Recoveries Of Amoxicillin Research Articles

Pharmacokinetic study of amoxicillin in Japanese eel Anguilla japonica by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

Amoxicillin (AMX) is widely used for the treatment of gastrointestinal and systemic infections. AMX residues above certain levels may pose a threat to human health. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the pharmacokinetics of AMX in Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. Japanese eels were treated with AMX at concentrations of 40 or 80 mg kg−1 body weight (BW) daily via oral administration. The results revealed that the recoveries of AMX from the muscle, liver, and sera of eels were 84.7–105.1%, 81.8–104.9%, and 88.6–106.3%, respectively. The observed peak retention time was approximately 4.2 min. After administration of 40 mg kg−1 BW per day of AMX, the pharmacokinetic parameters were detected, respectively. The average drug residue concentration in muscles was 180 and 260 ng mL−1 on day 1 and day 2, respectively, and in the liver, it was 70 and 110 ng mL−1 on day 1 and day 2, respectively, after the 40 mg kg−1 BW daily AMX administration. Residue concentrations in the muscle and liver on day 3 after 40 mg kg−1 BW administrations were below the limit of detection (<30 ng mL−1). On the other hand, the average drug residue concentration in muscles was 930 and 1070 ng mL−1 on day 1 and day 3, respectively, and in the liver, it was 35 and 95 ng mL−1 on day 1 and day 3, respectively, after 80 mg kg−1 BW AMX administration. However, the residue concentrations in the muscle and liver on day 5 after 80 mg kg−1 BW administration were below the detection limit (<30 ng mL−1). The pharmacokinetic information derived from Japanese eel can be used to design rational dosing regimens and can also assist the Taiwan government in formulating laws and regulations for AMX residues in Japanese eels. Additionally, this information will provide greater protection to consumers of aquaculture products.

Bioequivalence of Two Formulations of Amoxicillin in Human Healthy Volunteers on (HPLC) Technique

Amoxicillin is commercially available in the form of capsules and tablets containing 250mg or 500mg for oral administration. It is also available in the form of suspension containing "25mg/ml” . Amoxicillin is presently used as the most common antibiotics .Ten healthy Human volunteers were characterized respected to their pharmacokinetic and bioavailability of two formulations of Amoxicillin from two sources of industrial companies after a single dose administration was given orally. A procedure is described for determination the concentration levels of Amoxicillin in human plasma of healthy volunteers using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with reversed-phase isocratic column at low wave length of UV-visible detection "230nm". An efficient drug extraction procedure was used for the separation of Amoxicillin after simple extraction with cold methanol using ODS-C18-DB column. The pharmacokinetic 500mg of Amoxicillin capsule orally administrated treatment through 10 hours has been examined. The Amoxicillin was eluted for "10.0 minutes" at flow Rate "1.5ml/min." and Temperature equal to 298 K .The retention time of Amoxicillin was observed at 7.0 minutes. The mean absolute recovery of Amoxicillin in blood plasma of all healthy volunteers were 94.1% at 1.0ppm, 102% at 5.0ppm, 103% at 10.0ppm 102% at 20ppm, 99.3% at 40ppm and 104% at 50ppm respectively. The assay showed excellent relationships between area under the curve ratios and drug concentration levels (P&gt;0.002) .Oral Amoxicillin administration in ten healthy volunteers gave maximum concentration peak plasma at two hours and decline through ten hours. Treatment with Iraqi formulation Amoxicillin produced higher area under the curve “AUC” and maximum concentration “C (max)” of Amoxicillin than Indian formulation.&#x0D; Key word: Amoxicillin, Bioequivalence, ODS -DB column.

Development of an Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Determination of Amoxicillin in Broth Medium and its Application to anIn VitroPharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Model

A simple, rapid and highly sensitive liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method has been developed and validated for the quantification of amoxicillin in broth-a liquid bacterial culture medium. After appropriate dilution with ultrapure water, broth samples containing amoxicillin and an internal standard (IS) were extracted by acetonitrile and dichloromethane. The extract was injected into the system. The analyte and the IS were separated by a prepacked Atlantis C18 column using acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid as a mobile phase and detected by selected reaction monitoring in electrospray ionization positive ion mode. The calibration curve of amoxicillin was linear over the concentration range of 0.05-20.00 µg/mL. The mean recovery of amoxicillin from broth was 71.7%, and the intra- and interday precision and accuracies of the assay were within 10%. Amoxicillin was stable in broth for 12 h at room temperature (24°C), for 6.5 months at -80°C and for 24 h after preparation in an autosampler at room temperature. It has been successfully applied to an in vitro pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) model in which the broth is used for bacterial growth. The method provides high-throughput biological analysis to facilitate the in vitro PK and PD model of amoxicillin.

Separation of amoxicillin using trioctylmethylammonium chloride via a hollow fiber supported liquid membrane: Modeling and experimental investigation

The separation experiments of amoxicillin via hollow fiber supported liquid membrane (HFSLM) were performed under various operating conditions to find the optimal parameters i.e. pH, feed concentration, carrier concentration, and flow rates of feed and stripping solution. Percentages of extraction and recovery of amoxicillin from the feed phase reached 85.21% and 80.34%, respectively. The aqueous-phase mass transfer coefficient (kf) and organic-phase mass transfer coefficient (km) were reported to be 3.57×10−2 and 0.70×10−2cm/s, respectively. Furthermore, a mathematical model was developed to predict the concentration of amoxicillin at different times. The results showed promising agreement with experimental data.

Determination and depletion of amoxicillin residues in eggs

Eggs were used to study the determination and depletion of amoxicillin (AMO) residues after oral dosing hens (25.0 mg kg–1, 50.0 mg kg–1 body weight), once daily for five days. A reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (RP-HPLC-FLD) method was developed to determine AMO residues in albumen, yolk and whole egg. By using pre-column derivatisation, an improved liquid–liquid extraction procedure was developed for sample preparation. AMO were extracted from eggs with acetonitrile. The extract solution was extracted using saturated methylene chloride. The supernatant was reacted with salicylaldehyde under acidic and heating conditions. Limits of detection (LODs) were 1.2 ng g–1 and limits of quantification (LOQs) were 3.9 ng g–1 for AMO. Recoveries of AMO from samples fortified at levels of 5.0–125.0 ng g–1 ranged from 79.1% to 88.5% in albumen, 78.6–83.6% in yolk and 78.3–85.1% in whole egg, with coefficients of variation of ≤7.3%. The maximum concentrations of AMO in albumen, yolk and whole egg were found to occur at 1.5, 2.5, 1.5 days after withdrawal of medication respectively. AMO was not detectable in albumen at 7.5 days after final administration of AMO, at 10.5–11.5 days in yolk and 10.5 days in whole egg after administration of two oral doses. The method was applied during the residue study of AMO in order to formulate a reasonable withdrawal period to ensure food safety.

Simultaneous Determination of Amoxicillin and Clavulanic Acid in Dog Plasma by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A rapid, sensitive, and specific high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for the simultaneous determination and confirmation of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid in plasma. Plasma sample was subjected to a simple deproteinization with acetonitrile, and then the supernatant was directly diluted by water. Analysis was performed on a Phenomenex Luna C8 reversed-phase column by detection with mass spectrometry in negative ions multiple reaction monitoring mode. A gradient elution program with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile was performed at a flow of 0.25 mL min−1. There is good linearity in the range of 0.5–500 ng mL−1 for both amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. The decision limits of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid were 0.06 ng mL−1 and 0.08 ng mL−1 in plasma, respectively, and the detection capabilities of two analytes were below 0.5 ng mL−1. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve range. The extraction recoveries of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid were between 102% and 115% in plasma at three spiked levels of 0.5, 50, and 500 ng mL−1, with the relative standard deviations less than 15% for each analyte. The developed method was applied to pharmacokinetic studies of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid tablets in healthy beagles.

A sensitive assay of amoxicillin in mouse serum and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid by liquid–liquid extraction and reversed-phase HPLC

A sensitive and simple high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated for the analysis of amoxicillin in mouse serum and broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. One hundred microlitres of sample were needed for the assay. Sample processing was carried out with liquid–liquid extraction. Cefadroxil was used as an internal standard. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a C 18 reversed-phase column with a mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer, 1-octanesulphonic acid sodium salt and acetonitrile. The detection was conducted at 210 nm. The ranges of the standard curves were 0.2–20 and 0.05–5 μg/ml for serum and BAL samples, respectively. The recoveries of amoxicillin from serum and normal saline were 87 and 88%, respectively. The coefficients of variation were 1.78–6.13% for intra-day and 0.82–6.42% for inter-day analyses. The accuracy was within 100 ± 6%. This method was successfully applied to analyze amoxicillin in mouse serum and BAL samples from a pharmacokinetic study.

The potential of monoclonal antibodies against ampicillin for the preparation of a multi-immunoaffinity chromatography for penicillins.

Monoclonal antibodies (Mab) against ampicillin were prepared by immunization of mice with an ampicillin-keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate coupled by a glutaraldehyde method. Sensitivity and specificity of these antibodies were tested in a direct competitive enzyme immunoassay, in which an ampicillin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate prepared by a carbodiimide method served as the labelled antigen. According to their cross-reactivities with the other beta-lactam antibiotics, the Mabs could be divided into two groups, which are represented by the clones designated 1D1 and 3B5. While Mab 3B5 (IgG1) showed no major cross-reactions with the other penicillins frequently used in veterinary medicine except for amoxicillin (108%), Mab 1D1 (IgG2a) had marked cross-reactivities with most of the 17 tested beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin 187%, penicillin G 31%, cloxacillin 30%, dicloxacillin 44%, and oxacillin 14%). The detection limits for ampicillin, calculated from the antibiotic concentration giving 30% binding inhibition, were 11.7 (Mab 3B5) and 16.6 ng ml-1 (Mab 1D1). To prepare multi-immunoaffinity chromatography columns, Mab 1D1 and a previously described antibody against cloxacillin (Mab 1F7) were each coupled to CNBr activated sepharose. The capacity of the resulting immunosorbents was approximately 6.6 and 5.4 micrograms ml-1 gel for ampicillin and cloxacillin, respectively. Recoveries of amoxicillin, ampicillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, penicillin G and oxacillin (in buffer solutions) from the produced immunoaffinity columns were in the range from 67 to 100%.