Recovery Of Ti Research Articles

Solvent extraction of titanium(IV) from orthophosphoric acid media using Aliquat-336/kerosene and stripping with nitric acid

Titanium extraction from acidic solutions was investigated using Aliquat-336, considering factors like acid type and concentration for leaching, diluent type for solvent extraction, equilibration time, extractant concentration, phase ratio, and temperature. Kerosene exhibited superior performance as an aliphatic diluent for Aliquat-336 compared to other utilized diluents. The extraction efficiency was inversely proportional to the dielectric constant of the diluents. The quantitative Ti(IV) extraction efficiency from phosphoric acid (6 M H3PO4) leach liquor of ilmenite and rutile achived 98 % at room temperature (298 K) in 10 min after mixing with 0.1 M Aliquat-336 dissolved in kerosene at a phase volume ratio of 1:1 (Aq:Org). The exothermic extraction process occurred spontaneously. The proposed extraction mechanism using Aliquat-336/kerosene involves ion-pair association of the extractant with a Ti(IV) complex, confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The Ti(IV) ions were effectively stripped using HNO3 (3 M) with an aqueous:organic phase volume ratio of 1:1 at 25 °C after a contact time of 10 min in each step. The Aliquat-336/kerosene efficiently tested for Ti(IV) recovery from acidic Abu-Ghalaga ilmenite and rutile leachate. The findings indicate that, the phosphate medium is highly efficient in extracting Ti(IV), even with low concentration of Aliquat-336 in kerosene, especially in comparison to the impurities such as Fe, Cr, and Al. The EDX, XRD, and wet chemical analyses of the final product after the hydrolysis of stripped Ti(IV) from samples originating from the Abu-Ghalaga area and rutile samples, confirmed the formation of high-purity TiO2 (predominantly anatase phase). The SEM results showed particles with a regularly spherical structure and uniform size.

Synergetic recovery of Ti and Fe from Ti-bearing blast furnace slag and red mud by diamond wire saw silicon waste

Diamond wire saw silicon waste (DWSSW), Ti-bearing blast furnace slag (TBFFS), and red mud (RM) are three types of industrial wastes that contain abundant Si, Ti, and Fe. Their recovery is vital for reducing the waste of resources, environmental protection, and sustainable industrial development. In this study, the environmentally friendly process of synergetic recovery of Ti and Fe from TBFS and RM to prepare Si-Ti-Fe alloy by using DWSSW as reducing agent was proposed. The thermodynamic and experimental determinations of the reason behind Si extracting Ti from TBFS and RM is that it decreased the activity of SiO2. The optimal conditions for recovery of Ti and Fe were that the mass ratio of RM to TBFS was 1, and the mass ratio of DWSSW to (RM+TBFS) was 1.25. The highest recovery rates of Ti and Fe are 88.67 % and 93.33 %, respectively. Further, the Si-Ti-Fe alloy was separated and purified by electromagnetic directional solidification to obtain Si and Si-Fe-Ti alloys. Through life cycle assessment (LCA), it is concluded that electricity during the recycling process has the most significant impact on the environment. This process is a green and efficient method for the recovery of DWSSW, TBFS, and RM.

Preparation of ferrotitanium alloy by aluminothermic reduction of perovskite

Titanium-bearing blast-furnace slag is an important secondary resource. Artificial perovskite, with CaTiO3 as the main crystal phase, can be obtained after settling of the slag. Preparation of ferrotitanium alloy using perovskite as the titanium-containing material and aluminum as the reducing agent was studied. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and elemental chemical analysis were used to determine the composition and microstructure of the products. The results show that FeTi50 alloy can be prepared by aluminothermic reduction of perovskite. Reduction temperature has a strong influence on the separation of alloy and slag: when the reduction temperature increased from 1500 ℃ to 1600 ℃, the ferrotitanium alloy and slag effectively separated and Ti recovery exceeded 80%. The Al and O contents in the alloy decreased with decreasing aluminum addition, but also reduced Ti recovery. An alloy conforming to the industrial standard for FeTi50-A was obtained when the aluminum addition was 90 mass% of the stoichiometric value regarding reduction of perovskite.

Selective extraction of Ti(IV) from acidic sulfate media by phosphonium-based ionic liquids and stripping with sulfuric acid

The Ti(IV) liquid-liquid extraction from acidic sulfate media has been investigated by the ionic liquids trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride [P66614+][Cl−] and trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate [P66614+][BTMPP−], diluted in 5% (v/v) 1-decanol/kerosene. The Room Temperature Ionic Liquids (RTIL) showed fast extraction kinetics reaching equilibration after 2 min, requiring a 450 rpm stirring rate. For [P66614+][Cl−] at 0.01 mol L−1, the maximum extraction efficiency was 30% from H2SO4 solution of 11 mol L−1. The IL [P66614+][BTMPP−] shows better Ti(IV) extraction than [P66614+][Cl−], and two maximum extraction conditions were observed at 0.1 and 7.3 mol L−1 H2SO4 due to the dual mechanism; both cationic and anionic exchange reactions, reaching 60% and 49% extraction efficiency, respectively.The increase in [P66614+][BTMPP−] concentration to 0.06 mol L−1, increases the extraction yield to 95.9%. The Fourier transform infrared FTIR characterization confirmed the presence of Ti(IV) in the organic phases, and the modification in the phosphonium bonds was correlated to the role of the ionic liquids in the Ti(IV) extraction. The organic phase containing 0.02 mol L−1 [P66614+][BTMPP−] can be loaded with 0.197 g/L of Ti(IV) from 7.3 mol L−1 H2SO4 media. In contrast, at 0.1 mol L−1 H2SO4, an increase in the Ti(IV) concentration promotes the polymerization in the form Ti-O-Ti-O-Ti inhibiting the extraction efficiency. The H2SO4 solution at 2 mol L−1 was the best stripping agent to achieve a high Ti(IV) recovery of 97%. The organic phase was reused for four cycles, and the extraction and stripping efficiencies remained unchanged after the third cycle. The selective separation of Ti(IV) from a mixture containing Fe(III) was reached with a separation factor of 78.4, with a 2.51% Fe(III) extraction and containing only 0.25 mg L−1 of Fe(III) in the stripping phase. The proposed system avoids the main problems associated with Ti(IV) recovery from acidic sulfate media.

Green Recovery of Ti, W, and V From Spent V2O5-WO3/TiO2 Catalyst to Prepare W- and V-Containing Si-Ti Alloy

Green Recovery of Ti, W, and V From Spent V2O5-WO3/TiO2 Catalyst to Prepare W- and V-Containing Si-Ti Alloy

Selective separation of Al, Fe, and Ti from red mud leachate by Fe-Ti iso precipitate flotation and reduction hydrolysis process: Ions selective chelation and separation mechanism

Bauxite residue (red mud) is a typical solid waste discharged from the aluminum metallurgy industry and can be considered as an alternative resource for the recovery of iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), and titanium (Ti). Acid leaching is an effective technique for the simultaneous extraction of valuable metals from red mud, whereas the leachate with various metals confronts the difficulty of metals separation. In this work, a selective separation and recovery of Fe, Al and Ti from red mud leachate by the preferential Fe-Ti iso precipitate flotation followed by a reduction-hydrolyzation process was proposed. In the iso precipitate flotation process, the cupferron was acted as an Fe-Ti synchronous chelation agent and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) was used as an anionic collector for the flotation separation of Fe-Ti chelate. The generated fine hydrophobic chelates are rapidly separated from solution by flotation with the assistance of CTAB, in which 99.3% Fe and 99.8% Ti were transferred into the flotation product, while 96.7% Al remained in the leachate, realizing the first separation of Al. Reduction-hydrolyzation was further conducted to separate Ti and Fe from the dissolving solution of the flotation product. Hydrolysis thermodynamic analysis indicated that the required hydrolysis pH range of Fe2+ was much different from that of TiO2+ and Ti3+. After selective reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ by KI, 99.8% Ti was concentrated in the residue while 94.8% Fe remained in the solution. Eventually, the comprehensive recoveries of Fe, Ti, and Al are 94.1%, 99.7%, and 96.7%, respectively.

Effective recovery of Ti as anatase nanoparticles from waste red mud via a coupled leaching and boiling route.

Red mud (RM) a solid waste generated by the bauxite smelting industry, is a rich source of metal resources, especially Ti, and its recycling can bring significant environmental and economic benefits. In this study, precious metal Ti was efficiently recovered from red mud using a coupled acid leaching and boiling route for the effective separation of low-value metals. The red mud which contained mainly 10.69% Si, 12.1% Al, 15.2% Ca, 10.99% Fe, and 4.37% Ti, was recovered in five steps. First, a nitric acid solution was used to leach the metals in multiple stages, resulting in an acidic leach solution with high concentrations of Fe, Al, Ti, and Ca ions 2.7g/L, 4.7g/L, 5.43g/L, and 1.8g/L, respectively. Then, a small amount of sucrose was added as a catalyst to recover Ti from the leach solution under hydrothermal conditions, resulting in the targeted recovery of 98.6% of Ti in the form of high-purity anatase while Fe, Al, and Ca remained in the solution. Next, the Fe in solution was separated as hematite products at a temperature of 110°C and a reaction time of 4h. Similarly, the Al in the solution was separated and precipitated as boehmite by heating it at 260°C for a reaction time of 20h. Finally, the remaining Ca in solution was recovered by simple pH regulation. Economic accounting assessment showed that the method yields $101.06 for 1t of red mud treated, excluding labor costs. This study provides a novel approach to recover precious metals from metal wastes through the whole process resource recovery of solid waste red mud.

Innovative application of two-stage sulfuric acid leaching for efficient recovery of Ti from titanium-bearing electric furnace slag

A two-stage sulfuric acid leaching process was developed to efficiently recover Ti from a titanium-bearing electric furnace slag (TEFS) made from V-Ti magnetite, which has a high content of impurities and low Ti content. The efficiency of the recovery mechanism was investigated. Anosovite and gangue minerals in the TEFS reacted with sulfuric acid and generated several solid substances such as TiOSO4, CaSO4, sulfates of Mg and Al, and silicate in the first-stage of the acidolysis, which formed the product layer and hindered the diffusion of sulfuric acid. Moreover, a high content of the impurities caused the gangue minerals to closely wrap around the anosovite, which hindered the acidolysis. By adopting a two-stage acid-leaching process, soluble sulfates, which are the most abundant product of acidolysis, were dissolved in water during the first-stage of the water leaching, which exposed the unreacted anosovite, diopside, and spinel. Accordingly, sulfuric acid completely reacted with the unreacted minerals during the second-stage acidolysis. The Si- and Ca-containing products of the acidolysis mainly existed in the form of silicate and CaSO4 and were later converted to silica gel and gypsum, respectively, after the second-stage water leaching. With this innovative process, the leaching rate of Ti improved significantly, achieving a 99.33% total leaching rate. Moreover, lowering the initial sulfuric acid concentration to 48% still yielded a total leaching rate of 98.04%, with the Ti grade of the final residue dropped to 3.14%.

Recovery of Scandium, Aluminum, Titanium, and Silicon from Iron-Depleted Bauxite Residue into Valuable Products: A Case Study

Bauxite residue is a high-iron waste of the alumina industry with significant contents of scandium, aluminum, and titanium. This study focuses on the recovery of Sc, Al, Ti, and Si from iron-depleted bauxite residue (IDBR) into valuable products. Iron depletion was carried out using reduction roasting followed by low-intensity magnetic separation to enrich bauxite residue in Al, Ti, and Sc and reduce an adverse effect of iron on scandium extraction. Hydrochloric high-pressure acid leaching, aluminum precipitation by saturation of the acid leachate, solvent extraction of scandium using di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (HDEHP) and tributyl phosphate (TBP), alkaline leaching of the acid residue with subsequent silica precipitation were used to obtain appropriate selective concentrates. As a result, scandium concentrate of 94% Sc2O3, crude alumina of 93% Al2O3, titanium concentrate of 41.5% TiO2, and white carbon of 77% SiO2 were prepared and characterized. Based on the characterization of the treatment stages and the obtained valuable products, the prospect for the application of the suggested flowsheet was discussed.

Iron Extraction from South African Ilmenite Concentrate Leaching by Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) in the Presence of Reductant (Metallic Fe) and Additive (MgSO4)

The high content of iron in ilmenite ore poses a great challenge, particularly in the synthesis of titanium-containing products due to high susceptibility of iron (Fe) to corrosion. Direct leaching of ilmenite ore in hydrochloric acid (HCl) encouraging Fe dissolution was investigated. The influence of variable parameters, the use of additives, and the addition of metallic iron powder were studied to establish the optimum leaching parameters. The results showed that ilmenite with the particle size distribution of +150 µm yielded better efficiencies when leaching was performed with an acid concentration of 7.5 M and a solid-to-acid ratio of 1:10 at 90 °C. An agitation speed of 450 rpm yielded a superior Fe extraction of about 92.32% and a 2.40% titanium (Ti) loss. The addition of both metallic Fe and the MgSO4 additive significantly enhanced Fe dissolution and decreased Ti recovery in a leach solution. It was found that leaching under optimum conditions produced a solid residue with 1.37% Fe impurity while 98.63% was extracted. The leached residue was comprised of 91.4% TiO2 rutile phase and contained a high content of the ilmenite FeTiO3 (4.37%) and SiO2 (2.23%) impurities, while Al2O3, MgO, MnO2, CaO, V2O5, MnO2, and Cr2O3 were below 0.13%. The high TiO2 content in the leached residue makes it suitable for use as feed in the production of synthetic rutile. The leaching kinetics of Fe dissolution was found to conform to the shrinking core model, where diffusion through the product layer is rate controlling. The calculated activation energy according to the Arrhenius equation was 19.13 kJ/mol.

An approach towards utilization of water-quenched blast furnace slag for recovery of titanium, magnesium, and aluminum

Resource utilization of water-quenched blast furnace slag (BFS) for recovery of valuable metals such as titanium, magnesium, and aluminum are strategic issues for the iron and steel industry's long-term development. This study proposed a sustainable strategy for simultaneous Ti, Mg, and Al extraction from water-quenched BFS using the ammonium sulfate roasting-dilute acid leaching method. The results showed that the roasting reaction was carried out at a roasting temperature of 380 °C, a mass ratio of (NH4)2SO4 to water-quenched BFS of 2.5:1, and a roasting time of 90 min, and the valuable metals were converted into the corresponding sulfates. The roasted slag was then leached by the 1 mol/L sulfuric acid solution, with Ti, Mg, and Al leaching efficiency reaching 95.45%, 98.92%, and 92.32%, respectively. We proposed the mechanism for extracting valuable metals from water-quenched BFS using an ammonium sulfate roasting-dilute acid leaching process based on XRD and SEM-EDS analysis. Furthermore, an efficient separation process for converting Ti, Mg, and Al in the pregnant solution to TiO2, MgC2O4.2H2O, and Al2O3 was developed. The final filtrate was directly evaporated and crystallized to obtain (NH4)2SO4, which can be used in the roasting process, resulting in ammonia and sulfur recycling. The method proposed in this paper can be effectively applied to the extraction, separation, and recovery of Ti, Mg, and Al in water-quenched BFS, which is completely consistent with the concept of clean production and efficient utilization of industrial solid wastes. It is extremely important for the iron and steel industry's long-term production.

Recovery and separation of Sc, Zr and Ti from acidic sulfate solutions for high purity scandium oxide production: Laboratory and pilot study

This study contains research on the sorption separation of scandium, zirconium, and titanium from acidic sulfate solutions by a novel monofunctional Purolite RUA21207 ion exchange resin with primary amino groups. The kinetic and equilibrium performance of Sc, Zr, Ti sorption has been investigated. The results revealed that sorption favored at 25 g L−1 H2SO4 in solution when the initial scandium concentration had been no more than 0.9 g L−1. Zirconium and titanium could be selectively eluted from the loaded resin with the solutions of 150 g L−1 KHF2 and 50 g L−1 HCl, respectively.In this work, the scandium concentrate generated from acid waste of titanium white production has been dissolved in 25 g L−1 H2SO4. Then, the solution has been passed through a column loaded with Purolite RUA21207 resin. Purification of scandium by 147 times that of zirconium and more than twice that of titanium have been achieved. Purolite RUA21207 resin has high potential application in the purification of scandium concentrate from Zr and Ti by sorption and definitely can be used for providing high purity scandium oxide.

Recovery of Ti from titanium white waste acid with N1923 extraction and leaching of low‐grade pyrolusite using raffinate

AbstractTitanium dioxide industry produces a large amount of titanium white waste acid every year. In this work, to make full use of and recover valuable components in titanium white waste acid, a processing for recovery of Ti from titanium white waste acid with N1923 extraction and leaching of low‐grade pyrolusite using raffinate was proposed. After a two‐stage countercurrent extraction, 99.93% Ti was extracted, while 6.51% Fe, .11% Mg, .06% Mn, and .08% Al were co‐extracted under N1923 concentration of 25% and phase ratio (O/A) of 2/1. The scrubbing efficiency of iron reached 98.53%, while the loss efficiency of titanium was only .94% with 1.5 mol/L sulfuric acid solution under the phase ratio of 1/1. Then, the Ti‐loaded organic phase could be effectively stripped by .8 mol/L ammonia water; the single‐stage stripping efficiency of titanium was 99.23%. Subsequently, the raffinate could be used for the extraction of manganese from low‐grade pyrolusite. The leaching efficiency of manganese was 99.39% at the S/L ratio of 48.00 g/L, leaching temperature of 50°C, and leaching time of 40 min. In addition, thermodynamic calculations revealed that the titanium extraction process by N1923 from titanium white waste acid was an exothermic reaction. The proposed approach is suitable for co‐recovery of titanium from titanium white waste acid and manganese from low‐grade pyrolusite.

Innovative Application of Two-Stage Sulfuric Acid Leaching for Efficient Recovery of Ti from Titanium-Bearing Electric Furnace Slag

Innovative Application of Two-Stage Sulfuric Acid Leaching for Efficient Recovery of Ti from Titanium-Bearing Electric Furnace Slag

Efficient recovery of Ti, Fe and Mn based on the synergistic effect of acidic titanium dioxide wastewater and pyrolusite

In order to treat the typical waste (acidic wastewater) from the production process of titanium dioxide, a collaborative utilization process of wastewater and pyrolusite was studied, which recovered both Ti, Fe from the wastewater and saved the amount of sulfuric acid used in the leaching process of pyrolusite. Acidic titanium dioxide wastewater was used to react with phosphoric acid to prepare titanium phosphate, and the recovery of titanium reached 95%. After the extraction of titanium, a portion of ferrous sulfate heptahydrate was separated using the freezing crystallization method. Then the pyrolusite was leached with a leaching efficiency of 93% for manganese. Finally, the pH was neutralized to 4 using manganese carbonate. Fe2+ was oxidized to Fe3+ and separated by precipitation. Compared with the neutralization and concentration methods, although the process is longer, it has higher resource utilization, less pollution, simple operation and wide application prospect.

A cleaner approach for recovering Al and Ti from coal fly ash via microwave-assisted baking, leaching, and precipitation

Coal fly ash (CFA) is a potential mineral resource from which to recover Al and other valuable metals. In this study, a new processing technology for the recovery of Al and Ti from CFA has been developed and comprehensively investigated. The baking process applied in previous work has been improved by using microwave heating and a mixture of H2SO4 + NH4HSO4 as the extractant. This method enhanced the Al and Ti extraction efficiencies, while decreasing energy consumption and gas emissions relative to other acidic baking processes. When employing the optimized baking and leaching parameters (baking conditions: 280 °C, 1.2 times the theoretical amount of reagents, 60 min; leaching conditions: 60 °C, L/S: 5 g water to 1 g baked ash, 30 min) 82.4% Al and 55.6% Ti could be extracted. Scanning electron microscopy images and X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that most of the mullite (3Al2O3.2SiO2) in the CFA was transformed into godovikovite (NH4Al(SO4)2) and quartz (SiO2) after microwave-assisted baking. The soluble salts were then leached into solution, while the quartz remained in the residue. Precipitation allowed for the recovery and separation of Al and Ti from the leach solution. Al was selectively recovered via NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O precipitation after maintaining the solution at 0 °C for 10 h. A high-quality product of alumina was obtained from the NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O. After reducing the iron in the solution from Fe3+ to Fe2+, Ti was recovered via hydrolysis after increasing the pH to 3.1. The Ti precipitate contained 44.2% Ti with a small amount of impurity. The developed approach was cleaner and more efficient than those reported to date for the recovery of Al and Ti from stable CFA.

Heating-Assisted Preparation of Ferrotitanium to Recover Valuable Elements of Ilmenite and Reduce Aluminum Consumption

To reduce the consumption of aluminum in the traditional production process of ferrotitanium, the use of economic electrical energy is considered to replace the chemical energy provided by the reaction of aluminum and heating agent. Analysis of slag by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and FactSage 7.2 revealed that heating-assisted aluminothermic reduction of ilmenite was a thermal explosion process. Increasing the Al ratio could promote the reduction of ilmenite and increase the recovery rate of Ti according to inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis and calculation. The optimal molar ratio of CaO to Al2O3 was 1:4 for the preparation of FeTi50, achieving good separation of alloy and slag and better Fe and Ti recovery rates than without CaO addition.

Electrosynthesis of titanium dioxide from sulfate leach liquors using solvent extraction/electrochemical deposition process

ABSTRACT The primary goal of this study was the development of a recycling process to recover titanium from real sulfate leach liquors prepared from the tailings of uranium processing mine. Preparation and characterization of pure TiO2 powders using; a clean, cheap, and low-temperature combined solvent extraction/electrochemical deposition technique were reported. Solvent extraction using di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid in kerosene allowed the selective recovery of Ti (IV) from the leach liquor containing Fe, Mn, and Zr impurities. All of the Ti was extracted selectively using 20% D2EHPA/kerosene under organic/aqueous phase ratio of unity in presence of L-ascorbic acid. The equilibrium in 8.5 M sulfuric acid is established within 60 min. Subsequently, Ti was recovered from the loaded organic phase using mixtures of HCl and H2O2 solutions. The preparation of TiO2 powders by cathodic electrodeposition was optimized. A combination of X-ray diffraction and dynamic light scattering analysis had been used to confirm the formation of TiO2 nanoparticles. Finally, the solvent extraction and electrodeposition mechanisms were discussed, and the resultant products were characterized by several techniques.

Sustainable recovery of ultrafine TiC powders from molten Ti-bearing slag under super-gravity field

Abstract Ultrafine TiC powders possess excellent physicochemical properties, which are mainly synthesized by using high-purity ultrafine Ti or TiO2 powders. In this study, a sustainable method for recovery of ultrafine TiC powders from molten Ti-bearing slag under super-gravity field was proposed. Firstly, the solid-liquid coexistence condition for single TiC powders in molten Ti-bearing slag was acquired. On this basis, the motion mechanism and separation behavior of TiC powders in the molten slag was studied. Under the force of super-gravity, all of TiC powders were efficiently separated from the molten slag along the super-gravity direction, and the Ti recovery ratio reached 96.69%. Moreover, the recovered TiC powders were confirmed to be high purity (w (Ti) = 79.49%) and ultrafine particles (particle size 2.75 μm on average). Compared with synthetic methods, this study provides a sustainable way to produce ultrafine TiC powders for clean utilization of massive Ti-bearing slag.

A new route for separation and recovery of Fe, Al and Ti from red mud

Red mud is one kind of by-products rejected from industrial production of alumina plant and characterized by high content of alkaline and containing many valuable metals such as iron, aluminum, titanium, etc. It is urgent to effectively utilize red mud for the sustainable development of aluminum metallurgy industry. In this paper, a new route was proposed to fully recover Fe, Al2O3 and TiO2 from the red mud, which includes three procedures, i.e. pre-reducing-smelting, alkaline leaching and acid leaching. The pre-reducing-smelting step was employed to recover iron from the mud, producing pig iron at an iron recovery of some 98.15% and slag containing 43.17%Al2O3 and 15.71%TiO2, respectively. Then, based on the thermal dynamic calculations, a modification of the slag-alkaline leaching and hydrochloric acid leaching process were conducted to obtain the stepwise recovery of Al2O3 and TiO2, respectively, from the smelting slag. Aluminum and titanium were recovered in the form of sodium aluminum solution and perovskite at a recovery of 85.85% and 95.53%, respectively. The innovative route is probably a potential way to achieve comprehensive and clean utilization of red mud.