Recurrent Episodes Of Binge Eating Research Articles

Anthropometric and Body Composition Changes over Five Years after Bariatric Surgery in Patients with Obesity, Diagnosed or Not Diagnosed with Binge Eating Disorder (BED) in the Preoperative Period

Obesity is a complex disease with a multifactorial etiology and could be associated with psychiatric disorders, such as Binge Eating Disorder (BED), characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating in the absence of compensatory behaviors. The present study aimed to analyze anthropometric and body composition changes over five years after bariatric surgery in patients diagnosed or not diagnosed with BED, depression, and anxiety in the preoperative period. One hundred and eighteen patients undergoing bariatric surgery were evaluated and divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of BED. The patients were submitted to anthropometric and body composition evaluation. We also analyzed BED diagnosis, depression, and anxiety according to the DSM-5 and validated questionnaires. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov, t-test, Fisher’s, and chi-square tests were used for statistical analysis. Over five years after bariatric surgery, only the BED group exhibited an increased weight and BMI (p < 0.05). In the preoperative period, patients with BED had severe depression (13,11%, p = 0.0079) and a higher frequency of moderate (22.95%, p < 0.01) or severe (14.75%, p < 0.01) anxiety. In conclusion, patients with BED had more intense symptoms of depression and anxiety in the preoperative period, and this disorder may persist in the postoperative period of bariatric surgery, contributing to weight gain and increased BMI.

Obesity, Chronic Stress, and Stress Reduction.

The obesity epidemic is caused by the misalignment between human biology and the modern food environment, which has led to unhealthy eating patterns and behaviors and an increase in metabolic diseases. This has been caused by the shift from a "leptogenic" to an "obesogenic" food environment, characterized by the availability of unhealthy food and the ability to eat at any time of day due to advances in technology. Binge Eating Disorder (BED) is the most commonly diagnosed eating disorder, characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating and a sense of loss of control over eating, and is treated with cognitive-behavioral therapy-enhanced (CBT-E). Shift work, especially night shift work, can disrupt the body's natural circadian rhythms and increase the risk of obesity and other negative health consequences, such as cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. One dietary approach to address circadian dysregulation is time-restricted eating (TRE), which involves restricting food intake to specific periods of the day to synchronize the body's internal clock with the external environment. TRE has been found to cause modest weight loss and improve metabolic outcomes such as insulin sensitivity and blood pressure, but the extent to which it is beneficial may depend on adherence and other factors such as caloric restriction.

Endocannabinoid System Regulation in Female Rats with Recurrent Episodes of Binge Eating

Recurrent Binge Eating (BE) episodes characterize several eating disorders. Here, we attempted to reassemble a condition closer to BE disorder, and we analyzed whether recurrent episodes might evoke molecular alterations in the hypothalamus of rats. The hypothalamus is a brain region which is sensitive to stress and relevant in motivated behaviors, such as food intake. A well-characterized animal model of BE, in which a history of intermittent food restriction and stress induce binge-like palatable food consumption, was used to analyze the transcriptional regulation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). We detected, in rats showing the BE behavior, an up-regulated gene expression of cannabinoid type-1 receptor (CB1), sn-1-specific diacylglycerol lipase, as well as fatty acid amide hydrolase (Faah) and monoacylglycerol lipase. A selective reduction in DNA methylation was also observed at the promoter of Faah, which is consistent with the changes in the gene expression. Moreover, BE behavior in rats was associated with an increase in anandamide (AEA) levels. Our findings support the relevant role of the ECS in the regulation of food intake in rats subjected to repeated BE episodes, and, in particular, on AEA signaling, acting via CB1 and FAAH modulation. Notably, the epigenetic regulation of the Faah gene might suggest this enzyme as a possible target for developing new therapeutical approaches.

Case Report: Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Improves Comorbid Binge Eating Disorder in Two Female Patients With Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Depression

Introduction: Binge eating disorder (BED) is the most common eating disorder, affecting a large population worldwide. It is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating, with no compensatory behaviors. BED is often associated with psychiatric comorbidities, and still represents a challenge in terms of treatment strategies. In the last years, neuromodulation has represented a promising approach in the treatment of BED. We report the cases of two women, affected by Bipolar Disorder Type II (BD-II) and comorbid BED, whose BED symptoms improved after a course of accelerated intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation (iTBS).Methods: We carried out a clinical study, involving neurostimulation on six patients with a treatment-resistant depressive episode. The trial consisted of a 3-week accelerated iTBS treatment, delivered to the left dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex. Clinical evaluation scales (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, and Young Mania Rating Scale) were administered at baseline, after 2 weeks, and at the end of the stimulation cycle. Pharmacotherapy was maintained unchanged during iTBS treatment. Patients gave their informed consent both for the protocol and for the publication.Results: The treatment was well-tolerated. Depressive symptoms only slightly improved; however, patients' binge episodes remitted completely, which was a serendipitous finding. BED symptomatology complete remission lasted up to 12 weeks follow-up.Discussion: This is the first study regarding iTBS use in BED in comorbidity with BD-II. Further research is still needed to assess the efficacy of this technique in BED treatment.

Eating disorders and psychosis: a case report and review of the literature

AimsDespite evidence from case series, the comorbidity of eating disorders (ED) with psychosis is a challenging field to which little attention has been paid. There is no consistent sequence in the co-occurrence of the two conditions-eating disorders sometimes precede, and sometimes follow the onset of psychosis. In this case report, we present a 25-year-old female patient suffering from recurrent episodes of binge eating and inappropriate compensatory purging behaviours with psychotic components to discuss the co-occurrence of these conditions in the light of the literature.MethodOur patient suffered from sleep disturbances, homicidal thoughts, self-induced vomiting worsened in one year. Psychiatric examination revealed psychotic symptoms such as blunted affect, persecutory delusions, and delusions of appeal and justification. In our inpatient psychiatry clinic, she was treated with olanzapine 20 milligrams(mg) and quetiapine 500 mg per day.ResultPsychotic episodes occur in 10–15% of eating disorder patients. The prevalence of primary psychotic diseases like schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders in eating disorder patients appears to be comparable to that in the general population. An ED can be the early sign of an impending psychosis, or psychotic symptoms can signal the beginning of an ED. The advent of the psychosis, and sometimes the treatment of the psychosis can cure the eating disorder, but it can sometimes aggravate it. The case presented illustrates the difficulties in managing a patient with a comorbid eating disorder and psychosis. To ensure a rigorous assessment of both psychotic and eating disorder symptoms, the focus should be on the pattern of appearance or emergence of symptoms, their phenomenology, clinical and family background of the patient, and clinical status on follow-up.ConclusionThe comorbidity between eating disorders and psychosis is infrequent and raises several conceptual and methodological questions. Epidemiological and family studies show that there is no more significant association between psychosis and ED, although these results are somehow limited by the lack of rigorous data regarding ED.

Effectiveness of internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy for binge eating disorder

IntroductionBinge eating disorder (BED) is the most prevalent specific eating disorder. It is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating and is associated with feelings of shame and a lack of control. Internet-based treatments are gaining increasing attention as a way to reach more patients with evidence based treatments In 2020 we conducted a preliminary analysis on the effectiveness of an internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy treatment project (Jensen ES, Linnet, J, Holmberg TT, Tarp K, Nielsen JH, Lichtenstein MB. Effectiveness of internet-based guided self-help for binge-eating disorder and characteristics of completers versus noncompleters. Int J Eat Disord. 2020;1-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23384).ObjectivesThis study aims to update the analyses on treatment effect with the patients who have completed treatment in the year following the last data extraction.MethodsThe iBED treatment project is a 10-session psychologist guided internet-based self-help program based on cognitive behavioural therapy. When applying for treatment and upon completion patients respond to a survey containing, among other scales, the eating disorder examination-questionnaire (EDE-Q), binge eating disorder-questionnaire (BED-Q) and various sociodemographic questions. Data will be extracted from the treatment project in anonymized form for analyses.ResultsThe preliminary analyses were conducted on 36 completers. These showed large standardized effect sizes on both the EDE-Q subscales (Cohens d ranging from .88-1.65) and on the BED-Q (d = 1.38). The updated effectiveness analyses will be presented at the conference. We expect approximately 70-80 patients to have completed treatment at this time.ConclusionsResults will be discussed and presented at the conference.

Effectiveness of internet-based guided self-help for binge-eating disorder and characteristics of completers versus noncompleters.

Binge-eating disorder (BED) is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating, accompanied by a lack of control and feelings of shame. Online intervention is a promising, accessible treatment approach for BED. In the current study, we compared completers with noncompleters in a 10-session guided internet-based treatment program (iBED) based on cognitive behavioral therapy. Adults (N = 75) with mild to moderate BED participated in iBED with weekly written support from psychologists. Participants were compared on the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q), diagnostic criteria for BED (BED-Q), major depression inventory (MDI), quality of life (EQ-5D-5L), body mass index (BMI) and sociodemographic variables. Minor differences were observed between completers and noncompleters on depression. No differences were found in BED-symptoms, BMI, and sociodemographic variables. Participants who completed treatment showed large reductions in eating disorder pathology. More research is needed to determine risk factors for attrition or treatment outcome in internet-based interventions for BED. It is suggested that iBED is an efficient intervention for BED. However, more studies of internet-interventions are needed.

Food Addiction among Female Patients Seeking Treatment for an Eating Disorder: Prevalence and Associated Factors.

The concept of “food addiction” (FA) has aroused much focus because of evidence for similarities between overeating and substance use disorders (SUDs). However, few studies have explored this concept among the broad spectrum of eating disorders (ED), especially in anorexia nervosa (AN). This study aimed to assess FA prevalence in ED female patients and to determine its associated factors. We recruited a total of 195 adult women with EDs from an ED treatment center. The prevalence of FA diagnosis (Yale Food Addiction Scale) in the whole ED sample was 83.6%; AN restrictive type (AN-R), 61.5%; AN binge-eating/purging type (AN-BP), 87.9%; bulimia nervosa (BN), 97.6%; and binge-eating disorder (BED), 93.3%. The most frequently met criteria of FA were “clinically significant impairment or distress in relation to food”, “craving” and “persistent desire or repeated unsuccessful attempts to cut down”. An FA diagnosis was independently associated with three variables: presence of recurrent episodes of binge eating, ED severity, and lower interoceptive awareness. In showing an overlap between ED and FA, this study allows for considering EDs, and AN-R in particular, from an “addictive point of view”, and thus for designing therapeutic management that draws from those proposed for addictive disorders.

Binge eating disorder revisited: what's new, what's different, what's next.

Binge eating disorder (BED) is the most common type of eating disorder. According to the most recent data available, the estimated lifetime prevalence of BED among US adults in the general population is 0.85% (men 0.42% and women 1.25%). Among psychiatric treatment populations, prevalence is several-fold higher. Although many people with BED are obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), roughly half are not. In the DSM-5, BED is defined by recurrent episodes of binge eating (eating in a discrete period of time, an amount of food larger than most people would eat in a similar amount of time under similar circumstances and a sense of lack of control over eating during the episode), occurring on average at least once a week for 3 months, and associated with marked distress. BED often goes unrecognized and thus untreated; in one study, 344 of 22,387 (1.5%) survey respondents met DSM-5 criteria for BED, but only 11 out of the 344 had ever been diagnosed with BED by a health-care provider. Psychiatric comorbidities are very common, with most adults with BED also experiencing anxiety disorders, mood disorders, impulse control disorders, or substance use disorders, suggesting that clinicians have patients in their practice with unrecognized BED. Multiple neurobiological explanations have been suggested for BED, including dysregulation in reward center and impulse control circuitry. Additionally, there is interplay between genetic influences and environmental stressors. Psychological treatments such as cognitive behavioral interventions have been recommended as first line and are supported by meta-analytic reviews; however, access to such treatments may be limited because of local availability and/or cost, and these treatments generally lead to little to no weight loss, although successfully eliminating binge eating can protect against future weight gain. Routine medication treatments for anxiety and depression do not necessarily ameliorate the symptoms of BED, but there are approved and emerging medication options, lisdexamfetamine and dasotraline, respectively, that specifically address the core drivers behind binge eating, namely obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors regarding food, resulting in marked decreases in binge eating behaviors as well as weight loss.

A Methyl-Balanced Diet Prevents CRF-Induced Prenatal Stress-Triggered Predisposition to Binge Eating-like Phenotype

Binge eating (BE) is a common aberrant form of eating behavior, characterized by overconsumption of food in a brief period of time. Recurrent episodes of BE constitute the BE disorder, which mostly affects females and is associated with early-life adversities. Here, we show that corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-induced prenatal stress (PNS) in late gestation predisposes female offspring to BE-like behavior that coincides with hypomethylation of hypothalamic miR-1a and downstream dysregulation of the melanocortin system through Pax7/Pax3. Moreover, exposing the offspring to a methyl-balanced diet during adolescence prevents the dysregulation and predisposition from being triggered. We demonstrate that gestational programming, per se, will not lead to BE-like behavior, but pre-existing alterations due to prenatal programming are revealed only when challenged during adolescence. We provide experimental evidence for long-term epigenetic abnormalities stemming from PNS in predisposing female offspring to BE disorder as well as a potential non-invasive prevention strategy.

Preference for Different Types of Food in Women with Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder

Objective ： Recurrent episodes of binge eating are a cardinal symptom of both bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED). However, the type of food consumed during binge eating varies among individuals. We investigated what types of foods were preferred by women with recurrent binge eating episodes, and compared the differences between BN and BED. Methods ： We selected 30 photographs, which included four different types of food to stimulate appetite : 1) desserts/snacks, 2) meat, 3) fruits/vegetables, 4) rice/pasta, and 5) stationary objects as a control condition. Each type was composed of six different items. After six hours of fasting, 39 participants (15 BN, 12 BED, and12 healthy controls) were instructed to score their appetite using Likert scales from 1 to 7 for each photograph. Re-sults ： The BN group reported stronger appetite response to photographs of desserts/snacks, while the BED group and healthy controls reported stronger appetite response to photographs of rice/pasta and meat. Statistical analysis showed that the mean appetite rank to desserts/snacks were significantly higher in BN group compared to BED group and healthy controls (Kruskal-Wallis test ; BN=26.4 ; BED=19.2 ; Control=15.5 ; p=0.047). The differences between groups for other types of food were not significant. Conclusion : Women with BN showed a stronger preference for desserts/snacks, while women with BED demonstrated no difference with the healthy control group. They ranked photographs of meat (beef, pork and poultry) highest. This suggests that there are different trigger foods contributing to binge episodes between bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder.

The ABBA study - approach bias modification in bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

BackgroundThe core symptoms of bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED) are recurrent episodes of binge eating. Despite negative psychological and physical consequences, BN/BED patients show uncontrollable approach tendencies towards food. This cognitive bias occurs at an early stage of information processing. Cognitive bias modification (CBM) directly targets such biases and has been shown to be effective in treating several mental disorders. In alcohol addiction, automatic action tendencies towards alcohol cues and relapse rates were successfully reduced by a specific form of CBM, termed approach bias modification. Based on these findings and data from a proof-of-concept study in people with high levels of food craving, CBM is considered a promising new treatment approach for BN/BED. Given the similarities between BN/BED and addictive disorders, the rationale for using approach bias modification appears to be particularly strong. The aim of the present study is to examine whether, compared to a sham training, computerised approach bias modification (10 sessions) can reduce binge-eating episodes in BN/BED patients from pre-treatment to follow-up. Additionally, we will investigate whether this CBM programme also reduces global eating disorder psychopathology, trait and cue-elicited food craving, food intake as well as approach and attentional bias towards visual food cues. Treatment acceptance will be determined by attrition rates and responses on a feedback form.MethodsThis is a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-group superiority trial with two parallel arms. A total of 54 BN/BED patients will be recruited. Approach bias towards food will be retrained by a computer task adopting an implicit learning paradigm. Patients in the control condition (sham) will conduct a similar task but will not be trained to avoid food cues. Methods against bias include public registration, randomisation by a central study office, standardisation of the treatments and blinding of assessors. Furthermore, the session number and duration will be equivalent in the two conditions.DiscussionThis is the first registered randomised controlled trial of approach bias modification in a clinical BN/BED sample. Results from this study will provide an indication of the efficacy of approach bias modification training for BN/BED and the potential mechanisms of action underlying this treatment.Trial registrationDRKS00010231 (retrospectively registered on 24 March 2016; first version)

A primer on binge eating disorder diagnosis and management.

Binge eating disorder (BED) is the most common eating disorder, with an estimated lifetime prevalence of 2.6% among U.S. adults, yet often goes unrecognized. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), BED is defined by recurrent episodes of binge eating (eating in a discrete period of time an amount of food larger than most people would eat in a similar amount of time under similar circumstances and a sense of lack of control over eating during the episode), occurring on average at least once a week for 3 months, and associated with marked distress. It can affect both men and women, regardless if they are at normal weight, overweight, or obese, and regardless of their ethnic or racial group. Psychiatric comorbidities are very common, with 79% of adults with BED also experiencing anxiety disorders, mood disorders, impulse control disorders, or substance use disorders; almost 50% of persons with BED have ≥ 3 psychiatric comorbidities. Multiple neurobiological explanations have been proffered for BED, including dysregulation in reward center and impulse control circuitry, with potentially related disturbances in dopamine neurotransmission and endogenous μ-opioid signaling. Additionally, there is interplay between genetic influences and environmental stressors. Psychological treatments such as cognitive behavioral interventions have been recommended as first line and are supported by meta-analytic reviews. Unfortunately, routine medication treatments for anxiety and depression do not necessarily ameliorate the symptoms of BED; however, at present, there is one approved agent for the treatment of moderate to severe BED-lisdexamfetamine, a stimulant that was originally approved for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Cognitive and emotional functioning in binge-eating disorder: A systematic review.

Binge-eating disorder (BED) is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating and is associated with eating disorder and general psychopathology and overweight/obesity. Deficits in cognitive and emotional functioning for eating disorders or obesity have been reported. However, a systematic review on cognitive and emotional functioning for individuals with BED is lacking. A systematic literature search was conducted across three databases (Medline, PubMed, and PsycINFO). Overall, n = 57 studies were included in the present review. Regarding cognitive functioning (CoF), individuals with BED consistently demonstrated higher information processing biases compared to obese and normal-weight controls in the context of disorder-related stimuli (i.e., food and body cues), whereas CoF in the context of neutral stimuli appeared to be less affected. Thus, results suggest disorder-related rather than general difficulties in CoF in BED. With respect to emotional functioning (EmF), individuals with BED reported difficulties similar to individuals with other eating disorders, with a tendency to show less severe difficulties in some domains. In addition, individuals with BED reported greater emotional deficits when compared to obese and normal-weight controls. Findings suggest general difficulties in EmF in BED. Thus far, however, investigations of EmF in disorder-relevant situations are lacking. Overall, the cross-sectional findings indicate BED to be associated with difficulties in CoF and EmF. Future research should determine the nature of these difficulties, in regards to general and disorder-related stimuli, and consider interactions of both domains to foster the development and improvement of appropriate interventions in BED.

Erkeklerde bulimiya nervoza: Bir olgu sunumu

Bulimia nervosa in males: a case report Bulimia nervosa (BN) is a severe, life-threatening eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting or other purging methods (e.g., laxatives, diuretics, excessive exercise) to prevent weight gain. BN is rare in men compared to women. Etiology, treatment and information on the clinical appearance are limited in males patients with BN. A 23-year-old man with BN is discussed under the influence of his psychiatric illness and his childhood history in the light of the literature examining. In this study, general characteristics and treatment of BN in males are presented, emphasizing different features between genders.

Volumetric alterations in the nucleus accumbens and caudate nucleus in bulimia nervosa: A structural magnetic resonance imaging study

Bulimia nervosa (BN) is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors (such as purging, fasting, or excessive exercise) to prevent weight gain. BN has been associated with deficits in inhibitory control processes. The basal ganglia specifically, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the caudate nucleus (CN) are part of the frontostriatal circuits involved in inhibitory control. The main goal of this study was to investigate the presence of morphological alterations in the NAc and the CN in a sample of patients diagnosed with BN. Forty-one female participants, 21 diagnosed with BN and 20 healthy matched controls (HC), underwent a structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquisition and clinical assessment. The NAc and the CN were manually segmented using the software Slicer 3D. The results reveal a significant volumetric decrease in the CN and a preserved NAc volume in BN compared to the control group. These findings suggest a contributory role of the caudate nucleus part of the dorsal striatum in the psychopathology of BN.

Depression in obese patients with primary fibromyalgia: the mediating role of poor sleep and eating disorder features

Depression is a prominent feature in fibromyalgia syndrome. Patients with fibromyalgia syndrome who are obese, with poor sleep quality, and those who have recurrent episodes of binge eating are at greater risk to develop depression. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the hypothesis that the relationship between obesity and depression in patients with primary fibromyalgia syndrome is mediated by poor sleep, binge eating disorder (BED), and weight and shape concern. This study included 131 patients with primary fibromyalgia syndrome. Participants completed the following questionnaires: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Eating Disorder questionnaire, and Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire. Body mass index (BMI) provided the primary indicator of obesity. Sobel test showed that the conditions for complete mediation were satisfied on the weight and shape concern as mediator between BMI and depression because the association between BMI and depression score became insignificant after controlling of weight and shape concern. However, since the association between BMI and depression remained significant after BED and poor sleep score were controlled, thus for both mediators, the conditions for partial mediation on the depression were satisfied. The findings suggest that in patients with primary fibromyalgia syndrome, weight and shape concern, BED, and poor sleep quality are important mediators of the relationship between obesity and depression. We suggest that a greater focus on these mediators in depression treatment may be indicated.

Eating disorders in adolescents - what to look for?

Increase in the incidence and prevalence of Eating Disorders have made it increasingly important that Health Care Professionals be familiar with the early detection and appropriate management of this group of disorders. To characterize an adolescent population followed in Adolescent Medicine office visit of Pediatric Department in Leiria's Hospital with Eating Disorders for type of disorder, presence of alert signs and symptoms and risk factors for an early detection of disease. Retrospective analytic study conducted by consulting clinical processes and first office visit questionnaires of adolescent population followed for Eating Disorders, between August 2005 and April 2008. Criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fourth Edition were considered to define Eating Disorder type. Twenty two adolescents were included, with 20 girls. Five adolescents met all Anorexia Nervosa criteria and two met all Bulimia Nervosa criteria. The other 15 were included in Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. All samples showed intense fear of gaining weight and 20 adolescents a disturbed body image. All adolescents confessed having restrictive eating attitudes, half had compensatory behaviors and four assume having recurrent episodes of binge eating. Almost all revealed some type of somatic complaint and 19 showed psychological symptoms. One third of this population had personal history of obesity/overweight. Most adolescents presented weight lost when observed in the first office visit. Six adolescents showed body weight under 85% of that expected. One third of postmenarche adolescents suffered from secondary amenorrhea. Half of adolescents reported dysfunctional family and one quarter had separate parents; eight adolescents had family history of mental illness. Most adolescents were included in the diagnosis of Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified, according with other studies in this age. This fact implies that in practice the suspicion of an Eating Disorder in an adolescent should not be restricted to the meeting of other categories criteria. For an early detection, relevance should be given to aspects like a weight loss even without an abnormal body mass index, an inappropriate eating attitude, a dissatisfaction with body image, associated with a multiplicity of psychosomatic complaints, in a dysfunctional family environment.

Imaging of Eating Disorders: Multiple Techniques to Demonstrate the Dynamic Brain

Imaging of Eating Disorders: Multiple Techniques to Demonstrate the Dynamic Brain

Effect of eating rate on binge size in Bulimia Nervosa

Bulimia Nervosa (BN) is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating. During binge eating episodes, patients often describe the rapid consumption of food, and laboratory studies have shown that during binges patients with BN eat faster than normal controls (NC), but the hypothesis that a rapid rate of eating contributes to the excessive intake of binge meals has not yet been experimentally tested. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of eating rate on binge size in BN, in order to determine whether binge size is mediated, in part, by rate of eating. Thirteen BN and 14 NC subjects were asked to binge eat a yogurt shake that was served at a fast rate (140 g/min) on one occasion and at a slow rate (70 g/min) on another. NC subjects consumed 169 g more when eating at the fast rate than when eating at the slow rate. In contrast, consumption rates failed to influence binge size in patients with BN (fast: 1205 g; slow: 1195 g). Consequently, there was a significant group by rate interaction. As expected, patients with BN consumed more overall than NC subjects (1200 g vs. 740 g). When instructed to binge in the eating laboratory, patients with BN ate equally large amounts of food at a slow rate as at a fast rate. NC subjects ate less at a slow rate. These findings indicate that in a structured laboratory meal paradigm binge size is not affected by rate of eating.