Recreational Goals Research Articles

Motivation and context of concurrent stimulant and opioid use among persons who use drugs in the rural United States: a multi-site qualitative inquiry

BackgroundIn recent years, stimulant use has increased among persons who use opioids in the rural U.S., leading to high rates of overdose and death. We sought to understand motivations and contexts for stimulant use among persons who use opioids in a large, geographically diverse sample of persons who use drugs (PWUD) in the rural settings.MethodsWe conducted semi-structured individual interviews with PWUD at 8 U.S. sites spanning 10 states and 65 counties. Content areas included general substance use, injection drug use, changes in drug use, and harm reduction practices. We used an iterative open-coding process to comprehensively itemize and categorize content shared by participants related to concurrent use.ResultsWe interviewed 349 PWUD (64% male, mean age 36). Of those discussing current use of stimulants in the context of opioid use (n = 137, 39%), the stimulant most used was methamphetamine (78%) followed by cocaine/crack (26%). Motivations for co-use included: 1) change in drug markets and cost considerations; 2) recreational goals, e.g., seeking stronger effects after heightened opioid tolerance; 3) practical goals, such as a desire to balance or alleviate the effects of the other drug, including the use of stimulants to avoid/reverse opioid overdose, and/or control symptoms of opioid withdrawal; and 4) functional goals, such as being simultaneously energized and pain-free in order to remain productive for employment.ConclusionIn a rural U.S. cohort of PWUD, use of both stimulants and opioids was highly prevalent. Reasons for dual use found in the rural context compared to urban studies included changes in drug availability, functional/productivity goals, and the use of methamphetamine to offset opioid overdose. Education efforts and harm reduction services and treatment, such as access to naloxone, fentanyl test strips, and accessible drug treatment for combined opioid and stimulant use, are urgently needed in the rural U.S. to reduce overdose and other adverse outcomes.

How to Measure Human-Dog Interaction in Dog Assisted Interventions? A Scoping Review

Human-dog interaction is the working tool through which the therapeutic, educational and recreational goals of dog-assisted interventions (DAIs) are achieved. A better understanding of the characteristics of this interaction could improve the effectiveness of DAIs. This scoping review addresses the question: how has the human-dog connection been measured in the context of DAIs? After searching the Web of Science and Scopus platforms, only peer-reviewed, primary research studies reporting measures of therapy dog-human interaction, relationship and bond were included. A total of 70 included articles provided information on what was measured (interaction, relationship or bond) and how, as well as the general context (DAIs or experimental situations with therapy dogs). While the majority of the articles identified use behavioural analysis methods to analyse the interaction between the participant/recipient and the therapy dog during DAIs, it was possible to identify some more structured tools that assess the participant/recipient’s interaction, relationship or bond with the therapy dog, as well as tools that consider the animal’s perspective or focus on the dog-handler dyad, indicating growing areas of research. The tools and methods identified can be used by both practitioners and researchers to further explore aspects of human-dog interaction in the field of DAIs.

Orthotic Devices for the Foot and Ankle.

Millions of Americans wear ankle-foot orthotic devices for protection, pain relief, and deformity correction. Inquiries about off-the-shelf and custom devices are a common reason for evaluation with a foot and ankle surgeon or general orthopaedic surgeon. Despite limited high-quality evidence for their use, these devices can have a notable clinical impact on physical function. An up-to-date understanding of orthotic device options and their appropriate use in managing musculoskeletal pathologies applies to all orthopaedic providers. This review aims to categorize orthosis types and provide specific device recommendations for common adult conditions such as flatfoot, cavovarus foot, and ankle instability. Collaboration with a certified orthotist can help patients achieve functional and recreational goals with the use of appropriately designed and applied orthoses.

Outdoor recreationists’ engagement with weather: The weather-outdoor recreation process model

The role of weather in outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism constitutes a growing area of research. Yet how and when weather influences the individual outdoor recreation experience continues to warrant investigation. Furthermore, concepts and knowledge about human-weather relationships are scattered across several disciplines. This paper consolidates the literature and relationships into a conceptual model that illustrates the ways in which recreationists engage with weather during the nature-based outdoor recreation experience. At the core of the model, constructed using a multidisciplinary literature review and expert appraisal process, is the person-weather environment fit process. During each phase of the recreation experience, individuals assess and respond to weather conditions considering their recreational goals, chosen activity, comfort, health and safety, and site access. When faced with an incongruent fit, individuals engage in a process of weather constraints negotiation. Intervening factors and negotiation responses are highlighted, as are personal and other environmental factors that may influence perceptions of the thermal context and weather. The resulting conceptual model is intended to be applicable to most individuals, outdoor recreation activities and settings, and regions. The model can be used to situate existing outdoor recreation-weather research, stimulate future research, and inform management. Management implications•The Weather-Outdoor Recreation Process Model (WORP) provides fodder for academic discourse, testable hypotheses, research ideas, and advances our collective understanding of outdoor recreation.•The model provides outdoor recreation researchers and management interested in understanding how weather plays a role or otherwise influences recreationists' experiences and behaviors with a conceptual map of recreationist-weather interactions.•Researchers may choose to use the conceptual model and accompanying literature review as a means for exploring various concepts and relationships.•Recreation managers may consult the model in order to grasp the range of possible weather concerns and identify entry points for interventions to support year-round recreation and positive outcomes for different groups.•The model can be applied in a training or formal education environment as a basis to discuss the complexities of outdoor recreation and associated variables.•Practitioners can use the WORP to identify how improvements in infrastructure and/or information provision may help increase the ability of outdoor recreationists to negotiate weather constraints.

A Collaborative Approach to Support Participation in Physical Recreation for Preschool Students with Multiple Disabilities: A Case Series

Aims: To evaluate a collaborative participation-based therapy approach for two preschool students with multiple disabilities from the experience of Individualized Education Program (IEP) teams, highlighting the perspective of the physical therapist. Methods: The phases of collaborative participation-based therapy were implemented: (a) collaborative relationships were developed and supported within the IEP teams, (b) collaborative meaningful physical recreation goals were developed for participation at school, (c) strengths and needs assessments using the “Collaborative Process for Action Plans to Achieve Participation Goals” were conducted with IEP teams, (d) participation-based interventions were provided, and (e) goal achievement and processes were evaluated. The use of technology for collaboration was encouraged. The physical therapist kept intervention logs and wrote reflective journal entries. Interventions adhered to COVID-19 regulations. Goal achievement was measured using Goal Attainment Scaling. IEP team members completed questionnaires on their experiences. Results: One student met their goal expectation, and one student exceeded their goal expectation. The students were engaged, and IEP team members’ experiences were positive. Conclusions: The use of participation-based therapy is meaningful, feasible, and acceptable to IEP teams. Team collaboration and flexibility were instrumental to successful implementation. Strategies to promote effective communication and the use of technology would support a participation-based therapy approach.

Locality in Restaurant Preferences as an Alternative Family Recreative Tourism in Yogyakarta

The location of culinary services (including restaurants) has now become an alternative for recreational tourism that is popular with the community. On the other hand, cities need regional identity, one of which can be obtained from the sustainability of local values. This paper aims to find the role of locality in restaurant preferences as an alternative to family recreational tourism in the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY). Data was obtained through a survey via online questionnaire at the end of 2022 with a total of 115 respondents. As a result, it was found that the number of respondents who explicitly chose a restaurant based on the appearance of the locality aspect was not significant. Even so, the data shows that the restaurants that are favorite by respondents to visit with their families in order to achieve recreational goals tend to have elements of locality, especially in the material and shape aspects. This is thought to be influenced by the character of the majority of families who are invited to enjoy the restaurant by respondents, namely the parents of pre-elderly and elderly respondents who are influenced by nostalgia factors in their preferences as consumers.

Canine-Assisted Interventions and the Relevance of Welfare Assessments for Human Health, and Transmission of Zoonosis: A Literature Review.

CAIs (canine-assisted interventions) include “canine-assisted therapy” in which a therapist sets client-oriented goals, 'canine-assisted activities' with recreational goals for clients, and 'canine-assisted education/learning' in which teachers or coaches create learning goals for students or clients. CAIs vary in nearly every way; their only common trait is the involvement of dogs to respond to human need. However, the benefits of involving dogs are highly dependent on the animal's health and behavior. A dog exhibiting negative behavior or an unwell dog might pose a risk, especially for CAI target groups, specifically individuals with immunosuppression, chronic illness, children, elderly, etc. Therefore, positive animal welfare as preventative medicine to avoid incidents or transmission of zoonosis is an attractive hypothesis, with implications for human and animal, health and well-being. This review aims to summarize the current published knowledge regarding different aspects of welfare in CAIs and to discuss their relevance in the light of health and safety in CAI participants. As method for this study, a literature search was conducted (2001–2022) using the Prisma method, describing issues of dog welfare as defined in the Welfare Quality® approach. This welfare assessment tool includes 4 categories related to behavior, health, management, and environment; it was, therefore, applicable to CAIs. Results indicate that dogs working in CAIs are required to cope with diverse variables that can jeopardize their welfare. In conclusion, we propose regular welfare assessments for dogs in CAIs, which would also protect the quality of the CAI sessions and the clients' safety and well-being.

Aktywność społeczna stowarzyszeń kolejarzy w Polsce międzywojennej

The aim of the article is to present the activities of railwaymen’s associations and social activity in the period of the Second Polish Republic. Railwaymen belonged to numerous and very diverse social organizations, engaged in charity, cooperative, and sports work as well as local and national initiatives. Railway workers’ associations were one of the forms of supporting the Polish state in solving important social and living problems. Their activity is an excellent example of social commitment – the implementation of educational and cultural, social and living as well as health and recreational goals, not only of the railway community but also other social associations of the interwar period. The article presents the social activity of railwaymen undertaken within the associations, with an indication of their theoretical and legal foundations and practical ways of achieving their goals. The article is based on printed sources, including statutes and reports, normative documents, articles from magazines published in the interwar years referring to the issue under study, and contemporary studies. The presented examples of associations indicate that they played an important role in the socio-political, economic, educational and cultural life of the interwar period. The activities of railwaymen undertaken within the associations initiated many useful actions, which became a creative factor that had a positive impact on the life of this professional group.

Restoring Rivers and Floodplains for Habitat and Flood Risk Reduction: Experiences in Multi-Benefit Floodplain Management From California and Germany

Conventional flood control has emphasized structural measures such as levees, reservoirs, and engineered channels—measures that typically simplify river channels and cut them off from their floodplain, both with adverse environmental consequences. Structural measures tend to be rigid and not easily adapted to increased flooding regimes resulting from environmental change. Such actions also limit the natural hydrologic benefits of floodplains such as storing floodwaters, improving water quality, providing habitat for invertebrates and fish during periods of inundation, and supporting a multitude of cultural services. As these benefits are more widely recognized, policies are being adopted to encourage projects that reduce flood risks and restore floodplain ecosystems, while acknowledging the social-ecological context. The number of such projects, however, remains small. We assessed four multi-benefit floodplain projects (two in California, United States, and two in Germany) and characterized their drivers, history, and measures implemented. In both United States cases, the dominant driver behind the project was flood risk reduction, and ecosystem restoration followed, in one case inadvertently, in the other as a requirement to receive a subsidy for a flood risk reduction project. One German case was motivated by ecosystem restoration, but it was more widely accepted because it also offered flood management benefits. The fourth case was conceived in terms of balanced goals of flood risk reduction, ecosystem restoration, and recreation. We conclude that projects that both reduce flood risk and restore ecosystems are clearly possible and often cost-effective, and that they could be more widely implemented. The principal barriers are often institutional and regulatory, rather than technical.

Implementing the Great American Outdoors Act in the Era of Sustainable Recreation: Time for a Mission 2030?

The Great American Outdoors Act (AGOA) fully and permanently funds the Land and Water Conservation Fund for the first time since it was created in 1964. This is a boon for purchasing conservation lands, but equally important, the act provides funding to address massive federal agency recreation infrastructure backlogs. The last major overhaul of the U.S. parks and outdoor recreation system was over 50 years ago, during the era of Mission 66 and related programs. Since that time, a host of environmental and societal changes necessitates new approaches for updating conservation and recreation opportunities. In addition to acquiring critical park and conservation lands, and developing and updating facilities, new park and recreation goals include increasing public use and visitor diversity and advancing environmental justice, public health, and large-scale conservation goals. Integrated systems analyses are needed to address these diverse concerns across landscapes, regions, and jurisdictions, and new interagency and interdisciplinary approaches will be needed. This is a bureaucratic crossroads: for the first time in decades we can truly advance public access, human health, and social equity values of public lands; the GAOA is a critical process step toward, but not the culmination of, this goal.

Designing a suitable model to transfer the effect of primary to secondary students

Background and Aim: Studies show that students who move from familiar schools to unknown areas may have problems in the learning process due to temporary disorders. This research aims to design a suitable model to transfer the effect of elementary school students to secondary school. Method: This research, which is considered to be a type of qualitative research, has been theorized with an inductive approach and using the research strategy of Foundation Data Theory and Strauss-Corbin Systematic Design. The community in the qualitative section includes experts, consultants and experts in the field of lesson planning who were interviewed. The sampling method was purposeful sampling and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 experts, consultants and experts to collect information and reach theoretical saturation. The key points of the interviews were analyzed during the three stages of open, central and selective coding. For the validity and reliability of the research, review by members, participation, triangulation and retest reliability were used. Results: Finally, a suitable model was designed to transfer the effect of primary to secondary students with 51 categories and 167 concepts. Therefore, the model obtained from this research can be used for education decision-makers, families and schools and help improve elementary school students' effective transition to secondary school. Conclusion: considering goals such as transfer advantages, student independence, reduction of bureaucracy in high school, reduction of inconsistencies, reduction of organizational barriers, reduction of educational barriers, reduction of personal barriers, reduction of environmental barriers, communication with peers, reduction of social barriers, recreational goals, flexible and not long classes can achieve results such as clarifying the dimensions of transition for students, relaxing high school environment, reducing fear, connecting with old friends, creating motivation, finding new friends

Plivanje u nastavi fizičkog vaspitanja dece

The aim of this paper is to examine the attitude towards the implementation of swimming in the teaching of physical and health education of children. The introduction of swimming as a mandatory program content of physical education is one of the possible innovations of this type which was the subject of the research and analysis of this paper. On the basis of theoretical analysis, "The Questionnaire on Swimming in Physical Education," containing 17 statements which are answered via five-point Likert-type assessment scales was constructed. A total sample of 104 subjects, coaches, teachers of physical education and sport, active senior swimmers, and parents with children between the ages of six and ten were interviewed. The data on the socio-demographic characteristics, swimming, and sports habits were collected. The results of the descriptive statistical analysis and the reliability analysis by Crombach's Alpha method (a = 0.75) indicate good metric characteristics of the questionnaire. The results of the descriptive statistical analysis show an extremely positive attitude of parents when it comes to swimming in physical education (M = 4.52, SD = 0.29). The descriptive statistical analysis supports the assumption that health and recreational goals of swimming (M = 4.81) are significantly ahead of sports and competition (M = 2.33). When it comes to assessing the emotions associated with swimming, it can also be concluded that recreation (M = 4.85) and entertainment (M = 4.66) are more important than competition (M = 3.72), i.e., that they provoke more positive emotions among children. The results of the variance analysis show that there are no statistically significant differences in attitudes towards swimming in physical education in the subsamples formed according to socio-demographic variables. The obtained results are primarily a confirmation of the positive educational and developmental effects of swimming. Furthermore, many problems exist with the realization of the idea of introducing swimming in regular classes. For such actions, the most important aspects include organization and cooperation of schools, sports centers and the local community, while the financial resources that need to be invested are not so great if the development benefits for children are taken into account. The observed extremely positive attitude of the subjects speaks to their readiness to help and support the implementation of such programs.

Designing with Users: A Participatory Design as a Community Engagement Program in the City Zoo

This article discusses a participatory design project that aims at creating a collaborative design among architectural students, visitors, and zoo management in designing street furniture and selfie spots in city zoos. Participatory design is used in the design process to get the users’ and designers’ interpretation of the space, improve design outcomes, and increase the community awareness of their surroundings. As part of the Universitas Indonesia Community Engagement Program, the zoo design project fosters a collaborative design between the university and zoo community and supports the educational, conservational, and recreational goals of Ragunan Zoo in Jakarta. Designing street furniture and selfie spots can hopefully be parts of improving the quality of public space in the zoo. Students and lecturers who usually have limited opportunity to collaborate now have a chance to interact with visitors and the zoo management during the research and design stages while visitors actively collaborate in informing their needs and perception of the space. The zoo management also provides information on their goals and missions so that students can develop and convert the education, conservation, and recreation goals of the zoo into designs. In conclusion, the participatory design approach applied in the zoo design not only allows students to deal with real-life issues in design but also enhances space quality through community participation.

Identifying barriers to achieving recreational goals in the planning of urban decay laws

Identifying barriers to achieving recreational goals in the planning of urban decay laws

Hydrology of annual winter water level drawdown regimes in recreational lakes of Massachusetts, United States

Carmignani JR, Roy AH, Stolarski JT, Richards T. 2021. Hydrology of annual winter water level drawdown regimes in recreational lakes of Massachusetts, United States. Lake Reserv Manage. 37:339–359. Annual winter water level drawdown (WD) is a common lake management strategy to maintain recreational value by controlling nuisance macrophytes and preventing ice damage to shoreline infrastructure in lakes of the northeastern United States. The state of Massachusetts provides general guidelines for lake managers to implement and practice WDs. However, WD management reporting is not required and as such empirical water level records are scarce, making it difficult to assess guideline adherence and link these management actions to littoral habitat conditions. We monitored water levels bihourly in 18 lakes with ongoing WD regimes and 3 non-drawdown lakes over 3–4 yr. Our results show an interlake drawdown magnitude gradient of 0.07–2.66 m with intralake consistency across years. Corresponding WD magnitudes generated exposure of 1.3–37.6% for entire lakebeds and 9.2–71.1% for littoral zones. WD durations averaged 171 d and ranged widely from 5 to 246 d. Longer recession and refill phase durations and faster recession rates were moderately to strongly correlated with drawdown magnitudes. WDs were predominantly initiated prior to the state of Massachusetts 1 November starting guideline (83.1%) and refilled to summer reference levels after the recommended date of 1 April (70.6%). To minimize ecological impacts while still meeting recreational goals, WD performance guidelines may require a more fine-scale approach that integrates local hydrogeomorphic features and the presence of WD-sensitive littoral biotic assemblages. However, climate change model projections of warmer and wetter winters in the Northeast indicate increasing uncertainty for WD as an effective and worthwhile macrophyte control tool.

Оценка рекреационного потенциала Хорватско-Боснийского района Динарского нагорья

In the article fundamental directions of mountain tourism development in central part of Croatia and western part of Bosnia and Herzegovina are considered. Favorable natural conditions and transport accessibility contribute to the development of tourism. From other side, the consequences of the war 1991–1995s are still being felt. Contradictions between the goals of mass recreation and the objectives of environmental protection slightly aggravated due to the organization of specially protected natural areas where the rules of visiting are brought to perfection. There are great opportunities for the development of tourist infrastructure. To ensure that the recreational load on natural objects is not excessive it is necessary to regulate tourist flows and advertise new types of tourism. Recreational development of natural resources is part of the overall problem of their rational economic use and protection. Economic activities have different impacts on natural recreational resources. In this region under economic circumstances, it is more profitable to organize a vacation than to undertake the exploitation of natural resources in industry and agriculture. Another advantage is the lack of raw materials bases and closure of small industrial enterprises, this made it possible to organize open-air museums. From other side, agrotourism has been widely developed, it is a sign of the agricultural development of the territories. The features of different tourism types (water, walking and large-scale, mountaineering, sports and walking, speleological) are reviewed. Tourists should to spent the rest at winter and at summer in definite areas. A lot of natural and anthropogenic factors were taken into account under assessing recreational potential. Mapping produce in ArcMap 10, also for processing of Earth remote sensing data ERDAS Imagine program are used. Nature protection areas and principal rules regulating visits them was described.

Drivers and Frequency of Forest Visits: Results of a National Survey in the Czech Republic

The general objective of the study was to assess the main drivers for visiting the forest and the frequency of the visits in the Czech Republic. A nationwide collection of data of the sociological research as part of The Market & Media & Lifestyle Research Project was carried out every year in the Czech Republic under the licensed cooperation with Kantar Media. The project is unique by the large scope of the questions in the questionnaires and by the high number of respondents. A total of 8794 Czech inhabitants aged 12 years and above from all the regions were involved in the survey in 2018. Information about the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of all the respondents were obtained. In the closed questions, the respondents reported the frequency of the forest visits and its drivers. The main driver for visiting the forest was just to go for a walk or just to enjoy the outdoors, especially during their holidays or weekends, amounting to 79% of the inhabitants. Meditation and relaxation as well as sport in the forest, were also considered as important motives for forest recreation. On the contrary, 95% of the visitors did not practice game hunting, although game has a long tradition in the Czech Republic. Improvement on managing the forest for recreation should focus on participatory forest management to find a consensus between the public and forest stakeholders. Common decisions may help set up forest recreational goals with positive impacts on forest ecosystem services.

MARKETING MANAGEMENT IN RECREATIONAL ORGANISATIONS

The aim of the paper is to analyse selected aspects of marketing activities of recreational organizations from the Silesian Voivodship. The following research problems were diagnosed: analysis of the marketing structure, directions of activity and development as well as the meaning and motives of applying marketing in the surveyed recreational organizations functioning in the Silesian Voivodship. The results of the research presented in this paper and the considerations based on them allow formulating a general conclusion that profit and non-profit organizations operate in the common market of recreational services, both have a similar phase of the organization's life cycle, pursue similar recreational goals, offer similar services and direct them to the same clients, but the nature of ownership and the organizational and legal form determine the marketing concept model in these organizations.

An Inclusive Approach to Exploring Perceptions of Body Image, Self-Esteem, and Physical Activity among Black and African-American Girls: Smart Fit Girls Melanin Magic

Adolescent girls experience high rates of body dissatisfaction and poor self-esteem (SE), as well as low levels of participation in physical activity (PA). Outside of traditional sports, few recreation opportunities exist to promote physical, emotional and mental well-being in adolescent girls, particularly among Black and African-American (AA) girls. In order for parks and recreation organizations to provide programming in a culturally relevant way, it is critical to more deeply understand the lived experiences of Black and AA girls, specifically related to SE, body image (BI) and PA. Doing so will enable leisure professionals to better co-create opportunities to engage Black and AA adolescent girls in programming aimed to promote PA and positive BI and SE. In order to examine girls’ lived experiences with an inclusive lens, Black and AA adolescent girls are considered the experts and should be included in all stages of the process. The purpose of this project was to engage in an inclusive formative evaluation in order to explore perceptions and experiences of PA, SE and BI among a group of Black and AA adolescent girls. Ten adolescent girls formed a leadership council (Smart Fit Girls Melanin Magic) and took the lead on culturally adapting the existing Smart Fit Girls (SFG) curriculum using Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR). A first step, and the focus of this paper, was to explore unique experiences with SE, BI, and participation in PA. Principles of YPAR were utilized to empower the leadership council to participate in thematically coding the group discussion. Girls reported that PA provides positive mental health benefits to girls, and that they experience significant barriers, both internal and external, to being active. While girls self-reported experiencing depressive symptoms related to poor SE, and that being in predominantly white spaces leads to poor SE, they also noted the benefit of engaging in positive affirmations. Girls also reported that social comparison negatively affects their BI, and that hair is a salient factor in BI. Finally, results showed general negative BI among participants, which is compounded by girls’ interactions with others. Results from this inclusive qualitative data analysis will inform the design of new programming within parks and recreation to uniquely support Black and AA girls’ experiences with PA, SE and BI. Authors encourage reflection as a field on evaluation practices and suggest inclusive approaches to better facilitate programming and achieve the social justice and equity goals of parks and recreation. Subscribe to JPRA

Is there any more room on the Ark? An analysis of space allocation in four mammalian taxa.

Zoos select species for exhibition to meet goals of recreation, education, research, and conservation. However, many zoo populations are not sustainable and institutional collection plans (ICPs) come under criticism for their lack of conservation importance. We explore the species selection process with two main questions. First, are zoos doing all they can with their available space to maintain sustainable populations? And second, are the species recommended for management in Regional Collection Plans (RCPs) important for conservation? To answer the former, we assessed how much space is allocated to recommended species versus non-recommended species in four mammalian taxa in ICPs of 36 zoos and whether species occur in populations that are minimally robust (n = 100) or robust (n > 250) for meeting viability goals. To examine whether RCPs recommend species of conservation concern we assessed the number of species and individuals occupying available space and their IUCN category of threat. Across taxa, zoos largely incorporate recommended species into their ICPs, but very few species populations occur in sizes we consider minimally robust or robust. For Old World monkeys and antelopes, the majority of species recommended are of lower IUCN status. These results illustrate that while there is good adherence to RCPs, it could be improved and different approaches will have to be employed to reach sustainable population sizes for the recommended species. We argue that the conservation relevance of zoo populations lies not only in threat status but may be impacted by other characteristics, for example their flagship character.