Recreational Carrying Capacity Research Articles

Using state‐space models to estimate recreational angling effort and infer processes that regulate angler dynamics

AbstractObjectiveState‐space models are a flexible modeling approach and are often fit to ecological time series data exhibiting temporal autocorrelation. Traditionally, angler effort data collected using on‐site creel surveys are analyzed using design‐based methods. With some exceptions, state‐space models are rarely used to model creel survey data that are also generally a time series of temporally autocorrelated counts.MethodsIn this study, we demonstrated how to fit state‐space models to a time series of angler counts in 11 sections of three trout fisheries in Idaho. The basic model was extended to make inference about processes that may regulate angling dynamics, such as “population growth rate” of angling effort and recreational carrying capacity.ResultEstimated angling effort varied from 21,179 h in the lowermost section of the Henrys Fork Snake River to 199,457 h in the uppermost section of the South Fork Snake River. The finite population growth rate of angling effort was 1.82 when transitioning from a weekday to a weekend, suggesting that angling effort was 1.82 times greater, on average, on Saturdays than on Fridays, and the population growth rate was 0.38 (i.e., 0.38 times smaller) when transitioning from a Sunday to a Monday. Estimated carrying capacity among fishery sections varied from 129 daily hours of angling effort on the Big Lost River to 693 h on the middle section of the South Fork Snake River. Carrying capacity was 1.88 times higher on fishery sections that had ≥0.5 access points/km than on sections with <0.5 access points/km.ConclusionThe state‐space models used in this study can be modified or extended to fit a variety of data types or can be used to evaluate additional hypotheses regarding the angling process.

GREEN OPEN SPACE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR RECREATION IN DKI JAKARTA

Cities are dominated by two closely related aspects, namely the physical and human aspects. The physical aspect exists naturally in the form of space and its elements, while the human aspect is the subject of development as well as the user of its benefits. The city is part of human settlement, in its development, there is disintegrated planning because its development approach only sees the city as a physical object rather than a cultural object. The modern lifestyle requires the environmental atmosphere to be natural environmental atmosphere, which is valuable. The study was conducted to calculate the contribution of the environmental services aspects of Green Open Space (RTH) as a scientific basis in the policy strategy for managing Urban Parks (TK) and Urban Forest Parks (THK). Based on the results of this study, urban residents need UP and UFP as places for their recreational needs. The policy strategy is to create an appropriate GOS for recreational places. The engineering aspect of recreation sites in UP and UFP aims to optimize the recreational carrying capacity. The policy to overcome the problem improves ecological management through the enrichment and rejuvenation of old plants.
 Key words: Environmental Services Aspect, Green Open Space, Urban Forest Park, Urban Park

An evaluation model for the recreational carrying capacity of urban aerial trails

Different from traditional trails, urban aerial trails are limited by the carrying capacity of visitors. Therefore, it is necessary to research the recreational carrying capacity of aerial trails, in order to provide satisfactory recreational experiences to the visitors. This study took Xiamen Mountains-to-Sea Trail as the research target, and obtained the number of visitors and acceptability data based on visual assessment and questionnaire survey. Based on the data, a social carrying capacity model of the aerial trail in combination with Cifuentes' carrying capacity calculation method was proposed. The research results show that the trail's social carrying capacity is much lower than the physical carrying capacity without affecting tourists' recreational experience. The findings of this study explain the reasonable impact parameter range of the social carrying capacity, and further optimize the trail's recreational carrying capacity.

The landscape design of Tanjung Pinggir Recreational Beach Batam as a children-friendly public open space

The city of Batam, as one of the most rapid developing cities, needs to pay attention to the well-being of people, including children, in their activities. The government has developed a program called Children-friendly City (KLA), which is targeted by 2030, as a guarantee of the fulfillment of children's rights and protection. Therefore, it’s important to examine how the criteria of children-friendly public spaces are and make a model through design. One of the public spaces that potential to be developed is Tanjung Pinggir Beach. This beach is characterized by wide sandy beaches with shallow depths and calm waves, so it is very safe for children visitors. The research aims to identify the elements and characteristics of the site as a children-friendly recreational space, analyze the potential and constraints found on the site, then create a concept and landscape design of the Tanjung Pinggir Recreational Beach Batam as a children-friendly public open space. The research method uses a physical-biophysical, recreational carrying capacity, socio-culture and economy, as well as children-friendly infrastructure approaches. "Social Development Center: Public facility and social integration for sustainable community" is applied as basic concept, while the design concept carried is "Melayu Kitorang". Enhancement of aesthetic and social activities functions are carried out through the fulfillment of accessible, secure, healthy, safe, comfortable, and aesthetic.

Tourism and Recreational Carrying Capacity of Octopus Islet Adventure in Bacuag, Surigao del Norte: An Essential Instrument for Sustainable Tourism

A sustainable tourism approach is a requisite for ecotourism sites to provide a quality tourism experience. Tourism Carrying Capacity and Recreational Carrying Capacity is an influential concept in ecotourism management as for the assessment of the maximum permissible number of users in a destination. Bacuag Octopus Islet Adventure, a tourist destination, is anticipated as an area susceptible to carrying capacity issue which has not been recognized and no thorough implementation guidelines provided. This study focused on the determination of the site’s tourism and recreational carrying capacity. Questionnaires were administered to the participants of 385 tourists and 136 local residents. The tourism carrying capacity (TCC) was determined through the three levels of Boullon’s Carrying Capacity Mathematical Model (BCCMM) while recreational carrying capacity was determined utilizing the social norm/impact acceptability curve and importanceperformance matrix. As a result, the estimated TCC for the area of Bacuag Octopus Islet Adventure is 225 visitors per day. For the specific activities, the calculated carrying capacity for swimming, viewing, zipline, and skybike are 119, 10, 16, and 8, respectively. Using image capture technology, consecutively, the recreational carrying capacity by means of social indicators was 202 combining the tourists’ and local resident’s preferences. Thus, it is recommended to the management to implement the estimated carrying capacity on the visitors for the sustainability of the tourism area

The economic impact of sea level rise-induced decrease in the carrying capacity of Catalan beaches (NW Mediterranean, Spain)

Sea-level rise (SLR)-induced erosion will contribute significantly to the reduction of the surface of beaches worldwide. In the absence of adaptation measures, this implies a decrease in the recreational carrying capacity provided by beaches, which in turn could significantly affect the economies of the areas associated with the “sun-and-beach” tourism model. Here, we propose a methodology to assess the demand-side economic impact by applying an input/output analysis, assuming that the beach carrying capacity is linked to the potential tourism demand, and consequently, to tourism consumption and output. Moreover, to properly evaluate the spatial variations in the impact throughout the territory, the effects are downscaled to the county level using a set of location coefficients. The model is applied to Catalonia, one of the most visited coastal regions in the Mediterranean. Here tourism contributes approximately 11% of its gross domestic product (GDP) and most visitors are related to coastal tourism. Although SLR affects the entire region with relatively small spatial variations in the induced shoreline retreat, its impact on the beach carrying capacity per county and the number of potential users exhibits a large spatial variability. Considering the RCP8.5 scenario as a reference, Catalonia's key coastal tourism brands, Costa Brava and Costa Daurada, will be the most affected economically, with an expected GDP loss of approximately 2200 million € and 1820 million € (at 2019 values), respectively. Finally, these local estimations were used to identify where the greatest benefits/returns would be derived from implementing adaptation measures to the SLR. This analysis was done by normalising the GDP losses that could be avoided in each county, with the length of beaches needed to provide recreation services to sustain the tourism economy.

POTENTIAL OF HBIM TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF VISITOR FLOW MANAGEMENT IN HERITAGE SITES. TOWARDS SMART HERITAGE MANAGEMENT

Abstract. Providing public access to heritage promotes a social interest in its conservation but, at the same time, it poses a risk to the conservation of resources. The biggest challenge in managing public use of heritage is to establish a sustainable relationship between heritage and tourism. The multidisciplinary teams involved in visitor flow management generate and exchange information about the heritage property without an integrative vision. The lack of a reliable, unified and up-to-date source of information generally hinders decision-making, causes errors and leads to inappropriate practices in heritage visitor flow management, thereby putting the conservation of resources at risk because of the impacts derived from visitation while the quality experience is also affected. Building Information Modelling (BIM) provides a collaborative framework where multidisciplinary teams share geometric and documentary information about the building in a coordinated way. This tool applied to heritage (HBIM) is demonstrating how it is able to improve efficiency in documenting, intervening and managing heritage. Beyond these aforementioned skills, the objective of this study is to identify the potential of HBIM to improve the efficiency of the visitor flow management. The methodology includes a literature review, qualitative data collection and technical documentation analysis. The results indicate that the use of HBIM can optimise the planning and management of visitor flows, by virtually foreseeing the possible risks derived from visits. It can also calculate recreational carrying capacity and analyse alternatives to itineraries that minimise the deterioration of the most fragile spaces.

Impact of sea-level rise on the tourist-carrying capacity of Catalan beaches

Tourism provides about 11% of Catalonia's GDP, with most accommodations placed being associated with the “sun-and-sand” model. Since beaches are the main resource to be exploited, it is important to assess how their future evolution can affect this economic sector. Accordingly, we present a methodology to assess the effect of shoreline evolution on beach recreational carrying capacity (BCC) at different territorial scales considering different climate change scenarios. Our results suggest that by 2050, in the absence of climate change, tourist BCC will decrease down to 83% of current values due to the dominant erosive behaviour of the Catalan coast. When sea-level rise is considered, BCC will decrease further, with expected values ranging from 74% to 53% of current capacity for the tested scenarios (RCP4.5 and High-end respectively). Hence, current erosional trends are adverse for future development of coastal tourism in Catalonia, and accelerated sea-level rise exacerbates this adverse situation. The adopted methodology permits to locate hotspots along the territory where local BCC values collapse as well as to predict when this will occur under a given climatic scenario. Moreover, the use of different spatial scales to integrate BCC permits to test management strategies to sustaining the recreational use of beaches.

Integrated Assessment of Recreational Quality and Carrying Capacity of an Urban Beach

The sustainable use of beaches for recreation requires assessment-based management aimed at maintaining and improving service to society. The objective of this study was to assess overall beach quality of a recreational urban beach located in northwestern Mexico using an integrated approach based on recreational quality and visitor carrying capacity. Recreational quality was evaluated using infrastructure/services, environmental and cleanliness indicators as criteria. Visitor carrying capacity was estimated using physical, biological and management indicators. The assessment of overall beach quality yielded a fair score derived by averaging the indicators for infrastructure/services, environmental, and cleanliness. The maximum visitor carrying capacity was estimated at 423 persons per day. These results can be used to guide efforts for the certification and management of the beach. The integration of (1) assessment of recreational quality and (2) estimation of carrying capacity is shown to provide a more comprehensive framework for beach management than evaluating them separately.

Assessing recreation carrying capacity of the environment attributes based on visitors’ willingness to pay

ABSTRACTRecreation carrying capacity (RCC) is one of the most important indictors used in measuring the usage limits for the forest park resources. However, the consensus has not been reached with respect to the RCC’s content and its measuring metrics. In this paper, we attempt to establish a new RCC theoretical framework based on the demand theory of the tourism product characteristics. In the process, the choice experiment and orthogonal design methods are used in questionnaire designs and the conditional Logit model is used for parameter estimates. More than 700 park visitors are surveyed for data collection at the Shenyang National Forest park of Liaoning province in China. The primary park attributes being considered encompass vegetation, coverage, water quality, number of rubbish on the park trail path, admission fees, and congestion. The carrying capacity threshold for each specific attribute is identified.

Recreational potential as an indicator of accessibility control in protected mountain forest areas

The article presents research findings related to recreational use of forests located in protected mountainous areas with forestage of over 80%. The study was designed to identify recreational potential of the Carpathian national parks (Bieszczady National Park, Babia Gora National Park, Gorce National Park and Magura National Park; southern Poland) and to compare these findings with the actual number of visitors. The information received on the recreational potential of parks is important from the point of view of protection of natural resources and the financial situation of the parks. The calculated ratio may be an effective tool of management for park administration, that allows to reconcile statutory social and protective functions of national parks. The study determined the recreational potential of the forests with the use of recreational valorisation method designed for areas with varied terrain, and the evaluated factors included the stands of trees with their habitat and land relief. The permissible number of national park visitors, expressed as manhour/ ha/year ranges from 19.31 in Bieszczady National Park (BG: 19o 35' E, 49o 35' N) to 32.06 in in Bieszczady National Park (B: 22o 40' E, 49o 10' N). In 3 out of 4 investigated parks, Magura National Park (M: 21°25' E, 49o 30' N), Gorce National Park (G: 20o 10' E, 49o 35' N), B) recreation carrying capacity was not exceeded, whether or not the strictly protected area is taken into account. Only in BG was the recreation carrying capacity exceeded by nearly 24%, or by 85% if the strictly protected area is excluded from tourism-related exploitation. The presented procedure for monitoring access to mountain forests in national parks, from the viewpoint of natural resources conservation, can be applied in other mountainous areas covered with forests and exposed to tourist and recreational traffic, and in forests facing particular risk of recreational damage, e.g. in urban and suburban forests growing in areas with varied orography.

Investment Evaluation of Tourism Industry: A Case Study of Coastal Recreation Areas in Hualien Taiwan

<p>An increase in the number of tourists can boost the economic prosperity of tourist attractions; over-development or over-utilization of a tourist attraction will lead to the consumption of tourism resources and reduce recreational quality. This study used relevant studies on ecotourism and recreational carrying capacity and applied the Delphi-fuzzy analytic hierarchy process to identify the critical factors affecting the recreational carrying capacity of the Hualien Qixingtan coastal recreational areas, including 4 primary factors, namely, recreational environment, natural landscape, coastal animals and plants, and cultural assets, and 13 secondary factors, such as public infrastructure. The research results can be provided as reference for relevant government authorities and operators to develop measures taking into account both the resource conservation and recreational management of coastal recreational areas.</p>

Impacts of sea-level rise-induced erosion on the Catalan coast

The Catalan coast as most of the developed Mediterranean coastal zone is characterized by the coincidence of stresses and pressures on the natural system with a high exposure and low adaptive capacity. Due to this, climate change-induced effects will increase natural hazards and aggravate their associated impacts and, in consequence, it is necessary to assess their effects for proper long-term management. In this work, we assess the impact of sea-level rise (SLR)-induced shoreline retreat on the Catalan coast for three scenarios ranging from 0.53 to 1.75 m by the year 2100. Implications are analysed in terms of affectation of two main functions provided by beaches, i.e. recreation and protection. Obtained results show that CC will be a serious threat to analysed functions since the expected enhanced shoreline retreat will severely decrease the recreational carrying capacity and the capacity of protection in the near future under tested scenarios. The actual level of development along the coastal zone reduces the natural resilient capacity of beaches to SLR in such a way that the lack of accommodation space can be identified as a main factor for the estimated impacts.

Management of estuarine beaches on the Amazon coast though the application of recreational carrying capacity indices

The purpose of this paper is to determine the Recreational Carrying Capacity of three estuarine beaches (Colares, Marudá and Murubira) on the Amazon coast of Brazil, based on the combined assessment of natural conditions and visitor facilities. In the final analysis, the carrying capacity of Colares beach was estimated to be 1089 visitors per day, and that of Murubira beach, 238 visitors per day. At Marudá beach, however, the inadequate quality of the water resulted in an RCC of zero, indicating that the beach should not be visited for recreational use. The results of this study may provide a valuable diagnostic tool for the development of future state and municipal coastal management programs. We believe that the procedures adopted in this study are applicable to other estuarine beaches on the Amazon coast, as well as in other estuarine beaches elsewhere with similar natural characteristics.

The Evolution of Wilderness Social Science and Future Research to Protect Experiences, Resources, and Societal Benefits

The historic Wilderness Act celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2014, and wilderness social science shared a similar legacy. As paradoxical as it might seem, humans are an important part of wilderness, helping to define the very concept and representing an important component of wilderness use and management. Much of the past five decades of wilderness-related social science has focused on recreational use, documenting the impacts of recreation on wilderness resources and the quality of the wilderness experience, exploring application of the concept of recreational carrying capacity to wilderness, and developing planning and management frameworks for balancing the inherent tension between wilderness use and protecting the quality of wilderness resources and the experience of visiting wilderness. The Limits of Acceptable Change and related planning frameworks, including formulation of recreation-related indicators and standards, continues to help guide wilderness management today. Other programs of social science research have developed protocols for measuring and monitoring wilderness recreation, defined the root causes of conflict among wilderness users and identified management approaches to minimize this conflict, explored the appropriate and acceptable use of fees for wilderness use, and identified a growing suite of wilderness values. All of these programs of research and others that could not be included in this review article have helped guide wilderness management and policy. However, social science research has evolved as a function of changes in both wilderness and society. This evolution continues through a focus on public attitudes toward adaptation to climate change, public attitudes toward restoration in wilderness to correct past human intervention, appropriate use of technology in wilderness, and issues related to the relevance of wilderness in light of changes in society and use of public lands. This article tells the story of these changes in issues and the relationship between wilderness and the American people.

Recreational carrying capacity on small mediterranean islands

Small islands are areas of high ecological and heritage value as well as tourist attractions for a variety of visitors. Therefore, strict regulation of visits is necessary to minimize the impact of visitors. Studies on Recreational Carrying Capacity are effective tools to manage public use. In the case of small islands, these tools must include restrictive corrective factors related to both the ecological and morphological characteristics of the islands and the psychological comfort of the visitors.

Recreational nature management as a factor for sustainable development of Russian Arctic Regions

We examine the current issues related to the promotion and development of recreation and international tourism in the Arctic. An analysis is made of foreign experience of recreational nature management, and of the socioeconomic role played by the promotion of the tourist-recreational sphere in polar latitudes under current climate and landscape change. The specific character of the organization of international tourism in the Russian sector of the Arctic is demonstrated having regard to the enhanced interest in the Arctic regions, and to an increase in the volume of cruise tourism and in anthropogenic pressure on polar landscapes. We present the results from an expert examination of recreational nature management in the key areas of the Russian polar protected natural territories which hold promise for the development of arctic tourism, such as the Khibiny and Franz Josef Land National Parks, the Putoranskii State Nature Reserve, the Beringia National Park as well as the area of Russian settlements of the Spitsbergen archipelago, and some areas of Polar Ural. We discuss the reasons behind inadequate development of the tourism resources of Russia’s Arctic sector and the transport infrastructure to ease accessibility to the polar regions. Expert analysis revealed the leading factors that are responsible for the negative influences of tourism on the environment of the Arctic. The issues related to determination of an optimal recreational carrying capacity of the insular and mainland territories are considered. We highlight the need for a scientific accompaniment of nature management projects in the Arctic, and the role of international programs of tourist-recreational promotion for purposes of sustainable development of the Arctic territories of the Russian Federation. A package of tasks to be solved for tourism development of the water areas and territories in the Russian sector of the Arctic is outlined.

Korunan Alanlar Yönetimi Bağlamında Kayak Merkezilerinin Fiziksel Ve Sosyal Taşıma Kapasitelerinin Analizi: Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı, Ilgaz Kış Sporları Turizm Merkezi

Gelisen surdurulebilirlik dusuncesi kapsaminda korunan alanlar ve milli parklar, gunumuzde en onemli rekreatif kullanim alani bicimlerinden birini olusturmaktadir. Milli parklar yonetiminin amaci, dogal ve kulturel kaynak degerlerinin korunmasi ve beraberinde ziyaretcilere kaliteli bir rekreasyonel deneyim imkâni sunabilmektir. Bu cercevede dogru planlama ve yonetim yaklasimi gelistirebilmek icin ideal fiziksel, sosyal ve ekolojik sartlarin saglanmasi yonunde rekreasyonel tasima kapasitesinin tanimlanmasi gerekmektedir. Bu calismanin amaci, Ilgaz Kis Sporlari Turizm Merkezi'nin fiziksel ve sosyal kapasitesinin analiz edilerek, mevcut durumla karsilastirilmasi ve alternatif bir yonetim stratejinin gelistirilmesidir. Calismada, Konforlu Tasima Kapasitesi (KTK) ve Yogunluk Analizi (Cahill ve Larson 2002) yontemleri kullanilmistir. Ilgaz Kis Sporlari Turizm Merkezi’nin fiziko-sosyal kapasitesinin 1191 ziyaretci/gun oldugu, mevcut liftler ile pistlerin %100 doluluk oraninda kullanilabildigi, mevcut kullanimlarin ise kapasitenin uzerinde oldugu saptanmistir. Ilgaz Kis Sporlari Turizm Merkezinde kapasite ustu kullanimlarin azaltilmasi yonunde Yurduntepe kayak merkezi kapasite analizlerine dahil edilerek yeniden hesaplanmistir. Analizler sonucunda, gunluk kayakci kapasitesinin 1814 kayakci/gun olacagi tespit edilmistir. Ilgaz Kis Sporlari Turizm Merkezi'nde belirgin bir yonetim sorunu haline gelen fiziko-sosyal kapasitenin uzerindeki ziyaretci yogunlugunun sinirlandirilmasi yonunde iki kayak merkezi arasinda ulasimin saglanmasi onerilmistir.

Ziyaretçi Yönetimi Bağlamında Ilgaz Dağı Milli Parkı’nda Rekreasyon Deneyim Kalitesinin Saptanması

The conservation of natural and cultural resources and at the same time providing the visitor satisfaction at national parks, recreational carrying capacity analysis is utilized for developing suitable planning approaches and visitor management strategies. Social carrying capacity implies the highest amount of recreational use without a decline in quality of recreation experience. The study was aimed to determine the quality of the recreation experience value of visitors at the National Park, which has been intensely demanded due to the winter sports opportunities. In this study, 19 indicators, which describe physical, social, natural and administrative factors, were identified. Face to face surveys were conducted with 120 participants in February 2014. The importance of each indicator on quality of the recreation experience and satisfaction levels of each indicator was analyzed. Significant differences between visiting days and recreation experience quality were detected by one sided variation analysis-ANOVA and two-stage grouping. According to the results, the quality of the visitors’ recreation experience value is 65% and natural factors increases the quality of recreation whereas crowding factor, especially at weekends, reduces the quality of recreation. Due to the use more than the social capacity at the weekends, the crowd increases in service facilities and in the ski tracks, the queues before the lifts prolongs; superstructure, sanitary facilities and the parking lot fail to satisfy. In terms of social capacity, the quality of the standards for the indicators “number of ski tracks”, “waiting time of lift queues”, “daily ticket costs”, which are the key characteristics in the sense of visitor management, were determined and strategies for optimizing the number of visitors were developed

Examining the Level of Service in the Context of Recreational Carrying Capacity in the Erzurum Urban Forest, Turkey

Urban forests are confronted with high using pressure because of the increasing demand for recreation and accessibility of these settings. For that purpose, defining and managing recreational carrying capacity is considered as significant in ensuring ecological value’s and recreational satisfaction’s continuity. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the carrying capacity of Erzurum Urban Forest with respect to Level of Service (LOS) as a new management technique that focuses on service quality and visitor satisfaction. The data were obtained by self-administered questionnaire conducted with 166 visitors on weekends and holidays during summer season of the year 2014. Data were analyzed by dimensions/indicators of recreational satisfaction and socio-demographic characteristics with intent to identify tolerance range of visitors. The contribution and relative importance of each of the indicators to the overall satisfaction were analyzed by using Ordinal Logistic Model (OLM). The results indicated that the four indicators were at the greatest degree; “distance from picnic spot to toilets” and “quantity of children’s playground facilities” were decease of overall satisfaction while “distance from picnic spot to parking” and “level of shade at picnic spot” had a positive contribution to the overall satisfaction. The outputs from these analyses were used to calculate LOS. It was revealed that the level of service (0.40) in Erzurum Urban Forest was below the moderate level. Planning and managing strategies for optimizing the LOS were developed and discussed by considering these results.