Drug Recovery Research Articles

Impact of commonly administered drugs on the progression of spinal cord injury: a systematic review

BackgroundComplications arising from acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) are routinely managed by various pharmacological interventions. Despite decades of clinical application, the potential impact on neurological recovery has been largely overlooked. This study aims to highlight commonly administered drugs with potential disease-modifying effects.MethodsThis systematic literature review included studies referenced in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science from inception to March 31st, 2021, which assess disease-modifying properties on neurological and/or functional recovery of drugs routinely administered following spinal cord injury. Drug effects were classified as positive, negative, mixed, no effect, or not (statistically) reported. Risk of bias was assessed separately for animal, randomized clinical trials, and observational human studies.ResultsWe analyzed 394 studies conducting 486 experiments that evaluated 144 unique or combinations of drugs. 195 of the 464 experiments conducted on animals (42%) and one study in humans demonstrate positive disease-modifying properties on neurological and/or functional outcomes. Methylprednisolone, melatonin, estradiol, and atorvastatin are the most common drugs associated with positive effects. Two studies on morphine and ethanol report negative effects on recovery.ConclusionDespite a large heterogeneity observed in study protocols, research from bed to bench and back to bedside provides an alternative approach to identify new candidate drugs in the context of SCI. Future research in human populations is warranted to determine if introducing drugs like melatonin, estradiol, or atorvastatin would contribute to enhancing neurological outcomes after acute SCI.

Innovative Techniques for Pharmaceutical Waste Management: Enhancing Drug Recovery and Environmental Sustainability

The pharmaceutical sector is a major component of current healthcare, manufacturing and distributing drugs, biological substances, and medical equipment. Despite its advantages, the sector creates enormous waste, including materials for packaging, production by-products, expired or unused drugs, and other residues, creating health and environmental issues. Appropriate pharmaceutical waste handling and medication recovery strategies are vital for limiting these problems. This article aims to investigate and evaluate multiple techniques for recovering pharmaceuticals from pharmaceutical waste, highlighting the significance of sustainable waste management in the pharmaceutical sector. The paper emphasizes the need to use modern methods such as liquid-liquid extraction, membrane crystallization, solid-liquid extraction, and adsorption to recover drugs from pharmaceutical waste. Liquid-liquid extraction exhibits excellent adaptability and efficiency for varied Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), whereas membrane crystallization provides low-energy solutions for thermally sensitive compounds. Solid-liquid extraction is useful for recovering APIs from solid dosage forms, while adsorption approaches exploit substances like activated carbon for organic component recovery. Each process has particular benefits and disadvantages, with the selection of methodology based on waste properties and recovery objectives. It emphasizes the promise of these technologies for high extraction yields, purity, and environmental sustainability, supporting effective pharmaceutical waste management procedures. Additionally, difficulties such as cost-effectiveness, scalability, and regulatory compliance are addressed, pointing to opportunities for future research and development to improve the efficacy of drug recovery procedures. In conclusion, using advanced techniques to recover pharmaceuticals from pharmaceutical waste offers a viable way to implement sustainable waste recovery procedures and lessen the pharmaceutical industry's negative environmental effects.

Psychosocial well-being needs of alcohol/drug sufferers and therapeutic architectural solutions in rehabilitation centre, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

Background In a rehabilitation centre designed for drug and alcohol recovery, the therapeutic environment may enhance the psychosocial well-being of sufferers and facilitate a speedy recovery. This study aims to investigate the psychosocial well-being needs (PWNs) of users in an alcohol and drug rehabilitation centre (ADRC) and how therapeutic architectural solutions (TASs) can promote a healing environment through design. Methods The study employed a mixed research method (qualitative and quantitative). The research strategy was a case study of four rehabilitation centres in Nigeria’s busiest cities; Lagos, Abuja, Port Harcourt, and Enugu. Data were collected via survey questionnaires, an in-depth interview guide, an observation guide, and a checklist of TACs in a healthcare facility. We first investigated what the PWNs of alcohol and drug sufferers (ADSs) are, then identified the therapeutic architectural components (TACs) of an ADRC, before determining what effect TACs have on the recovery process of substance abuse patients. Results The findings identify eight PWNs and nine TACs essential in an ADRC. The result indicates that TACs have a significant effect on the recovery process of ADSs. However, based on the study results, a framework (framework here refers to using an intelligent and sensitive conceptual design structure as a standard guide for the building archetype rehabilitation facility, which supports mental health service delivery) may be recommended for rehabilitation facilities with TASs for Substance Abuse Disorder (SUD). Conclusion The study result presents a correlation between ADSs’ recovery rates and a well-designed therapeutic environment. So, there is a need for evidence-based design (EBD) of rehabilitation centres with full compliments of a therapeutic architectural environment and integration of mental health services into routine care in sub-Saharan Africa. Limitations include that analyses were cross-sectional and thus may not deduce causal directions, and the authors based the result on self-report.

Recovery capital profiles among a heterogeneous sample of individuals in recovery from alcohol problems.

Recovery capital (RC) is a framework for conceptualizing the resources individuals use to support alcohol and other drug recovery across social, physical, human, and cultural domains. The goal of this study was to identify subgroups of individuals in recovery with distinct combinations of RC across domains and characteristics of individuals with unique RC patterns. Latent profile analyses investigated patterns in both within-domain amount and variability of RC across each of the four domains using the Multidimensional Inventory of Recovery Capital, a theoretically and psychometrically sound RC measure. The sample included U.S. participants closely reflecting 2020 Census demographics (n = 482, 49% female, 38% racial/ethnic minority, Mage = 42.57) identifying as having resolved a prior problem with alcohol (alone or with other drugs). Latent profile analyses distinguished four RC profiles: Low/Inconsistent (23%), Moderate/Consistent (43%), Moderate/Inconsistent (12%), and High/Consistent (22%). Females and individuals who were unemployed, nonabstinent, and had greater alcohol problem severity were more likely to belong to the Low/Inconsistent profile. Individuals in unassisted recovery were more likely to belong to the Moderate/Inconsistent profile. Older age and more time in recovery were associated with High/Consistent profile membership. Race/ethnicity was not associated with profile membership. These person-oriented analyses elucidate complex patterns of resources that individuals utilize during recovery and individual characteristics underpinning differences across RC patterns. The empirically derived subgroups in this heterogeneous sample highlight multiple combinations of resources that individuals leverage to achieve recovery and indicate characteristics of individuals who may need greater amounts and/or consistency of RC to continue sustaining recovery. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Performance of the ChatGPT large language model for decision support in community pharmacy.

The aim of this study was to assess the ChatGPT-4 (ChatGPT) large language model (LLM) on tasks relevant to community pharmacy. ChatGPT was assessed with community pharmacy-relevant test cases involving drug information retrieval, identifying labelling errors, prescription interpretation, decision-making under uncertainty and multidisciplinary consults. Drug information on rituximab, warfarin, and St. John's wort was queried. The decision-support scenarios consisted of a subject with swollen eyelids and a maculopapular rash in a subject on lisinopril and ferrous sulfate. The multidisciplinary scenarios required the integration of medication management with recommendations for healthy eating and physical activity/exercise. The responses from ChatGPT for rituximab, warfarin, and St. John's wort were satisfactory and cited drug databases and drug-specific monographs. ChatGPT identified labeling errors related to incorrect medication strength, form, route of administration, unit conversion, and directions. For the patient with inflamed eyelids, the course of action developed by ChatGPT was comparable to the pharmacist's approach. For the patient with the maculopapular rash, both the pharmacist and ChatGPT placed a drug reaction to either lisinopril or ferrous sulfate at the top of the differential. ChatGPT provided customized vaccination requirements for travel to Brazil, guidance on management of drug allergies and recovery from a knee injury. ChatGPT provided satisfactory medication management and wellness information for a diabetic on metformin and semaglutide. LLMs have the potential to become a powerful tool in community pharmacy. However, rigorous validation studies across diverse pharmacist queries, drug classes and populations, and engineering to secure patient privacy will be needed to enhance LLM utility.

The Ideal Client: Selecting Candidates for Drug Treatment in Prison

Abstract Therapeutic interventions have been implemented in many prison systems around the world, in an attempt to address high rates of harmful substance use amongst people in prison. This article analyses the criteria for acceptance to drug recovery units in Norwegian prisons, based on an ethnographic study of four high-security prisons and 22 interviews with prison staff. The main criteria that were considered by staff during the assessment of potential candidates, were the timing and type of sentence applicants held; the type of offence applicants were convicted for; the types of medications they used and their perceived motivations for entering treatment.

To be visible yet remain unseen: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of embodied drug use and recovery of Filipinas.

The experience of drug use is a gendered and culturally embodied phenomenon. This qualitative study aims to unpack the lived experiences of 16 urban, poor, Filipina mothers who used drugs. In-depth interviews were conducted. Data was analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Their experiences were divided into drug initiation and recovery. Key findings show embodied experiences of initiation through starting use, losing control, and navigating through public and private spaces of drug use. Their experiences of drug recovery revolved around decoupling relations, avoiding drug use spaces, and healing their strained home. Theoretically, this study contributes to enriching the analytical underpinnings of IPA through a gendered and embodied perspective. In terms of practical implications, findings point to the need for a gender-conscious approach in intervention design and implementation in the community setting considering the life space of Filipinas who use drugs.

Mesoporous Silica-Based Membranes in Transdermal Drug Delivery: The Role of Drug Loss in the Skin.

Compared to other forms of drug administration, the use of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems (TDDSs) offers significant advantages, including uniform drug release profiles that contribute to lower side effects and higher tolerability, avoidance of direct exposure to the gastrointestinal tract, better patient compliance due to their non-invasive means of application and others. Mesoporous silica membranes are of particular interest in this regard, due to their chemical stability and their tunable porous system, with adjustable pore sizes, pore volumes and surface chemistries. While this allows for fine-tuning and, thus, the development of optimized TDDSs with high loading capacities and the desired release profile of a given drug, its systemic availability also relies on skin penetration. In this paper, using a TDDS based on mesoporous silica membranes in Franz cell experiments on porcine skin, we demonstrate surprisingly substantial drug loss during skin penetration. Drug passage through porcine skin was found to be dependent on the age and pre-treatment of the skin. pH and temperature were major determinants of drug recovery rates as well, indicating drug loss in the skin by enzymatic metabolization. Regarding the TDDS, higher loading obtained by SO3H surface modification of the mesoporous silica membranes reduced drug loss. Still, high loss rates in the skin were determined for different drugs, including anastrozole, xylazine and imiquimod. We conclude that, beyond the fine-tuned drug release profiles from the mesoporous silica membrane TDDS, remarkably high drug loss in the skin is a major issue for achieving desired skin penetration and, thus, the systemic availability of drugs. This also poses critical requirements for defining an optimal TDDS based on mesoporous silica membranes.

Associations Between Drug Overdose Mortality and Recovery Ecosystems in the United States: A County-Level Analysis Using a Novel Index.

Communities with robust recovery ecosystems could reduce negative outcomes associated with substance use disorders (SUDs) and facilitate the recovery process. This cross-sectional study examined the relationship between drug overdose mortality rates in the United States and the strength of county-level recovery ecosystems, as measured by the Recovery Ecosystem Index (REI). The REI assesses the strength of county-level recovery ecosystems in the United States. Comprised of 14 indicators across 3 component classes, overall and component scores ranging from "one" (strongest) to "five" (weakest) were calculated for each county using standardized values of the indicators. County-level analyses included: (1) correlational analyses between drug overdose mortality rates (n = 2076) and REI scores (overall score and by component); and (2) quadrant analysis (n = 2076), dividing counties based on their drug overdose mortality rates and overall REI scores. Drug overdose mortality rates were inversely related to REI overall, SUD treatment component, and continuum of SUD support component scores, indicating that lower (stronger) scores corresponded to higher rates. Conversely, REI infrastructure and social component scores were positively related to rates. Counties were relatively evenly distributed across quadrants, with 26% (n = 537) with a strong REI score and high overdose mortality rate, 24% (n = 489) with a strong REI score and low overdose mortality rate, 20% (n = 409) with a weak REI and high overdose mortality rate, and 31% (n = 641) with a weak REI and low overdose mortality rate. REI scores were generally inversely associated with drug overdose mortality rates in US counties, suggesting that communities have stronger recovery systems and services as the burden of SUD increases. Given relative variation in the scale of drug overdose mortality and strength of recovery ecosystems among counties, results could guide the identification of communities where the need for expanded recovery systems and services may be particularly critical.

Method development and validation of Metformin HCL and Dapagliflozin by using RP-HPLC

AbstractThe prevalence of diabetes is increasing day by day as per a report by the year 2045, 1 out of every 8th individuals may suffer from diabetes. This research article focuses on developing and validating Metformin and Dapagliflozin in combination by using high-pressure liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC). The validation of the method was followed as per the guidelines provided by the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) and United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Separation of both drugs takes place in less than 4 min. This separation takes place using Phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) and acetonitrile in a 45:55 (v/v) ratio at a 1.0 mL min−1 flow rate. Furthermore, studies on both drugs were conducted by using the bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms (Tablets). The developed method was accurate as drug recoveries in both cases of Metformin, and Dapagliflozin ranged between (100.8, 99.6, 98.8%) to (100.8, 99.3, and 101.5%) respectively having a concentration range of solutions between 70, 100 and 130 μg mL−1 dilution. The recommended method for simultaneous quantification of Metformin and Dapagliflozin was established and validated and no excipient interactions were found.

A robust ultra performance liquid chromatography method for dacarbazine quantification in nanosponge formulation: A quality by design approach

A new, user-friendly Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) method was developed using Analytical Quality by Design (QbD) for precise analysis of Dacarbazine in both bulk powder and Dacarbazine-loaded Nanosponges. This method follows ICH guidelines and uses a statistically designed approach to optimize the separation conditions for Dacarbazine. A central composite design was implemented to identify the ideal combination of organic solvent (mobile phase composition) and flow rate. The UPLC method was successfully optimized for rapid separation (1.3 minutes) for Dacarbazine using a mobile phase consisting of 70% Methanol: 30% Orthophosphoric acid (0.1%) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, using a Hypersil C18 column. The method exhibited excellent linearity with a correlation coefficient value of 0.997 across a concentration range of 4-20 μg/mL, accuracy (drug recovery of 96-100%) and sensitivity (LOD 1.15 μg/mL, LOQ 3.50 μg/mL) and it successfully quantified the drug in the formulated Dacarbazine-loaded Nanosponges. This QbD-driven UPLC method offers a valuable tool for reliable Dacarbazine quality control in pharmaceuticals providing rapid analysis, high accuracy, and low detection limits.

Analytical Method Development by Using UV-Spectrophotometer for Estimation of Valsartan in Bulk

In order to accurately determine valsartan (API), this work aims to build a straightforward and exact UV spectroscopic approach. To improve sensitivity and accuracy, the procedure entails methodically optimizing experimental parameters, including solvent choice and wavelength selection. The produced stock solutions were tested for absorbance at 249 nm using a UV spectrophotometer. With %RSD values below 2% for both intra- and inter-day, the devised approach was determined to be quite accurate. At each additional concentration, the approach was shown to be accurate, yielding good drug recoveries ranging from 98 to 101%. The process was validated for linearity, specificity, accuracy, precision and limit of detection (LoD) and limit of quantification (LoQ) as per International Council of Harmonization (ICH) criteria. Its dependability for quantitative analysis of valsartan in pharmaceutical formulations was demonstrated. This UV spectroscopic approach offers a cost-effective and efficient alternative for routine quality control in pharmaceutical industries.

Stability of Dexamethasone during Hot-Melt Extrusion of Filaments based on Eudragit® RS, Ethyl Cellulose and Polyethylene Oxide

Hot-melt extrusion (HME) potentially coupled with 3D printing is a promising technique for the manufacturing of dosage forms such as drug-eluting implants which might even be individually adapted to patient-specific anatomy. However, these manufacturing methods involve the risk of thermal degradation of incorporated drugs during processing. In this work, the stability of the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone (DEX) was studied during HME using the polymers Eudragit® RS, ethyl cellulose and polyethylene oxide. The extrusion process was performed at different temperatures. Furthermore, the influence of accelerated screw speed, the addition of the plasticizers triethyl citrate and polyethylene glycol 6000 or the addition of the antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene and tocopherol in two concentrations were studied. The DEX recovery was analyzed by a high performance liquid chromatography method suitable for the detection of thermal degradation products. The strongest impact on the drug stability was found for the processing temperature, which was found to reduce the DEX recovery to <20% for certain processing conditions. In addition, differences between tested polymers were observed, whereas the use of additives did not result in remarkable changes in drug stability. In conclusion, suitable extrusion parameters were identified for the processing of DEX with high drug recovery rates for the tested polymers. Moreover, the importance of a suitable analysis method for drug stability during HME that is influenced by several parameters was highlighted.

Naproxen recovery by green emulsion liquid membranes based on soybean oil

Drugs are chemical substances that come from either natural occurrence or synthetic sources. These compounds are designed to have some pharmacological effects, give some benefits to society, and remain through time. Their bioaccumulation or their interactions with other chemicals has been considered as a health risk because they can cause adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. The Emulsion Liquid Membranes (ELM) technique is proposed as a useful and simple methodology in the drug elimination from sewage water. In recent years, some green methods integrated by vegetable oils have been reported; nevertheless, toxic carriers continue to be used. Soybean oil has been reported in stability studies and formulation improvement of cosmetic, food and pharmaceutical emulsions, but not in emulsions for drugs recovery. Thus, a methodology totally environmentally friendly was developed in this work, without carriers and using only soybean oil. The ELM was integrated by soybean oil + Abil EM 90® 0.25 wt% as organic phase; NaHCO3 0.1 mol⋅L−1 as internal aqueous phase and all these emulsified at 19000 rpm for 10 minutes and a VIAP/VOP ratio equal to 1:1 respectively. It was able to extract 81% of naproxen and subsequent 67% recovery in 5 minutes of stirring. It can be inferred that soybean oil is an effective and green option because it can act as a carrier and as a diluent in ELMs for drugs recovery.

Exploring Drug Factors and Recovery among Drug Addicts

Exploring Drug Factors and Recovery among Drug Addicts

Lymphatic network drainage resolves cerebral edema and facilitates recovery from experimental cerebral malaria

While brain swelling, associated with fluid accumulation, is a known feature of pediatric cerebral malaria (CM), how fluid and macromolecules are drained from the brain during recovery from CM is unknown. Using the experimental CM (ECM) model, we show that fluid accumulation in the brain during CM is driven by vasogenic edema and not by perivascular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) influx. We identify that fluid and molecules are removed from the brain extremely quickly in mice with ECM to the deep cervical lymph nodes (dcLNs), predominantly through basal routes and across the cribriform plate and the nasal lymphatics. In agreement, we demonstrate that ligation of the afferent lymphatic vessels draining to the dcLNs significantly impairs fluid drainage from the brain and lowers anti-malarial drug recovery from the ECM syndrome. Collectively, our results provide insight into the pathways that coordinate recovery from CM.

Navigating drug use, cessation, and recovery: a retrospective case notes review among sexual minority men at a community-based service in Singapore.

In Singapore, where drug use is a highly stigmatized and criminalized issue, there is limited understanding of the challenges faced by individuals, particularly sexual minority men, in their journey towards recovery from substance dependence or addiction. This qualitative study aimed to investigate the driving forces behind drug use, the factors contributing to drug cessation, and the elements influencing the recovery process. Data were extracted from clinical records provided by The Greenhouse Community Services Limited between January 2020 to May 2022. These records encompassed information from four distinct forms: the intake assessment, progress notes, case closing summary, and the care plan review. Thematic analysis was employed to identify and categorize recurring themes within the data. Data from beneficiaries (n = 125) were analyzed and yielded a series of themes related to facilitators of drug use, motivations to cease drug use, and managing one's ongoing recovery. Within the facilitators of drug use, two sub-themes were identified: (a) addressing trauma and triggers and (b) managing emotions. Additionally, managing one's recovery was marked by four significant sub-themes: (a) uncovering personal identities, (b) losing motivation and drive, (c) overcoming obstacles, and (d) preparing for aftercare. The study contributes valuable insights into the dynamics of ongoing recovery management, offering potential avenues for interventions that could enhance support for individuals in their journey to overcome substance dependence. Enhancing psychoeducation and fostering peer support have the potential to facilitate the recovery process. Clearly, a holistic approach is needed to address these complex issues that cuts across our societies.

Synthesis of a Multi-Template Molecular Imprinted Bulk Polymer for the Adsorption of Non-Steroidal Inflammatory and Antiretroviral Drugs

In this paper, we report the synthesis of a multi-template molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) to target and extract naproxen, ibuprofen, diclofenac, emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil, and efavirenz from wastewater bodies. A bulk polymerization procedure was used to synthesize the MIP and non-imprinted polymer (NIP). The specific recognition sites for each target were obtained through the removal of the imprinted targeted compounds. The interaction of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) compounds with the MIP was studied under various conditions such as pH, mass, concentration, and time factors. The results demonstrated the optimum conditions were 55 mg of MIP, pH 7.0, a concentration of 5 mg L−1, and a contact time of 10 min. For every compound studied, the extraction efficiencies for ARVs and NSAIDs in aqueous solutions was &gt;96%. The adsorption capacity for the MIP was &gt;0.91 mg·g−1. Adsorption obeys a second-order rate, and the Freundlich model explains the adsorption isotherm data. This study demonstrated that the synthesized multi-template MIP has huge potential to be employed for the removal of ARVs and NSAIDs from the environment as well as in drug purification or recovery processes.

The Power, Capacity, and Resiliency of Women in Substance Use Disorder Recovery to Overcome Multiple and Complex Housing Transitions

Gendered understandings of housing transitions amongst women and especially amongst those in substance use disorder recovery are under-researched. To address this gap, this study explores the multifaceted challenges and pathways to housing stability amongst women in substance use disorder recovery in the UK. Through qualitative analysis of life course interviews with 15 women in recovery, it becomes evident that housing insecurity, instability, and frequent transitions are common experiences. The women in the sample faced housing instability, ranging from temporary supported accommodations to homelessness. Notably, escaping negative relationships with male partners emerged as a primary cause of homelessness among these women. What this article highlights, which has not been found elsewhere to date, is that housing transitions are essentially a social process for women in recovery. This study highlights the social dimension of housing transitions. The potency of social capital and social networks in determining housing stability and security amongst women is emphasised as they exchange negative forms of social capital for positive forms of social capital. Recommendations stemming from this study include the need for drug recovery and housing policies to integrate gender-specific strategies to adequately support women in recovery. Further, they need to adopt a broader perspective, emphasizing the importance of fostering positive social connections and networks when considering housing options for individuals in recovery. For women who have spent a long time in supported residential and therapeutic environments, there is a need to develop a scaffolded support system to help women transition to independent living. The utilisation of recovery capital (and CHIME) as frameworks may provide a basis upon which to map out holistic and sustainable pathways to housing stability and security for women in recovery due to their acknowledgement of interconnected and related life domains that produce change and transformation.

The Usage of Tocolytic Drugs in Pregnant Women With the Threat or Preterm Labor in PKU Muhhamadiyah Gamping Hospital Yogyakarta

Partus Prematurus Imminens (PPI) is a threat to pregnancy caused by contractions in the uterus at a gestational age that has not reached 37 weeks, or what is commonly called preterm labour. According to the WHO, there are around 10-11% of preterm births in the world each year, while in Indonesia, the WHO explains that there are around 16% of preterm deliveries, which places Indonesia in fifth place with the largest preterm deliveries in the world. Management and prevention efforts with tocolytic therapy is a therapy used to suppress uterine contractions. This research used analytic descriptive observational with a cross-sectional approach where these observations were made within the past 5 years. The sample in this study was conducted on pregnant women who experienced the threat of preterm labour. This research found that most of the samples recovered as many as 23 (95.8%) people, and the most used drug was Nifedipine, with a recovery status of 12 (50.0%) people, while the rest were Hystolan. However, there was no significant relationship between drug use and recovery in pregnant women with imminent premature labour, as shown by the Fisher Exact Test, p value&gt; 0.05. Tocolytic drugs are effective to be given to pregnant women with Partus Prematurus Imminens (PPI). However, there was no significant relationship between the drug (Nifedipine and Hystolan) and the recovery of pregnant women with imminent preterm labour (PPI) at PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping Hospital, Yogyakarta.