solid waste, industrial solid waste, agricultural residues, and animal wastes, etc. is important for their management and for reducing environmental degradation. Recycling of organic wastes through vermicomposting biotechnology is an emerging trend as an “environmentally sustainable”, “economically viable” and “socially acceptable” technology all over the world. The review assesses the following topics in detail: Vermicomposting biotechnology, earthworm species for waste management, raw materials for vermicomposting, environmental factors effecting vermicomposting, applications of vermicompost and future prospects.

Recycling of Different Available Organic Wastes through Vermicomposting

Generation of organic wastes has been increased in an unprecedented rate in India with rapid population expansion, leading to disposal problems. These organic wastes can be converted into valuable wealth by applying vermicomposting technology. Vermicompost which provides macro and micro nutrients to the plants, also reduces pollution by providing a valuable substitute for chemical fertilizers. Present paper deals with vermicomposting of organic wastes from seven different sources and evaluation of nutrient in those vermicomposts following chemical analyses. These seven sources include coconut coir, water hyacinth, mixed materials, cabbage, banana pseudostem, cow dung, and rice husk. Three composting species of earthworms e.g.Eisenia. fetida, Eudrilus. eugeniae, andPerionyx excavatuswere chosen for the experiment. Chemical analysis of vermicomposts under study clearly showed that the vermicompost from water hyacinth contained maximum amount of organic C, total N, and total K though the phosphorous content was maximum in vermicompost from mixed materials. Lowest nutrient content was observed in vermicompost of coconut coir. Vermicomposts from mixed materials, cabbage, banana pseudostem were at per in their chemical properties. It can be concluded that among the seven sources, vermicompost from water hyacinth is best for its nutrient value.

ベトナム国Nhue-Day川流域におけるリン収支に基づく有機系廃棄物の農業循環性

ベトナム国Nhue-Day川流域におけるリン収支に基づく有機系廃棄物の農業循環性

Use of vermicomposting biotechnology for recycling organic wastes in agriculture

Recent trend of declining sustainability in agricultural production is appearing as a major threat to most of the Asian countries. To combat the situation, increasing importance is now being paid on incorporation of organic materials for rejuvenating the health condition and, hence, the productivity of these soils. Large scale availability of conventional organic manures being a big problem nowadays, major attention is being paid on recycling of different kinds of organic wastes for this purpose. Apart from abatement of environmental pollution, such reuse of organic wastes in agriculture helps in the improvement of various physical, chemical and biological properties of the soils and, thus, helps in sustaining the soil health. While recycling different organic wastes in agriculture, it is essential to process the materials through an adequate period of composting for improving their usability in the soils. However, due to some short comings of traditional composting systems, the technology of recycling of organic wastes has not been widely accepted so far. Under this situation, vermicomposting has recently emerged as a simple but efficient biotechnology for recycling wide ranges of organic wastes with the help of some specific groups of earthworms. In view of the growing popularity of this biotechnology, various aspects of waste recycling in agriculture through vermicomposting have been dealt in this communication.