Recovery Of Total Organic Carbon Research Articles

Identification of the cause of the difference among TOC quantitative methods according to the water sample characteristics

Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis with accurate determination of particulate organic carbon (POC) content in suspended solids (SS) containing water is critical for evaluating the environmental impact of particulate organic pollutants in water and calculating the carbon cycle mass balance. TOC analysis is divided into the non-purgeable organic carbon (NPOC) and differential (known as TC-TIC) methods; although the selection of method is greatly affected by the sample matrix characteristics of SS, no studies have investigated this. This study quantitatively evaluates the effect of SS containing inorganic carbon (IC) and purgeable organic carbon (PuOC), as well as that of sample pretreatment, on the accuracy and precision of TOC measurement in both methods for various environmental water sample types (12 wastewater influents and effluents and 12 types of stream water). For influent and stream water with high SS, the TC-TIC method expressed 110–200 % higher TOC recovery than that for the NPOC method due to POC component losses in SS owing to its conversion into PuOC during sample pretreatment (using ultrasonic) and subsequent loss in the NPOC purging process. Correlation analysis confirmed that particulated organic matter (POM, mg/L) content in SS directly affected this difference (r > 0.74, p < 0.01, n = 24); for POC water samples (those containing >10 mg/L of POM) featuring purgeable dissolved organic matter, TC-TIC was appropriate in securing TOC measurement accuracy. In constrast, in effluent and stream water with low SS (i.e., < ∼5 mg/L) and high IC (> 70 %) contents, the TOC measurement ratios (TC-TIC/NPOC) of both methods were similar, between 0.96 and 1.08, suggesting that NPOC is appropriate for improving precision. Our results provide useful basic data to establish the most reliable TOC analysis method considering SS contents and its properties along with the matrix characteristics of the sample.

A Novel Procedure of Total Organic Carbon Analysis for Water Samples Containing Suspended Solids with Alkaline Extraction and Homogeneity Evaluation by Turbidity.

This study was conducted to develop and validate a more reliable total organic carbon (TOC) analytical procedure for water samples containing suspended solids (SS). The effects of the combined ultrasonic and alkaline pretreatment (CULA) on the TOC measurement were studied in water samples containing SS from three origins (algae, sewage particles, and soil) under different analytical conditions (SS concentration, oxidation methods, and sieve size). The applicability of turbidity as a homogeneity index was also evaluated. With CULA, TOC recovery remained high (>80%) for SS concentration ranges up to four times larger than ultrasonic pretreatment alone (UL) due to enhanced particulate organic carbon (POC) solubilization, and did not significantly differ depending on the oxidation methods, at low SS concentrations, or with varying sieve sizes. In particular, the turbidity change rate (i.e., NTU5/NTU0) of the pretreated water sample showed a high correlation with TOC precision (r2 = 0.73, p < 0.01), which suggests that turbidity can be used as an indicator of sample homogeneity. A novel TOC analytical procedure is expected to be useful for more accurate assessments of the impact of particulate pollutants on water quality than current methods, and for the analysis of the carbon cycle, including POCs, in the environment.

Identification of Kerogen Type and Recovery of Total Organic Carbon in Prospective Survey on Shale Gas: An Empirical Analysis on Coal-Bearing Blocks in the Junggar Basin

Identification of Kerogen Type and Recovery of Total Organic Carbon in Prospective Survey on Shale Gas: An Empirical Analysis on Coal-Bearing Blocks in the Junggar Basin

Enhancing the total organic carbon measurement efficiency for water samples containing suspended solids using alkaline and ultrasonic pretreatment methods

In this study, we investigated the effect of sample pretreatments (ultrasonication and alkaline extraction) on total organic carbon (TOC) measurements for water samples containing suspended solids (SS) of four different origins (algae, soil, sewage sludge, and leaf litter) to more clearly assess the impact of particulate organic carbon (POC) in water. The effects each of ultrasonication (power, pulse, etc.) and alkaline extraction condition (concentration, time, etc.) on the TOC recovery and precision were investigated, and the results were compared with those of a new sample pretreatment method combining both methods. Alkaline treatment (0.01 mol/L NaOH) showed higher precision than ultrasonication (100/5 on/off pulse), and notably, the differences among the measured TOC values in samples of different origins were also further reduced in the alkaline treatment. This suggests that the ultrasonic pretreatment results can be mainly attributed to the increase in POC recovery through particle size reduction, whereas the alkaline treatment results are achieved through the enhancement of POC solubilization. It is also particularly noteworthy that a higher TOC recovery of 87.6% ± 7.4% with a higher precision of 8.4% could be obtained using the combined method, compared to each treatment (ultrasonic: TOC recovery 34.7%, relative standard deviation 63.1%; alkaline: 49.6% and 23.0%, respectively). Thus, simultaneous pretreatment with ultrasonication and alkaline extraction is expected to increase the oxidation rate of organic matter and the homogeneity of the samples, minimizing the loss of POC measurement values, and thereby improving the reliability of the TOC measurements of water samples containing SS.

Evolution and recovery of original total organic carbon for muddy source rocks with different total organic carbon in the Western Sichuan Depression, Sichuan Basin, China

According to the new quantitative model for original total organic carbon (TOCo) evolution and recovery of source rocks, The TOCo evolution of muddy source rocks with different TOCs (MSRDTOC) (0.5% < TOC ≤ 1.5%, 2.5% < TOC ≤ 3.5% and 4.0% < TOC ≤ 6.0%, and their average values were 1.0%, 3.0% and 5.0%, respectively) and type III kerogen were investigated in the Western Sichuan Depression (WSD) of Sichuan Basin, China, finally recovery coefficients of TOCo were calculated. Studies showed that TOCo evolution of the MSRDTOC have similarities and differences. The similarities reveal that with the increase of thermal evolution level, varied TOC all reduce gradually and the sharp reduction occurs at the stage of a large number of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion (0.7% ≤ vitrinite reflectance (VR) ≤ 1.3%). The differences indicate that the starting time and decrease range for varied TOC are different. For TOCo = 1.0%, 3.0% and 5.0%, their starting time of TOC reduction are VR = 1.05%, 0.80% and 0.60%, respectively. When VR reaches to 3.0%, their TOC decrease ranges are 30.54%, 38.52% and 44.00% and their recovery coefficients are 1.44, 1.63 and 1.79, respectively. The higher the TOC is, the earlier the starting time of TOC reduction is, the bigger the range of TOC reduction and recovery coefficient are. It must restore TOCo when we evaluate source rocks at high-over mature stage and predict oil and gas resources. The MSRDTOC and their TOCo recovery should be evaluated, respectively.

Discrimination of effective source rocks and evaluation of the hydrocarbon resource potential in Marsel, Kazakhstan

Three rounds of exploration in Marsel, Kazakhstan show that the area has good petroleum geological conditions; however, the exploration degree is low and the resource potential is unclear. The total organic carbon (TOC) content is the criteria for effective source rocks and is also the key parameter to calculate the amount of resources; while previous evaluations of the effective source rocks and calculated amounts of resources were based on residual TOC, which gradually decreases with mass hydrocarbon expulsion; therefore, this will inevitably produce errors. For greater accuracy, the TOC recovery coefficient formula was used to recover the residual TOC in Marsel; then, the criteria of the effective source rocks were revised to calculate the Carboniferous and Devonian resources in Marsel. The results are as follows: for the source rocks in Marsel, the TOC recovery coefficient of the Carboniferous source rocks is approximately 1.6, while that for the Devonian is approximately 2.0; the revised lower limit of TOC for the effective source rocks is 0.3% and 0.25% for the Carboniferous and Devonian, respectively; after TOC recovery, the total amount of hydrocarbon expulsion is 26.7 × 1012 m3, the total amount of recoverable resources is 2.62–5.10 × 1012 m3, and the mean is 3.79 × 1012 m3 for the main source rocks. The effective source rocks evaluated based on the recovered TOC and the latter resources could reflect the quantity of source rocks and actual resource potential of Marsel more accurately. This has certain significance for the exploration of areas that have low levels of exploration with an unclear understanding of the resource potential as well as a high degree of thermal evolution and a low quantity of residual TOC.

Lyophilization and Reconstitution of Reverse-Osmosis Concentrated Natural Organic Matter from a Drinking Water Source

Drinking water treatment research can be complicated by difficulties in shipping large water quantities and changing natural organic matter (NOM) characteristics over time. To overcome these issues, it is advantageous to have a reliable method for concentrating NOM with minimal loss and maximum shelf-life. NOM concentration and preservation by lyophilization (freeze-drying) has been practiced for many years; however, little information for lyophilizing and reconstituting NOM exists in the literature. The purpose of this research was to both evaluate and improve the lyophilization process of a concentrated NOM solution and to determine the appropriate conditions (pH, mixing time, and concentration factor) under which to reconstitute lyophilized NOM for maximum total organic carbon (TOC) and ultraviolet absorbance at 254-nm (UV254 ) recovery. To achieve this, a new lyophilization method was developed, in which NOM concentrate is supercooled below its freezing point and heat transfer is carefully regulated to avoid ice melt-back. The lyophilized NOM was then reconstituted in 36 aliquots, at every unique combination of three pH values (6, 8, and 10), three mixing times (1, 4, and 24 h), and four concentration factors (1×, 10×, 100×, 1000×). The overall mean TOC recovery was 101% (±3.3%). The improved method recovered 11% more TOC than a conventional procedure. No statistically significant (p<0.05) differences in TOC concentration were observed with respect to pH, mixing time, or concentration factor. The mean recovery of UV254 was 91% with significantly better recovery at pH 10 than at pH 8 or 6. Mixing time did not significantly affect UV254 recovery. No statistically significant differences in UV254 were observed between reconstitutions at 1×, 10×, and 100×. A small but significant drop (4.8%, p=0.029) in UV254 recovery was observed between 100× and 1000× samples. Finally, it was found that lyophilization and reconstitution reduces the dissolved silicon concentration in the final sample

Fractionation of Pre‐Hydrolysis Products from Lignocellulosic Biomass by an Ultrafiltration Ceramic Tubular Membrane

Development of the lignocellulosic‐biomass‐based biorefinery for making transportation fuels requires the production of valuable byproducts, minimizing the chemical consumables, and efficient water recovery and reuse. Our focus is on a liquid stream containing a variety of soluble lignin species and alkalinity that is produced by a novel extrusion reactor that was used to break down corn stover to cellulose, sugar acids, and lignin. We report on the ambient temperature fractionation of this byproduct stream with a γ‐alumina ceramic tubular membrane. There are four primary figures‐of‐merit investigated in this study: permeance decline, total organic carbon recovery (TOC) and sodium recovery, and the average molecular mass of organic compounds rejected and permeated. These fractionation results are compared relative to differing feed compositions, recovery, and flux. There was definite fractionation between organic (mostly soluble lignin) compounds. The average molar mass of the organic compounds in the permeate remained around 1000 g/mol; however, they ranged from 1500–4000 g/mol in the retentate. In contrast to the TOC, there was no rejection of sodium ions by the membrane (a desirable objective.) With respect to flux decline, the primary form of resistance (>99%), causing significant permeance decline, was a gel/deposition layer formed on the membrane surface. However, this could be flushed away with periodic rinses using water and/or 0.1 M NaOH. After operation at a cumulative filtration load of ∼4.9 Mg/m2 with various soluble lignin containing streams, 70% of the membrane's virgin pure water permeance could be recovered by a more vigorous cleaning with 0.1 M NaOH including soaking and permeation. Our results seem very consistent with those previously observed for membrane applications within the pulp and paper industry.

Cleanliness Testing and Identification of Residues on Polymer Medical Devices

Abstract Machining and cleaning are key processes in the manufacturing of metal, ceramic, and polymer medical devices. During these processes, the components and final devices are exposed to processing aids, handling equipment, cleaning agents, and packaging materials. Methods for the cleanliness testing of such potential residues are discussed in this paper. To assess the effectiveness of the total organic carbon (TOC) analysis for cleanliness testing, the recovery of organic residues was studied. Spiking tests showed that nonpolar hydrocarbons are not well extracted, neither by 1 h ultrasonication nor by 24 h refluxing in boiling water. This results in a very poor TOC recovery for mineral oil-like residues. Good recovery and a high sensitivity for such residues are obtained by solvent extraction following Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Furthermore, extracted organic residues from machined polymer devices were identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results indicate that nonpolar polymers like ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) absorb hydrocarbons from mineral oil-based processing aids during machining.

Effect of demineralization on yield and composition of the volatile products evolved from temperature-programmed pyrolysis of Beypazari (Turkey) Oil Shale

In this study, the effect of the mineral matter of Beypazari Oil Shale on the conversion of organic carbon of oil shale into volatile hydrocarbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (asphaltenes, preasphaltenes) and carbon in solid residue was investigated. Kerogen was isolated by successive HCl, HNO 3 and HF treatments. A series of temperature-programmed pyrolysis operation was performed with raw Beypazari Oil Shale, and each product of every demineralization process. A carbon balance of the pyrolysis process was established by determination of the recovery of total organic carbon as organic products, and carbon remaining in the reactor because of the coking reactions. The removal of the material soluble in HCl washing affected the conversion of organic materials in the pyrolysis reactions. Alkali and alkaline earth metal cations affect the reactivity of oil shales and the leaching of these mineral matters with HCl caused a slightly decreases in the conversion to volatile hydrocarbons. The removal of pyrites with HNO 3 did not affect the reactivity of the organic material in pyrolysis. But, removal of the material soluble in HF increased the conversion in pyrolysis reactions. It can be explained by the inhibitive effect of the silicate minerals. Complete removal of mineral matrix and isolation of kerogen increased the driving force for heat transfer since more heat was transferred from outside towards the inside of the oil shale particles, thus pyrolysis reaction might have occurred with ease and diffusion limitation might have decreased due to absence of mineral matrix.

CLASSIFICATION OF ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS FORMED AT TEMPERATURE-PROGRAMMED CO-PYROLYSIS OF TURKISH OIL SHALES OF KEROGEN TYPES I AND II

Temperature-programmed co-pyrolysis of Goynuk and Beypazari oil shales was investigated with the aim to determine volatile product distribution and product evolution rate of co-processing. A series co-pyrolysis operation was performed using three total carbon ratios. A fixed-bed reactor was used to pyrolyse small samples of oil shale mixtures under an inert gas (argon) flow. A special sampling technique was used for collecting organic products formed at different temperature and time intervals. The co-pyrolysis products were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography and the total product evolution rate was investigated as a function of temperature and time. n-Paraffins and 1-olefins in aliphatic fraction of pyrolysis products were classified by their carbon number. In addition, the recovery of total organic carbon as an organic volatile product was determined. The effect of co-processing was determined comparing the results with the data of their separate pyrolysis. The effect of oil shale kerogen type on co-pyrolysis operation was also investigated. Conversion into volatile hydrocarbons was found to lower with increasing Beypazari oil shale share in the mixture while the amounts of C1–C15 hydrocarbons and coke to increase in the presence of this oil shale.

Co-pyrolysis of Göynük-oil shale and Şırnak-asphaltite from Turkey and analysis of co-pyrolysis products by capillary GC total stream sampling technique ☆

Temperature-programmed co-pyrolysis of Göynük-oil shale (GOS) with Şırnak-asphaltite (ASP) from Turkey was investigated. The aim of this research was to determine the volatile product distribution and product evolution rate of co-processing of GOS with ASP. A series co-pyrolysis operation was performed with GOS and ASP using a 1/2, 1/1, 2/1 total carbon ratio of GOS to ASP. A fixed-bed reactor was used to pyrolyse small sample of GOS and ASP mixture under an inert gas flow (Argon). A special sampling technique was used for collecting organic products eluted from the reactor at different temperature and time intervals. The co-pyrolysis products were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography and the total product evolution rate was investigated as a function of temperature and time. n-Paraffins and 1-olefins in aliphatic fraction of pyrolysis products were classified as a carbon number. In addition, the recovery of total organic carbon as an organic volatile product was determined. The assessments were based on incorporating the results on temperature-programmed pyrolysis of GOS and ASP. The effect of co-processing of GOS with ASP was determined by calculating the difference between the experimental and the hypothetical mean value of conversion of total organic carbon into volatile products.

Classification of volatile products evolved from temperature-programmed pyrolysis of Soma-Lignite and Şırnak-Asphaltite from Turkey

Temperature-programmed pyrolysis of Soma-Lignite and Şırnak-Asphaltite were investigated. The aim of this research was to determine the volatile product distribution and product evolution rate during pyrolysis of lignite and asphaltite as a function of temperature and time. A fixed-bed reactor was used to pyrolyze small sample of lignite and asphaltite under an inert gas flow (argon). A special sampling technique was used for collecting organic products released from the reactor at different temperature and time intervals. The pyrolysis products were analyzed by both capillary gas chromatography (GC) and GC–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) coupling. The temperature at which product evolution rate is the highest proved to be ∼430 °C both for lignite and asphaltite in pyrolysis operation. n-Paraffins and 1-olefins in aliphatic fraction of pyrolysis products were classified by carbon number. The hydrocarbons produced by pyrolysis of lignite and asphaltite contained 32.4 and 30.1 wt.% of n-paraffins, respectively, at the maximum product release temperature. 1-Olefins produced by pyrolysis of lignite and asphaltite were determined and found as 10.2 and 16.6 wt.% of the pyrolytic oil, respectively. In addition, the performance of the experimental apparatus was investigated by establishing a carbon balance, and the degree of recovery of total organic carbon of the samples as aliphatic hydrocarbons and in solid residue was determined. Conversion into volatile hydrocarbons was found to be lower but the amount of carbon in solid residue was higher for lignite than for asphaltite pyrolysis.

CO-PYROLYSIS OF TURKISH SOMA LIGNITE AND ŞIRNAK ASPHALTITE. ANALYSIS OF CO-PYROLYSIS PRODUCTS BY CAPILLARY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY TOTAL STREAM SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Temperature-programmed co-pyrolysis of Turkish Soma lignites and Sornak asphaltite was investigated with the aim to determine the volatile product distribution and product evolution rate of co-processing. A series co-pyrolysis operation was performed using three total carbon ratios of lignite to ashpaltite. A fixed-bed reactor was used to pyrolyse small samples of mixtures under an inert gas (argon) flow. A special sampling technique was used for collecting organic products eluted from the reactor at different temperature and time intervals. The co-pyrolysis products were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography and the total product evolution rate was investigated as a function of temperature and time. n-Paraffins and 1-olefins in aliphatic fraction of pyrolysis products were classified by their carbon number. In addition, the recovery of total organic carbon as an organic volatile product was determined. The effect of Soma lignites and Sornak asphaltite co-processing was determined by calculating the difference between the experimental and the hypothetical mean value of conversion of total organic carbon into volatile products.

Temperature-programmed co-pyrolysis of Turkish lignite with polypropylene

Temperature-programmed co-pyrolysis of Soma-lignites form Turkey with polypropylene (PP) was investigated. The aim of this research was to determine the volatile product distribution and product evolution rate of co-processing of Soma-lignites with PP. A series co-pyrolysis operation was performed with lignites and PP using a 1:3, 1:1, 3:1 total carbon ratio of lignites to plastic. A fixed bed reactor was used to pyrolyse small sample of lignites and PP mixture under an inert gas flow (argon). A special sampling technique was used for collecting organic products released from the reactor at different temperature and time intervals. The co-pyrolysis products were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography and the total product evolution rate was investigated as a function of temperature and time. n-Paraffins and 1-olefins in aliphatic fraction of co-pyrolysis products were classified by a carbon number. In addition, the performance of the experimental apparatus was investigated by establishing a carbon balance, and the degree of recovery of total organic carbon of the samples as aliphatic hydrocarbons and in solid residue was determined. The assessments were based on incorporating the results on temperature-programmed pyrolysis of lignites and PP. The effect of co-processing of lignites with PP was determined by calculating the difference between the experimental and the hypothetical mean value of conversion of total organic carbon into volatile products. Conversion into volatile hydrocarbons was found higher with increasing PP ratio in lignites–PP system while C 16+ hydrocarbons and the amount of coke deposit were lower in the presence of PP.

Classification of volatile products evolved during temperature-programmed co-pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) with polypropylene (PP)

Temperature programmed co-pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) with polypropylene (PP) was investigated. The aim of this research was to determine the volatile product distribution and product evolution rate of co-processing of LDPE with PP. A series co-pyrolysis operation was performed with LDPE and PP using a 1:3, 1:1, 3:1 total carbon ratio of LDPE to PP. A fixed bed reactor was used to pyrolyse small sample of LDPE and PP mixture under an inert gas flow (argon). A special sampling technique was used for collecting organic products eluted from the reactor at different temperature and time intervals. The co-pyrolysis products were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography and the total product evolution rate was investigated as a function of temperature and time. n-paraffins and 1-olefins in aliphatic fraction of co-pyrolysis products were classified as a carbon number. In addition, the recovery of total organic carbon as an organic volatile product was determined. The assessments were based on incorporating the results on temperature-programmed pyrolysis of LDPE and PP. The effect of co-processing of LDPE with PP was determined by calculating the difference between the experimental and the hypothetical mean value of conversion of total organic carbon into volatile products. Conversion into volatile hydrocarbons was found to be higher, with the increasing PP ratio in the co-pyrolysis operation.

Classification of Volatile Products Evolved from the Temperature-Programmed Co-Pyrolysis of Turkish Oil Shales with Atactic Polypropylene (APP)

Temperature-programmed co-pyrolysis of Turkish oil shales with atactic polypropylene (APP) was investigated. The aim of this research was to determine the volatile product distribution and product evolution rate of co-processing of oil shale with APP. A series co-pyrolysis operation was performed with oil shale and APP using a 1:3, 1:1, 3:1 total carbon ratio of oil shale to plastic. A fixed bed reactor was used to pyrolyze a small sample of an oil shale and APP mixture under an inert gas flow (argon). A special sampling technique was used for collecting organic products eluted from the reactor at different temperature and time intervals. The co-pyrolysis products were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography and the total product evolution rate was investigated as a function of temperature and time. n-Paraffins and 1-olefins in aliphatic fractions of pyrolysis products were classified as a carbon number. In addition, the recovery of total organic carbon as an organic volatile product was determined. The assessments were based on incorporating the results on temperature-programmed pyrolysis of oil shale1,2 and APP. The effect of co-processing of oil shale with APP was determined by calculating the difference between the experimental and the hypothetical mean value of conversion of total organic carbon into volatile products. The effect of kerogen type of oil shale on co-pyrolysis operation was also investigated. Conversion into volatile hydrocarbons was found higher with an increasing APP ratio in the oil shale−APP systems while C16+ hydrocarbons and the amount of coke deposit were lower in the presence of APP.

Classification of volatile products evolved during temperature-programmed co-pyrolysis of Turkish oil shales with low density polyethylene

Temperature programmed co-pyrolysis of Turkish oil shales with LDPE was investigated. The aim of this research was to determine the volatile product distribution and product evolution rate of coprocessing of oil shale with LDPE. A series co-pyrolysis operation was performed with oil shale and LDPE using a 1:3, 1:1, 3:1 total carbon ratio of oil shale to plastic. A fixed bed reactor was used to pyrolyse small sample of oil shale and LDPE mixture under an inert gas flow (Argon). A special sampling technique was used for collecting organic products eluted from the reactor at different temperature and time intervals. The co-pyrolysis products were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography and the total product evolution rate was investigated as a function of temperature and time. n-Paraffins and 1-olefins in aliphatic fraction of pyrolysis products were classified as a carbon number. In addition, the recovery of total organic carbon as a organic volatile products was determined. The assessments were based on incorporating the results on temperature-programmed pyrolysis of oil shale1,2 and LDPE. The effect of coprocessing of oil shale with LDPE was determined by calculating the difference between the experimental and the hypothetical mean value of conversion of total organic carbon into volatile products. The effect of kerogen type of oil shale on co-pyrolysis operation was also investigated. Conversion into volatile hydrocarbons was found lower with increasing LDPE ratio in oil shale-LDPE system while C16+ hydrocarbons and the amount of coke deposit were higher in the presence of LDPE.

Evolution of volatile products from Göynük (Turkey) oil shales by temperature-programmed pyrolysis

A fixed-bed reactor was used to pyrolyse small samples of oil shale particles under an inert gas flow (argon). A special sampling technique was used for collecting organic products eluted from the reactor at different temperatures and time intervals. The pyrolysis products were analysed by capillary gas chromatography and the total product evolution rate was investigated as a function of temperature and time. The maximum volatile product evolution temperature was ∼440°C. The aliphatic hydrocarbon content of the pyrolysis products was characterized and classified by carbon number. In addition, the performance of the experimental system was assessed by a carbon balance. The recovery of total organic carbon as organic volatile products, CO 2 and coke was determined.

95/05747 Demand for gasoline in Kuwait. An empirical analysis using cointegration techniques

Temperature programmed co-pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) with polypropylene (PP) was investigated. The aim of this research was to determine the volatile product distribution and product evolution rate of co-processing of LDPE with PP. A series co-pyrolysis operation was performed with LDPE and PP using a 1:3, 1:1, 3:1 total carbon ratio of LDPE to PP. A fixed bed reactor was used to pyrolyse small sample of LDPE and PP mixture under an inert gas flow (argon). A special sampling technique was used for collecting organic products eluted from the reactor at different temperature and time intervals. The co-pyrolysis products were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography and the total product evolution rate was investigated as a function of temperature and time. n-paraffins and 1-olefins in aliphatic fraction of co-pyrolysis products were classified as a carbon number. In addition, the recovery of total organic carbon as an organic volatile product was determined. The assessments were based on incorporating the results on temperature-programmed pyrolysis of LDPE and PP. The effect of co-processing of LDPE with PP was determined by calculating the difference between the experimental and the hypothetical mean value of conversion of total organic carbon into volatile products. Conversion into volatile hydrocarbons was found to be higher, with the increasing PP ratio in the co-pyrolysis operation.