Recreation Opportunity Spectrum Research Articles

Bicycle Opportunity Spectrum: a framework for classifying and categorizing the different landscapes for cycling

ABSTRACT There is cycling leisure in various landscapes where different management challenges emerge needing unique, context-specific strategies. Managers must be critical of these landscape nuances to produce suitable planning directives corresponding to the case of these certain environments. In this study, the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) was adapted to the bike activity to create a Bicycle Opportunity Spectrum (BOS) framework. These cycling landscapes were processed into a regional-scale tool based on the compatibilities between landscape types and cyclist needs to produce satisfactory experiences. The development of the tool was based on diverse cycling experiences elaborated during focus group discussions (FGDs). This resulted in a framework of four landscape classifications (Urban, Rural, Natural with Road, and Natural with Trail) and criteria of seven (Bike Route, Path Remoteness, Infrastructure Development, Viewshed, Path Interactivity, Support Facilities and Services, and Pathway Management). The framework was tested by evaluating the cycling landscapes of Taichung City, Taiwan. The results, validated by the FGD participants verified the fitness of the BOS towards evaluating bikeways, creating a tool for bikeway management applicable to various landscape classes.

Construction of Recreation Opportunity Spectrum of River Beach IGS in Mountain City: A Case Study of the Two Rivers and Four Banks of Chongqing

Construction of Recreation Opportunity Spectrum of River Beach IGS in Mountain City: A Case Study of the Two Rivers and Four Banks of Chongqing

Environmental interpretation in ecotourism routes in Carajás National Forest – PA, Brazil

The creation and planning of natural areas protected contribute to the conservation and protection of natural diversity, in addition to reducing deforestation. These areas can be essential elements in the effectiveness of conservation, allied to the involvement of the population. However, when the subject is ecotourism or sustainable tourism in protected areas, it is important to highlight that the dimensions of sustainability will be influenced by tourism activities, due to the impacts it generates. Thus, it is important to internalize environmental education and environmental interpretation as means to promote awareness and effective involvement. Considering this context, the objective of the research carried out was to propose interpretative itineraries for visiting the National Forest area. The methodology for this work was to use the Brazilian version of the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum method to inventory existing natural attractions with ecotourism potential, located in the Amazon Forest biome. The results made it possible to suggest visiting itineraries that consider different public profiles, as well as possible themes that can be used in the environmental interpretation of each attraction and its potential for increasing public use. Furthermore, the results offer subsidies for the development of a pedagogical project of environmental education, in order to provide a better experience in the visitation and the reflection of visitors on contemporary issues affecting the Carajás National Forest.

SCENARIOS OF THE AREA DEVELOPMENT AS A TOOL FOR TOURISM DESIGN: AN APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT

The development of tourist areas occurs under changing conditions; design solutions can quickly become outdated. The purpose of the study is to develop a method of adaptive scenario planning applicable for the design of tourist areas. The theoretical foundation of the study is a systematic and integrated approaches to the study of tourist areas, and the concepts of the recreation and tourism opportunity spectrum. The research materials include scientific works, cartographic data on sample areas, and the results of a stakeholder survey. We used observation, survey, and cartographic methods. The scenario development process includes 6 stages. The result is the creation of 3 types of interrelated scenarios: 1) spatial scenarios at the level of tourist opportunity zones, 2) spatial scenarios at the level of functional zones, 3) program scenarios. We studied examples of 4 types of tourist areas in the foothill and low-mountain regions of Altai; identified a range of basic tourist opportunities, including 11 types of spatial zones, as well as the features of a set of tourist opportunities for each sample territory. The proposed method for developing scenarios makes it possible to ensure the competitiveness for tourist areas in the future. This is due to having the widest possible provision of opportunities on the territory for different categories of visitors, as well as through monitoring and making changes to program and spatial scenarios at the level of functional zones.

Identifying the regional spatial management of ecosystem services from a supply and demand perspective: A case study of Danjiangkou reservoir area, China

The supply–demand, spatial matching, trade-offs, and synergies of ecosystem services (ESs) are important foundations for sustainable environmental management. The Danjiangkou Reservoir area (DJKR) is an important water source for the South-to-North Water Diversion Middle Route Project in China. Spatiotemporal dynamics of supply and demand for eight ESs between 2000 and 2020 were studied using the food–energy method, InVEST model, recreation opportunity spectrum, supply–demand matching relationship, and geographically weighted regression. From 2000 to 2020, supply and demand of the eight ESs displayed clear spatiotemporal variability; geographic detector analysis showed that land-use types were strong determinants of supply, with the interactions between each factor stronger than those between single factors. Demand for ESs was limited by natural–social factors. The supply–demand ratios of each indicator varied spatially (at regional, county, and sub-watershed scales) and temporally. Similarly, trade-off synergistic relationships also changed at all three spatial scales. Spatial control areas (levels I–IV) were delineated, and corresponding management programs were proposed. The results of this study strengthen our understanding of the spatiotemporal variation and driving factors in ES supply–demand, and provide technical and theoretical support for spatial management policies for ESs in the DJKR.

A dual spatial analysis method based on recreation opportunity spectrum and analytical hierarchy process for outdoor recreation site suitability

Spatial planning tools are required to conduct outdoor recreational activities in harmony with the natural environment. This study introduces a dual spatial analysis method in which the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) are run sequentially to evaluate different criteria groups. This study was conducted in the coastal region of the Enez district of Edirne, one of Turkey's northwestern provinces. With ROS, remoteness, and evidence of humans criteria were considered unweighted, and four land classes, urban, rural, natural with road, and primitive-semiprimitive, and activities suitable for these land classes were determined in the GIS environment. These are six terrestrial activities including nature walk, cycling, horse riding, picnic, camping, and wildlife observation, and four water-based activities including canoeing, swimming, diving, and handline fishing. With the AHP, nine natural criteria were analyzed as weighted and four suitability levels were determined for each activity in the GIS environment, as not suitable, marginally suitable, moderately suitable, and highly suitable. Sensitivity analysis by changing the priorities of the criteria showed that the analysis using the AHP results was reliable especially for determining highly suitable areas, and could be helpful for outdoor recreation planning. Finally, the suitability maps matched the ROS land classes, and the verified final maps were created. This study provides reliable results, showing that planners and decision-makers can adapt to similar areas with different administrative or geographical boundaries. Simultaneously, it contains a series of information that will contribute to planning components such as exploring, developing, diversifying, and presenting outdoor recreation opportunities and restricting them when necessary.

Understanding recreational ecosystem service supply-demand mismatch and social groups’ preferences: Implications for urban–rural planning

Recreational ecosystem service (RES) supply and demand are fundamentally influenced by urbanization and are closely related to residents’ well-being. Nevertheless, how socio-economic attributes affect spatial RES demand and preferences and can be integrated into urban–rural planning is still unclear. Taking the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration region of China as an example, based on survey and spatial data, we applied the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum and a new transferable Quasi-Poisson regression model to examine spatial RES supply and demand. Then, a scaling approach was adopted to interpret the urban–rural spatial patterns of RES. The results showed that the RES supply values exhibited either quadratic relationships or no particular patterns in most cities along urban–rural gradients, while the RES demand values monotonically decreased with an exponential decay or power law. The RES imbalance with higher demand (43%) in urban areas, the supply–demand balance (37%) in urban–rural fringes, and the supply sufficiency (64%) in rural areas were dominant. Divergent RES demand and preferences were identified across genders, ages, income, city scales, and household statuses. Females showed higher preferences for water, grassland, and agricultural landscapes than males; older groups showed higher preferences for natural landscapes but traveled less distance for RES; and high-income groups showed a lower frequency of visits but pursued longer travel distances. We suggest that at both the regional-city and local-community levels, more adaptive and elaborate landscape planning and design should be implemented by integrating urban–rural heterogeneity and the specific population’s preferences into RES management.

A data-driven and generalizable model for classifying outdoor recreation opportunities at multiple spatial extents

The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) framework spatially delineates a landscape into discrete classes believed to provide relatively unique outdoor recreation opportunities. The framework is an integral component of numerous outdoor recreation and tourism planning efforts. However, the effectiveness of the framework as a management tool has been limited given: 1) its dependence on anecdotal perceptions of managers as opposed to objective and reliable metrics; 2) its application at a singular spatial extent; and 3) its limited ability to provide prescriptive guidance on how outdoor recreation should be managed. We present a data-driven and generalizable model to define and quantify ROS classifications at multiple spatial extents. The model is structured around the three setting characteristics (biophysical, managerial, and social) believed to influence the types of outdoor recreation opportunities provided in a particular place. Each characteristic is quantified using free and publicly available data. The model’s analytical workflow yields discrete ROS classifications unique to the spatial extent at which it is applied (e.g., statewide, across an entire national forest, across just a ranger district, etc.). We demonstrate the flexibility and utility of the model by applying it to three spatial extents (statewide, regional, and local) within Utah (USA). Each application yields meaningful characterizations of the outdoor recreation opportunities provided across the landscape, allowing the decision makers which operate at each of these extents (e.g., state legislatures [state], regional collaborative initiatives [regional], and land management agency line officers [site-specific]) to make decisions informed by data and a transparent analytical process. The model can serve as a catalyst capable of unifying disparate visitor use management frameworks around common data, and a common model, for classifying the distinct types of wildland recreation settings upon which outdoor recreation opportunities depend.

GEO-TOURISM OPPORTUNITY DEVELOPMENT ON KAMOJANG FOREST IN WEST JAVA

The landscape of volcanic and geothermal energy which has an attractive object and unique ecotourism is very important for geo-tourism destination. Nevertheless the use of geothermal so far in Indonesia including Kawah Kamojang only for electricity production which is still not optimal, but it has the potential of tourism in the form of craters geothermal and other potential tourist activity. The research is needed to discuss the spectrum of tourism opportunities in Kawah Kamojang forest. The method for this study is Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS), which was developed by the U.S. Forest Service. The result is a spectrum of geothermal potential ecotourism developed in integrated 6 ecotourism sites such as Geothermal Installation, TWA Kawah Kamojang, Situ Ciharus, Situ Cibeureum, Tourism Village, and Eagle Conservation Center. Some programs and tourism activities may be able to be potentially developed such as camping, jungle trekking, hiking, swimming, fishing, flora and fauna sighting, hot water bath, educational, culinary and cultural tourism. The constraints on developing geotourism are facilities and services, management, social and collision with applicable regulations. Therefore, there should be a joint effort and collective work between central government, local government, private sector, NGOs, educational institutions/ universities, and local communities towards this plan.

Низкогорные территории Большой Белокурихи: туристское проектирование на основе спектра рекреационных возможностей

Introduction. Bolshaya Belokurikha is a dynamically developing tourist destination in the low mountains of the Altai Territory with a sufficient number of underdeveloped territories near the resort town of Belokurikha. The article shows the application of a territory management system based on the recreation opportunity spectrum for the design of the developing territories of Bolshaya Belokurikha. The purpose of the study is to classify the tourist areas of Bolshaya Belokurikha in accordance with the recreation opportunity spectrum and develop recommendations for their design. Materials and methods. The study included the following stages: 1) analysis of the existing use of territories, 2) defining of opportunity setting factors (controlled factors), 3) description of the potential recreation opportunity spectrum with specific values of factors for each class of territory, 4) typification of the territories of Bolshaya Belokurikha in accordance with the characterized spectrum classes, 5) comparison of the planned classes with the current state of the territories and the formulation of design recommendations. The following methods were used to collect data: observation, analysis of secondary data, non-standardized survey of experts from the scientific and business communities in the field of tourism in the form of interviews with open-end questions. At the data processing stage, general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, and classification were used. As opportunity setting factors (controlled factors), we chose the frequency of encounters with other visitors, the density of buildings and infrastructure, the type of accommodation facilities, the number of service facilities, the type of access to the territory (development of the transport and route network and its quality). Results. The potential recreation opportunity spectrum of Bolshaya Belokurikha includes 8 classes of territories that can satisfy the different needs of visitors: urban territory (obtaining the widest possible range of services in the most comfortable conditions), rural areas (rest from the bustle of the city in comfortable conditions, eco-food, immersion in rural life), motorized sightseeing (quick access to nature in relatively comfortable conditions), a pedestrian zone (short walks along specially equipped health trails near the urban area), semi-primitive motorized territory (active secluded outdoor recreation in comfortable conditions with the possibility of moving on ATVs, bicycles, etc.), hiking zone (solitary short-term (1-3 days) recreation in comfortable conditions, light hiking with overnight stays at camp sites, in glampings, etc.), backcountry (trekking) zone (solitary recreation in training conditions, long hiking with overnight stays in tents in designated places), primitive territory (full immersion in nature with a high level of risk and difficulty). Discussion. Taking into account current trends in demand, the most attention in terms of design in Bolshaya Belokurikha is currently required by the semi-primitive motorized zone and the hiking zone: it is necessary to create accommodation facilities, equip existing routes and design new ones in accordance with the standards defined for each class of territory. Conclusion. The analysis of the existing use of tourist areas within Bolshaya Belokurikha showed that over time, the structure of the tourist space becomes more complex and the transition from point development to area development takes place. The conditions for the development of the tourist territories of Bolshaya Belokurikha as a whole tourist complex and its competitiveness on the basis of the implementation of recreation opportunity spectrum are determined. Resume. 1. The potential recreation opportunity spectrum in the tourist areas of Bolshaya Belokurikha is described in the form of standards for 8 classes of territories. 2. Types of recreational opportunities that require priority development are identified, objects for design are proposed. Suggestions for practical application and direction for future research. The results of the research can be useful in the development of spatial planning schemes for municipal districts and master plans for tourist areas in Bolshaya Belokurikha, as well as in the development of a methodological base for designing tourist areas. Further research can be aimed at conducting a detailed functional zoning of tourist areas in Bolshaya Belokurikha, taking into account the identified recreation opportunitу spectrum.

The Recreation Rationing Spectrum: A Planning Principle for the Fair Distribution of Scarce Recreation Resources

Providing a diversity of opportunities has long been a key tenet of recreation planning. This principle was codified through the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum. Yet this globally-popular framework fails to extend the concept of diversity it applied from types of recreation opportunities to how opportunities are rationed. Reflecting on foundational research that contributed to the formation of the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum and our understanding of distributive justice in outdoor recreation, we suggest the adoption of a new principle that extends the core contributions of this research to how we allocate scarce recreation resources (e.g., campsites, trails, or permits) in an age of increasing demand. We present the Recreation Rationing Spectrum (RRS) as an upshot of this reflection. The RRS is simply a principle, or notion, that beckons us to pause and consider how we can fairly and more equitably distribute recreation access (i.e., campsites) on the basis distributive justice.

Recreational trail development within different geographical contexts as a determinant of income multiplier and local economic impact

The development of recreational trails has gained popularity in recent years and therefore many scholars have studied various aspects of them. However, the recreational trail theoretical framework lacks an understanding of the relationship between the stage of trail development and income multiplier value. This research aims to examine this relationship and thus advance the traditional theory of recreational trail economic impact by providing an explanation of the relationship between the stage of trail development and the income multiplier. This study applied a combined approach of Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) to assess the stage of trail development and the Ad hoc model to estimate the income multiplier and economic impact. The results of this study reveal that there is a strong correlation between the stage of trail development and income multiplier and provide a novelty in traditional recreational trail management and economic impact theory thus enriching the topical literature.

Modelling Impact of Urban Expansion on Ecosystem Services: A Scenario-Based Approach in a Mixed Natural/Urbanised Landscape

The present study aims at predicting future land use/land cover (LULC) and quantifying and mapping the ecosystem services (ESs) of water yield, outdoor recreation opportunity and food production in current (here, 2017) and future landscapes in Northern Iran, using the InVEST, Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) and yield models. To that end, two LULC scenarios known as business as usual (BAU) and protection-based (PB) plan were applied for 2028, using the Markov Artificial Neural Network and Multi-objective land allocation (MOLA) models. The results show that rapid urbanisation, caused by the expansion of human settlements and industrial areas, has led to a decline in the ESs in the region. Compared to the ESs in 2017, the service of water yield increases as urban expansion increases, whereas food production and recreation services decrease as urban expansion increases, under the BAU scenario. On the other hand, in the PB scenario, relatively better conditions can be observed for all three ESs. Considering that the ecological structures of this region have been severely affected by rapid urban expansion, the results of this research will be useful for maintaining the existing ESs and can greatly affect planning and decision-making regarding future development towards urban sustainability.

Construction of Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) in Urban Landscape Areas - A Case Study of Chongqing, China

Construction of Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) in Urban Landscape Areas - A Case Study of Chongqing, China

The Assessment of Marine Tourism Destination in North Seribu Islands, DKI Jakarta with Recreation Opportunity Spectrum Approach

The North Seribu Islands isn’t only become a favorite marine tourism destination for domestic and foreign tourists, but have also been able to keep maintain stability and natural sustainability. Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) was used to assess the North Seribu Islands region as a marine tourism destination. Using the qualitative analysis and Point Rating Scale methods, it was found that the eleven islands of North Seribu Islands being studied in this research have been classified into three classes according to the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum. Among them, there are 4 islands classified as accessible, such as Pramuka Island, Panggang Island, Harapan Island, and Kelapa Dua Island. The main products produced by each class are expected to meet varying levels of tourist expectations (output in the form of psychological) because the tastes of each individual in outdoor recreation are different.

Developing Connectedness to Nature in Urban Outdoor Settings: A Potential Pathway Through Awe, Solitude, and Leisure.

Outdoor leisure experiences may represent an understudied yet effective pathway to promote connectedness to nature for urban park visitors. In contrast to outdoor recreation, this critical essay argues outdoor leisure more heavily emphasizes eudaimonic sentiments and intrinsic motivation in comparison with the goal-oriented and hedonic nature of outdoor recreation. It is further argued that two specific social psychological constructs, awe and solitude, may be especially useful in promoting leisure experiences in urban outdoor spaces. Relevant philosophical and social psychological literature is reviewed and synthesized to outline how land managers and environmental educators may facilitate experiences of awe and solitude to better promote contexts for experiencing outdoor leisure in urban parks. Specifically, reviewed literature suggests that utilizing the recreation opportunity spectrum framework and co-creative processes may be an effective path forward in better supporting urban park environments that are conducive to awe, solitude, and leisure. The review and synthesis of this research may ultimately guide environmental educators, land managers, and researchers in ways to more effectively support connectedness to nature via outdoor leisure experiences as an outcome for visitors to outdoor urban spaces.

The Outdoor Renaissance: Assessing the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic upon Outdoor Recreation Visitation, Behaviors, and Decision-Making in New England’s National Forests

The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly changed outdoor recreation. As a result of the pandemic, parks and protected areas around the world have witnessed dramatic increases in recreation visitation. While various studies have examined this premise, this is one of the first to examine the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic upon recreation visitation across an entire parks and protected areas system in New England, utilizing both spatial and temporal scales. Study findings provide empirical evidence to inform future research and theory related to the social-ecological systems and recreation opportunity spectrum frameworks. A unique combination of primary, secondary, and geospatial data was used to explore recreation visitors’ decision-making, behaviors, and visitation trends during the pandemic. Inferential and regression analyses suggest overall recreation visitation increased by ∼61% (2+ million additional site visits) during the summer of 2020 at the height of the pandemic. Moreover, significant changes in visitation, site, and geo-spatial characteristics were observed for both in-state and out-of-state visitors during the pandemic. This research validates the influence of the pandemic upon parks and protected areas in the United States.

北京市景观格局演变及其对多种生态系统服务的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 北京市景观格局演变及其对多种生态系统服务的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202107272042 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 城市与区域生态国家重点实验室开放基金项目（SKLURE2020-2-1）；国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目（41901227） Changes of landscape pattern and its impacts on multiple ecosystem services in Beijing Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:景观格局是人与自然共同作用的结果，深刻影响着区域的生态系统服务及可持续发展。以高度城市化地区——北京市为案例，选取了粮食生产、水质净化、空气净化、气体调节、生境质量以及休闲娱乐6项重要生态系统服务，采用InVEST （Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs）、ROS （Recreation Opportunity Spectrum）等模型定量评估了1980-2018年生态系统服务时空分布。通过对北京市景观组成与景观配置指数进行定量分析，进一步探索了景观格局演变对生态系统服务的影响。结果表明：（1）北京市1980-2018年建设用地扩张了120%，建设用地扩张是耕地面积减少的主要原因。景观格局总体上趋于破碎化，斑块形状复杂化，斑块异质性增加；（2）时间上，北京市1980-2018年粮食生产、水质净化、气体调节、生境质量、休闲娱乐5项生态系统服务均呈现下降趋势；空间上，粮食生产呈现东南部较高，西北部较低的分布特征，其余生态系统服务均呈现西北部较高，东南部较低，市中心最低的分布特征；（3）景观水平上，林地、建设用地等景观组成变化对生态系统服务影响最为显著。破碎化指数、多样性指数等景观配置指数对生态系统服务影响最为显著；类型水平上，平均斑块面积、斑块聚集度对生态系统服务影响相对最为显著。总体来讲，通过分析景观格局演变如何影响生态系统服务，为如何通过设计和优化景观格局来提升生态系统服务提供了定量依据，从而为促进区域的景观可持续规划提供理论依据和案例参考。 Abstract:Landscape pattern is the result of the interaction between human and nature. During the urbanization process, the landscape pattern had changed significantly, which affected the ecological process and thus threatened ecosystem services. The assessment of the impacts of landscape pattern on ecosystem services is crucial for regional sustainable development. Taking Beijing as a case study, we quantified the spatiotemporal changes of six selected ecosystem services, including food production, water purification, air quality regulation, carbon storage, habitat quality, and recreation opportunity from 1980 to 2018 by using the InVEST and Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) models. In addition, we analyzed changes of landscape patterns in Beijing, and explored the impacts of landscape patterns on ecosystem services. The results showed that:1) the landscape pattern in Beijing experienced dramatically changes from 1980 to 2018. The build-up land expanded by 120%, which mainly resulted in the reduction of cropland. The overall landscape pattern tended to be fragmented, the patch shape index became more complicated and the heterogeneity of the patches also increased. 2) Food production, water purification, carbon storage, habitat quality, and recreation opportunity showed a decreasing trend from 1980 to 2018. Spatially, food production was higher in the southeast and lower in the northwest. For the other ecosystem services, they were higher in the northwest, lower in the southeast, and the lowest in the central downtown area. During the past 38 years, the food production decreased the most in the central region of Beijing, while the air quality regulation, carbon storage, habitat quality, and recreational opportunity decreased the most in the eastern and southern regions. 3) At the landscape level, changes in land-use types, such as woodland, grassland, and build-up land had the most significant impacts on ecosystem services. Landscape metrics, such as the fragmentation index and diversity index influenced ecosystem services more obviously. At the class level, the mean patch area and the patch aggregation index had the most significant impacts on ecosystem services. Among them, the mean patch area and aggregation index of woodland showed positive effects on air quality and carbon storage. However, the aggregation index of built-up land showed a negative effect on habitat quality. In general, this study focused on analyzing the impacts of landscape pattern changes on ecosystem services, which can help decision makers to improve the ecosystem services by optimizing landscape patterns. The results of this study also can provide theoretical and practical basis for promoting regional landscape sustainable planning. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Sustainable recreational trail design from the recreational opportunity spectrum and trail user perception: a case study of the Seven Hanging Valleys

ABSTRACT Recreational trails represent corridors of benefits to human health and well-being, learning and education through an understanding of other cultures or countries, raising environmental awareness, local economic development, limiting the dispersion of the visitors, linking key attractions of a given area or diversifying tourism markets. However, trail development and design require to keep up sustainability principles and understand trail user perceptions. This paper aims to identify trail management priorities to improve sustainable design and visitor experience. The most popular hiking trail of Portugal located in the Algarve region was used as a study case to describe recreation opportunities of the trail’s management, development stage, preferred trail attributes and determinants of trail visitor loyalty. This study applied the recreation opportunity spectrum framework and the logistic regression model. Planners and managers might utilise these results to identify strategies for nature conservation and sustainable trail development, simultaneously maximising trail-related experiences among loyal trail users.

Recreation Opportunity Spectrum Analysis of Strategic Area Tourism Destination Pelang Region

Tourism planning and development should be adjusted based on regional characteristics and applicable policies, but over time, tourism planning often pays less attention to the carrying capacity of the region. So there is a need for an analytical study of tourism planning that is tailored to the characteristics of the region to create sustainable tourism. This research was conducted at the Pelang Regional Tourism Destination, Trenggalek Regency using Recreation Opportunity Spectrum Analysis and the concept of Attractions, Amenities, Access, Ancillary to see tourism potential. The research methodology used is Qualitative Description with the methods of collecting observation data, documentation studies and in-depth interviews. Tourism development in the Pelang Regional Tourism Destinations based on regional tourism development planning is included in the concept of natural tourism development with collaborative management between stakeholders, but in the current development implementation when viewed from the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum analysis there is no clear management system and the Pelang Tourism Destinations are classified as the characteristics of semi-primitive areas have not paid attention to aspects of appropriate land use functions, especially in the development of tourism supporting infrastructure.