Recycled Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber Research Articles

Compatibilizers Effect on Recycled Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber with Polypropylene and Sugarcane Bagasse Composite for Mechanical Properties

Compatibilizers effect on recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBRr) with polypropylene (PP) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) composite for mechanical properties is evaluated. Trans-Polyoctylene Rubber (TOR) and Bisphenol a Diglycidyl Ether (DGEBA) are used as compatibilizers in this study. Three (3) different composites (80/20/15, 60/40/15, and 40/60/15), with fixed filler (15 phr) and compatibilizers (10 phr) content, were carried out. These composites were arranged via melt mixing technique utilizing a heated two-roll mill at a temperature of 180°C for 9 minutes employing a 15-rpm rotor speed. Tensile and morphological properties were evaluated. The result shown average tensile strength dropped by 48.50% as the recycle NBR content rises 20 phr. Nevertheless, subsequent compatibilization reveals that the composites’ tensile properties were all greater than control composites. The morphology discovered validates the tensile properties, indicating a stronger interaction between the PP/SCB and recycle NBR composites with the addition of compatibilizer DGEBA.

The Effect of Epoxy Resin Compatibilizer On Polypropylene (PP) / Recycled Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBRr) / Banana Skin Powder (BSP) Composites

Epoxy resin (EP) was use as a compatibilizer on the properties of polypropylene(PP)/recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBRr)/banana skin powder (BSP) composites to determine the characterization of composites with and without compatibilization. The objective of this research was to study the mechanical properties and thermal properties of PP/NBRr/BSP composites with and without epoxy resin compatibilizer. The composites were melt using heated two roll mill at 1800C and speed of 15 rpm with 5 different composition (100/0/10, 80/20/10, 70/30/10, 60/40/10 and 40/60/10 weight %). The effects of epoxy resin on mechanical properties and morphological properties were investigated. The results showed that the incorporation of epoxy resin (EP) has improved the tensile properties of PP/NBRr/BSP-EP composite compared with uncompatibilized composite. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) study of tensile fracture surfaces of the composite indicates improved adhesion of banana skin (BSP) filler with PP/NBRr/BSP matrices in the presence of epoxy resin.

Thermal and mechanical properties of chemical modification on sugarcane bagasse mixed with polypropylene and recycle acrylonitrile butadiene rubber composite

The goal of this research is to investigate the thermal, chemical, and tensile properties of chemical modification of sugarcane bagasse (SCB)-filled polypropylene (PP) and recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBRr). The composites with different SCB loading (5, 15, and 30 per hundred resin) were prepared using a heated two-roll mill at temperature of 180°C.Thermal and the tensile properties of the modified SCB composite have shown improvement. The silane-treated composites have higher thermal stability compared to treated NaOH. The degradation temperature at 70% weight ( T70%) of NaOH and silane composite increase by 6% and 15%, respectively. Meanwhile, the tensile strength and Young’s modulus for the both treatment showed an improvement of 20% and 25% for NaOH and 30% and 32% for silane compared to untreated composites, respectively. The chemical properties were investigated using Fourier transform infrared analysis. The modification SCB fiber has improved the adhesion and interfacial bonding between SCB fiber and PP/NBRr matrices.

The effect of carbon black (CB) loading on curing characteristics and mechanical properties of virgin acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (Nbrv)/recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (Nbrr) blends

Recently, the interest of polymer industry researchers have grown rapidly on the use of specific techniques which can reduce cost and utilize rubber waste into the processing form. The increasing of cognizance in environmental matters and the desire to sustain the resources had fortified the practice of recycling waste materials. In this work, the effect of carbon black loading on curing characteristics and mechanical properties of virgin acrylonitrile butadiene rubber/recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBRv/NBRr) blends were studied. Cure time (t90), scorch time (tS2) and swelling percentage decreased but minimum torque (ML) and maximum torque (MH) increased with increasing carbon black (CB) loading in the blends. Increasing CB loading also increased tensile strength, tensile modulus (M100), hardness and compression set but decreased elongation at break (Eb) of NBRv/NBRr blends.

A study on mechanical and thermal properties of polypropylene/recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber/palm kernel shell composites with maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene as compatibilizer

Thermal properties of polypropylene (PP)/recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (rNBR)/palm kernel shell (PKS) composites with maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAH‐g‐PP) as compatibilizer were carried out. The properties of PP/rNBR/PKS with and without MAH‐g‐PP compatibilization were studied at six different loadings (i.e., 100/0/15, 80/20/15, 70/30/15, 60/40/15, 50/50/15, and 40/60/15 phr). MAH‐g‐PP loading for each composites was fixed at 4 phr. The effects of MAH‐g‐PP on thermal, mechanical, morphological properties were investigated. The results showed that the addition of MAH‐g‐PP exhibited better thermal stability compared to uncompatibilized composites. The temperature degradation (Tdeg) were slightly increased around 5%. Total weight losses of MAH‐g‐PP compatibilized composites lower were then compared to uncompatibilized composites. The melting temperature (Tm) was slightly increased about 1–2°C with addition of MAH‐g‐PP. The crystallinity (Xc) of the composites increased from 18 to 42% with addition of MAH‐g‐PP. Higher tensile strength, Young's modulus and impact strength but lower elongation at break were also obtained in MAH‐g‐PP compatibilized composites. This was shown by the scanning electron microscope which indicated improved adhesion of the PKS filler with PP/rNBR matrices in the presence of MAH‐g‐PP. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 24:E125–E132, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

Mechanical properties and chemical reaction of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane of polypropylene, recycle acrylonitrile butadiene rubber and sugarcane bagasse composites

The mechanical and chemical properties of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) treated with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APS) filled polypropylene (PP)/recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBRr) bio-composites were aim and investigated. The composites with different SCB loading from 5 wt.% to 30 wt.% were prepared using heated two-roll mill by melt mixing at temperature of 180°C. Tensile properties of composites which is tensile strength, Young Modulus and elongation at break were investigated. Increasing of treated SCB filler loading in composites have increased the Young modulus, however, decreased the tensile strength and elongation at break of the composites. The chemical properties and morphology of composites were investigated using Fourier transform infra-red analysis. These findings were supported by micrograph diagram from the morphological study. SCB filler treated with 3-APS has improved the adhesion and gave strong interfacial bonding between SCB filler and PP/NBRr matrices which results in good tensile strength of composites.

Mechanical properties and chemical reaction of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane of polypropylene, recycle acrylonitrile butadiene rubber and sugarcane bagasse composites

The mechanical and chemical properties of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) treated with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APS) filled polypropylene (PP)/recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBRr) bio-composites were aim and investigated. The composites with different SCB loading from 5 wt.% to 30 wt.% were prepared using heated two-roll mill by melt mixing at temperature of 180°C. Tensile properties of composites which is tensile strength, Young Modulus and elongation at break were investigated. Increasing of treated SCB filler loading in composites have increased the Young modulus, however, decreased the tensile strength and elongation at break of the composites. The chemical properties and morphology of composites were investigated using Fourier transform infra-red analysis. These findings were supported by micrograph diagram from the morphological study. SCB filler treated with 3-APS has improved the adhesion and gave strong interfacial bonding between SCB filler and PP/NBRr matrices which results in good tensile strength of composites.

Effect of maleic anhydride‐grafted polypropylene on polypropylene/recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber/empty fruit bunch composite

The effect of maleic anhydride‐grafted polypropylene (PP‐g‐MAH) as a compatibilizer on the properties of polypropylene (PP)/recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBRr)/empty fruit bunch (EFB) composites were studied. The composites were melt mixed using a heated two roll mill at 180°C and a speed of 15 rpm with six different compositions (100/0/10, 80/20/10, 70/30/10, 60/40/10, 50/50/10, 40/60/10 phr). The effects of PP‐g‐MAH on mechanical, morphological and chemical properties of the PP/NBRr/EFB composites were examined. The PP‐g‐MAH compatibilized composites have higher tensile values compare to uncompatibilized composites. Scanning electron microscopy showed better adhesion between EFB and PP/NBRr matrices in the presence of PP‐g‐MAH. Better interaction was formed between EFB and PP/NBRr matrices via C‐O‐C ester bonds as indicated by FTIR analysis. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 24:275–280, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers

Chemical Reaction and Morphology of Polypropylene (PP)/Recycled Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBRr)/Banana Skin Powder (BSP) Composites with γ-APS

Polypropylene (PP)/ recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBRr)/ banana skin powder (BSP) composites were studied. Different BSP filer loading (5, 10, 15,20,25,30 wt. %) were prepared by using heated two roll mill at 180 °C. Then, the composites were tested for functional group using FTIR model Perkin Elmer Series 2. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (VPFESEM) model Zeiss SUPRA 35VP also were using for morphological study. The effect of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APS) as coupling agent were evaluated.The FTIR test shows different bands around 3200-3500 and 1740 cm-1 which represent the stretching of OH and C=O groups respectively. As for BSP which composed mostly of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, the cellulose backbone C-OH is represent by the peaks of 1050 and 1048 cm-1 respectively. The γ-APS intense band around 1167 cm-1 and 1098 cm-1 in treated composite was assigned to the stretching of the-Si-O-Cellulose and –Si-O-Si-bond respectively. The large band around 1050 cm-1 found on BSP filler was attribute to the –Si-OH group which later this band will disappear after the surface modification. This evidenced that bonding between γ-APS treated BSP with PP/NBRr matrices. Morphological study supported this finding which BSP filler treated with γ-APS has improved the adhesion between BSP filler and PP/NBRr matrices.

Effects of APS Silane on Tensile Properties of Polypropylene (PP)/Recycled Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBRr)/Banana Skin Powder (BSP) Composites

Polypropylene (PP)/ recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBRr)/ banana skin powder (BSP) composites with different BSP filler loading (5,10,15,20,25,30wt. %) were studied. Composites were prepared by using heated two roll mill at 180 °C. The effect of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APS) as coupling agent were evaluated. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, Young’s Modulus and Elongation at Break (Eb) of the different composites were investigated. Tensile strength and Elongation at break of the composites were found to be decreasing with increasing BSP filler loading. The Young’s Modulus was found to be increasing with BSP filler loading due increment of composite rigidity. At similar BSP filler loadings, γ-APS treated BSP composites shows higher tensile strength and Young’s Modulus. This may due to strong bonding between BSP filler and PP/NBRr matrices in the presence of APS silane coupling agent. The morphological studies strongly support this findings whereby good interaction and less pull outs of BSP filler was noticed in the presence of APS silane.

The effect of polypropylene maleic anhydride on polypropylene/(recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber)/(sugarcane bagasse) composite

The effect of polypropylene maleic anhydride (PPMAH) on the tensile properties and morphology of polypropylene (PP)/(recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber) (NBRr)/(sugarcane bagasse) (SCB) composites has been studied. Six different composites (100/0/10, 80/20/10, 70/30/10, 60/40/10, 50/50/10, and 40/60/10), with fixed 5 wt% of PPMAH compatibilizer and without PPMAH addition, were carried out. The composites were prepared through melt-mixing technique at 180oC for 9 min using a rotor speed of 15 rpm. The specimens were analyzed for mechanical properties and examined with scanning electron microscopy. The tensile strength was found to decrease with increasing filler content. However, tensile strength and Young's modulus of the PPMAH compatibilized composites were found to increase, while the elongation at break showed the opposite trend as compared with the control composites. The morphology results support the tensile properties and indicated a better interaction between the SCB filler and PP/NBRr matrices with the presence of PPMAH as a compatibilizer. This is due to the esterification bonding between the SCB filler and PP matrix in the presence of PP/NBRr matrices. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2015. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers

Tensile Properties of Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE)/ Recycled Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBRr)/ Rice Husk Powder (RHP) Composites

The compatibilizer effect of ENR-50 on the tensile properties and morphology of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE)/ recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBRr)/ rice husk powder (RHP) composites has been studied. The RHP size utilize in this work is 150 – 300 μm. LLDPE/NBRr/RHP composites were prepared by melt mixing technique at 180 °C for 9 minutes at 50 rpm rotor speed using heated two roll mill. The series of composites investigated were 100/0/5, 80/20/5, 70/30/5, 60/40/5, 50/50/5, and 40/60/5. The composites were analysed by using tensile test and morphology examination. The result showed that the tensile strength of composite was decreased with the increasing of recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBRr) content while elongation at break (Eb) were increased. However, the tensile strength and elongation at break result for composites with ENR-50 as compatibilizer showed higher values. The morphological finding supports the tensile properties which indicate better interaction between the RHP filler and LLDPE/NBRr matrix in the presence of ENR-50 compatibilizer.

Properties of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)/Recycled Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBRr)/Banana Skin Powder (BSP) Composites: Oven Ageing

The thermal degradation of high density polyethylene (HDPE)/ recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBRr)/ banana skin powder (BSP) composites with and without ENR-50 are fabricated and studied. The thermal degradation of this composite was evaluated for 30 days oven ageing. The BSP with size of 150 – 300 μm was utilized in this work. All compounds were mixed using heated two roll mill at 180 °C. The compounds were molded in a hot press machine at 180 °C for 11 minutes to produce 1 mm thin sheet. Then the sheet were cut into dumbbell shape for the mechanical testing using universal testing machine. The tensile strength of high density polyethylene/ recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber/ banana skin powder composites showed the decreasing trend with the increasing NBRr loading for the composites with and without ENR-50. However, the result for the oven ageing showed lower tensile strength. This may due to the chain session of PP matrix at heat exposure duration of 30 days.

Effects of Oven Ageing on Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE)/ Recycled Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBRr)/ Rice Husk Powder (RHP) Composites

The thermal degradation of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE)/ recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBRr)/ rice husk powder (RHP) composites with and without epoxidized nature rubber (ENR-50) were studied. The thermal degradation of this composite was evaluated for 30 days using oven ageing. The NBRr content was manipulated in this work and the particle size for the rice husk powder was 150-300 μm. The composites were prepared by using two-roll mills at 180 °C and then were compressed at 180 °C to produce a 1 mm thin sheets. The dumbbell samples then were analysed by using universal testing machine and field emission screening electron microscopy for tensile and morphological properties. The results obtained showed that tensile strength was decreased with the increasing of NBRr content for both oven ageing and control composites. However the oven ageing composites recorded much lower tensile properties. This may possibly due to the chain session of LDPPE matrix at longer heat exposure duration. This finding is supported by the morphological micrograph with less ductile features of the respective specimens.

Effects of Epoxidized Nature Rubber on High Density Polyethylene/Recycled Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber/Banana Skin Powder Composites

The compatibilizer effect of ENR-50 on the tensile properties of high density polyethylene (HDPE)/recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBRr)/banana skin powder (BSP)/ composites has been studies. HDPE/NBRr/BSP composites were prepared by melt mixing technique using twin-screw at 180 °C for 9 minutes at rotor speed 50 rpm. The six different composites studied were 100/0/5, 80/20/5, 70/30/5, 60/40/5, 50/50/5, and 40/60/5. As for compatibilized composite a fix 5 wt% of ENR-50 was evaluated. The specimens were analysed for tensile strength and elongation at break (Eb). The results showed that tensile strength and the elongation at break were decreases with the increasing of NBRr loading. However for ENR-50 compatibilized composites, higher tensile strength and elongation at break was recorded. The ENR-50 was found to be an excellent compatibilizer for HDPE/NBRr/BSP composites.

The Effects on Tensile and Morphology of Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer Blended with Recycled Nitrile Gloves (EPDM/NBRr)

Blending of two or more polymer together can reduce the cost and better processing advantages of product. Waste rubber powders blending with polymeric materials provide an improvement to the rubber quality. In this work, the effects on tensile and morphology of ethylene propylene diene monomer blended with recycled nitrile gloves (EPDM/NBRr) were studied. Four different compositions of ethylene diene monomer (EPDM) and recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBRr) with two different size of NBRr (S1: 250-500μm and S2: 3-10cm) were used. The compositions of EPDM/NBRr prepared were at 95/5, 15/85, 25/75 and 35/65 respectively. The properties of tensile and resilience of EPDM/NBRr blends were determined. Results indicated that the tensile strength and elongation at break (Eb) of EPDM/NBRr blends decrease as increase in NBRr for both S1 and S2. However, the tensile modulus (M100) shows an increment with increase NBRr. Results of resilience decreases and scanning electron microscopy study indicates that when more than 35 phr of NBRr content were used, NBRr exhibited a weak EPDM/NBRr matrix interaction, thus decreasing the mechanical properties of EPDM/NBRr blends. For overall results, 15 phr ratio of NBRr in EPDM/NBRr (S1) blend showed an optimum result respectively.

Thermal Properties of Different Recycled Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber Glove (NBRr) Size and its Blend Ratios on SBR/NBRr Blends

The effects of SBR/NBRr blends on thermal properties of such thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were carried out. Results showed that by incorporating the smallest size NBRr provided more surface area to interact with SBR polymers thus increased the level of crosslink. TG thermograms shown by incorporating the smallest size NBRr in all ratios exhibit better thermal stability compared to large size NBRr. Due to many crosslinks formed with the incorporation of S1, hence at the end stage of degradation there were more cyclic and aromatic carbon formed during the rearrangement of the existing char. SBR/NBRr R05 with small particle sizes S3 and S2 showed similar crystallization temperature (Tc) at 37.1 °C. However by using S1, there was a conversion of Tc to heat capacity transition from high to low energy level at temperature 37.3 °C. Smaller size of NBRr showed better dispersion with SBR matrix hence the chances of crosslink form between SBR and NBRr is higher compared to using large size of NBRr.

Comparison of processing and mechanical properties of polypropylene/recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber/rice husk powder composites modified with silane and acetic anhydride compound

Polypropylene (PP)/recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBRr)/rice husk powder (RHP) composites were fabricated with silane and acetic anhydride (Ac) treatment agent. The in situ formed RHP-filled PP/NBRr composites were prepared by melt mixing technique. The mechanical properties of both the treatment methods were investigated with Instron mechanical analysis and Fourier transform infrared. The results indicated that Ac treatment was found to exhibit better mechanical properties of RHP-filled PP/NBRr composites treated with silane. This was due to good compatibility and stronger interaction between anhydride moieties with PP/NBRr.

FT-IR and Morphology of Different Recycled Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber Glove (NBRgr) Size and its Blend Ratios of SBR/NBRr Blends

Recycling rubber waste contributes to a cleaner environment by using indestructible rubber discards as well as lowering production costs as reclaimed rubber is cheaper than virgin or natural rubber. Therefore, in this study, the properties of recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber glove (NBRgr) blending with styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) has been determined. The effects of SBR/NBRr blends on properties of such fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and morphology properties were carried out. FT-IR analysis showed that SBR/NBRr R05 blended with the smallest size NBRr (S1) and showed most intense amine absorption at 1535 cm-1.The intensity decreased by increasing the NBRr sizes. By incorporating the smallest size NBRr provided more surface area to interact with SBR polymers thus increased the level of crosslink. From scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation on fatigue failure surface, the SBR/NBRr blended with the finest size of NBRr (S1) showed roughest matrix tearing compared to S2 and S3 indicated better fatigue propagation. At higher blend ratio (50/50), the SBR/NBRr blended with S2 and S3 exhibited a coarser and a poorer distribution of NBRr with SBR matrix which led to lower fatigue life.

Properties of styrene butadiene rubber/recycled acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber (SBR/NBRr) blends: Effect of the addition of trans‐polyoctylene rubber

AbstractThis study investigated polymer blends based on different ratios of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBRr) with and without trans‐polyoctylene rubber (TOR) as a compatibilizer. Five compositions of SBR/NBRr/TOR were prepared; 95/5/5, 85/15/5, 75/25/5, 65/35/5, and 50/50/5. Rheological characteristics, tensile and physical properties, and the morphological behavior of compatibilized and uncompatibilized SBR/NBRr blends were determined. The rheological characteristics indicated that compatibilized SBR/NBRr blends had a shorter cure time (t90) than uncompatibilized SBR/NBRr blends. The compatibilized SBR/NBRr blends showed lower minimum torque (ML) when compared with as uncompatibilized SBR/NBRr blends, indicating that compatibilization improved the processability of the blends. However, the maximum torque (MH) of compatibilized SBR/NBRr blends was higher than that of uncompatibilized SBR/NBRr blends. The incorporation of TOR improved the tensile strength, tensile modulus (M100), hardness, and crosslinked density of compatibilized SBR/NBRr blends. However, the elongations at break (Eb) and resilience of compatibilized SBR/NBRr blends were lower as compared to uncompatibilized SBR/NBRr blends. Scanning electron microscopy of the tensile fractured surfaces demonstrated that the addition of TOR in SBR/NBRr blends improved the adhesion between NBRr and the SBR matrix, thus improving the compatibility of SBR/NBRr blends. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012