Multiband Reconfigurable Antenna Research Articles

Low-Loss Paper-Substrate Triple-Band-Frequency Reconfigurable Microstrip Antenna for Sub-7 GHz Applications.

In this paper, a low-cost resin-coated commercial-photo-paper substrate is used to design a printed reconfigurable multiband antenna. The two PIN diodes are used mainly to redistribute the surface current that provides reconfigurable properties to the proposed antenna. The antenna size of 40 mm × 40 mm × 0.44 mm with a partial ground, covers wireless and mobile bands ranging from 1.91 GHz to 6.75 GHz. The parametric analysis is performed to achieve optimized design parameters of the antenna. The U-shaped and C-shaped emitters are meant to function at 2.4 GHz and 5.9 GHz, respectively, while the primary emitter is designed to operate at 3.5 GHz. The proposed antenna achieved peak gain and radiation efficiency of 3.4 dBi and 90%, respectively. Simulated and measured results of the reflection coefficient, radiation pattern, gain, and efficiency show that the antenna design is in favorable agreement. Since the proposed antenna achieved wideband (1.91-6.75 GHz) using PIN diode configuration, using this technique the need for numerous electronic components to provide multiband frequency is avoided.

Design and Analysis of Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna Loaded Complimentary Split Ring Resonator for Wireless Applications

This paper presents a multi-band reconfigurable antenna, circular patch antenna loaded with combination of rectangular and infinity shape complementary split ring resonator (CSRR). Four slots used for connecting the rectangular with infinity CSRR, where the four PIN diodes loaded in order to achieve reconfigurability. The circular patch has printed in Roger RT/5880 substrate having a dielectric constant of 2.2 within a size 37.35x34.35x1.57. Extraction of permittivity negative of the CSRR is discussed in detail. The proposed antenna can be used in modern and mobile communication devices.

Integrating RF MEMS Switch on Array Antenna to Achieve Reconfigurability in Wideband Application

Reconfigurable multi-band antennas are highly used for commercial as well as military purposes as a single antenna could be reconfigured dynamically to send and the receive multiple signals of different frequency simultaneously. In this work an antenna array is designed and integrated with RF MEMS shunt capacitive switch over it, for the applications of S,C,X-band in the frequency range of 2-12GHz. A membrane that can move freely over a coplanar waveguide serves as the MEMS switch. Here, a double meander tuned dual beam arrangement is used to increase switch isolation. Electrostatic mechanisms are used for actuators due to their low power requirements, compact design, and quick switching. By the simulation result, The beam starts to bend from 0.60793mm to 0.4116mm at the voltage 1.78492mV to 57.7382mV and it provides capacitance at 1.435pF to 1.597nF. It was noticed that the insertion loss (S21) and the return loss (S11) of a MEMS switch are around -0.079 dB and 20.618 dB correspondingly, in order to have a good switching characteristic in the up state. The switch has an insertion loss (S21) of -31.307 dB and return loss (S11) of about -0.256 dB in the up state thus exhibiting good switch characteristics. The RF MEMS shunt capacitive switch is integrated on the predesigned antenna array the dynamically shifting of the switch from on state to off state helps achieving the reconfigurability in the antenna array. Such antennas are applicable in spaceborne radar, communication satellites, unmanned aerial vehicles, unmanned aircraft system and various other communication as well as sensing applications.

Design and validation of frequency reconfigurable multiband antenna using varied current distribution method

Modern communication technologies require systems that can function at a wide range of frequencies, with diversity of radiation patterns, and with different types of polarization. In communication systems, the antenna serves as a filter; hence the ability to reconfigure the antenna is essential. The performance and design of a frequency band reconfigurable antenna are discussed in the paper, along with a comparison of the outputs of simulated and the fabricated design. Three PIN diodes are utilized to switch between various frequency bands. To increase selectivity, two ring resonators were added to the antenna's ground structure. As the current distribution changes in various switching instances, it is seen that the antenna operates at various resonant frequency bands. Connecting the diodes would change the current and field distribution in the chip design and thus change the resonant frequency. The antenna structure was designed and obtained results using High Frequency Simulation Structure (HFSS) software. The simulated and fabricated antenna is found to be operating in S band (2–4 GHz) and C (4–8 GHz) band of IEEE frequency bands with a gain in the range of 2.59 dB–9.54 dB. Typically the antenna resonates at various frequencies specifically, 2.38 GHz, 2.48 GHz, 3.98 GHz, 4 GHz, 4.45 GHz, 6.99 GHz, 7.2 GHz, 8.25 GHz. Under different switching cases of the diodes, the antenna is found to be radiating in different frequency ranges. By switching the PIN diodes under different cases, the current distribution path can be altered and as result of it, the antenna operates at variable frequencies.

A reconfigurable graphene patch antenna inverse design at terahertz frequencies

This article investigates the inverse design of a reconfigurable multi-band patch antenna based on graphene for terahertz applications to operate frequency range (2–5THz). In the first step, this article evaluates the dependence of the antenna radiation characteristics on its geometric parameters and the graphene properties. The simulation results show that it is possible to achieve up to 8.8 dB gain, 13 frequency bands, and 360^circ beam steering. Then and due to the complexity of the design of graphene antenna, a deep neural network (DNN) is used to predict the antenna parameters by given inputs like desired realized gain, main lobe direction, half power beam width, and return loss in each resonance frequency. The trained DNN model predicts almost with 93% accuracy and 3% mean square error in the shortest time. Then, this network was used to design five-band and three-band antennas, and it has been shown that the desired antenna parameters are achieved with negligible errors. Therefore, the proposed antenna finds many potential applications in the THz frequency band.

A new design of a printed reconfigurable coplanar multiband antenna

The demand for multi-functional components has increased enormously in recent years. Advances in integrated technology have enabled researchers to adapt diverse applications operating at different frequencies in a single wireless device. A compact broadband coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed square aperture monopole antenna with inverted-L grounded strips is first described. The proposed antenna has a small size of 60×60×0.74 mm3 and has excellent performances which include a good input impedance matching with a much wider operating bandwidth, an excitation of the circular polarization at 2.45 GHz, and a stable omnidirectional radiation pattern. Then, a multiband reconfigurable antenna design is developed from this structure. The frequency reconfigurable approach is obtained using a varactor diode. In this work, it is observed that frequency diversity can be obtained by varying the value of the capacity by leaving the dimensions antenna unchanged. The results are given using CST microwave studio and show good performances in terms of return loss, bandwidth, gain and radiation pattern and demonstrate that the proposed antenna offers a reconfigurable solution for multi-standard wireless communication applications.

Frequency Reconfigurable Multiband MIMO Antenna Base on Gradient Arcs for IoT Devices

A frequency reconfigurable multi-band MIMO antenna is presented in this study. The single antenna consists of only one PIN diode that can change antenna operating frequencies from different quad-band to another one. Their bands not only cover the popular NB-IoT bands such as 900MHz, 1.8GHz, 2.4GHz for Z-Wave, ZigBee, RFID, GSM communication but also contain 5G IoT bands which are 2.4GHz, 2.6 GHz and 5GHz for LTE-A, 802.11n, ac, and 5G below 10GHz. Basing on the complex structure of ring and new moon shape, the single antenna achieves a compact size of 30 mm x 30 mm x 1.6 mm which is about 76% reduction compared to a conventional ring antenna at 900MHz. Besides, a structure of gradient arcs is proposed to decrease mutual coupling among closed-spaced elements of MIMO antenna for the distance of 0.033l at the lower band from edge to edge. The proposed antennas are analyzed by CST software, VNA measurement, and IEEE 802.11 USB Adapter that the simulated, measured as well as experimental results are agreed well.

Optically Controlled Superwideband to Multiband Reconfigurable Antenna for Wireless Applications

Aim: Design of a reconfigurable microstrip planar antenna for wireless applications. Objective: To design an optically controlled microstrip planar antenna with superwideband (SWB) to multiband reconfigurable characteristics without using any biasing network. Methods: The use of a photoconductive switch made of Cadmium Sulphide (CDS) based semiconductor is conceived to realize the optically controlled reconfigurable antenna. The operating characteristics of the proposed antenna have been changed between SWB to multiband when the CDS coating is illuminated by the light-emitting diode. Results: Under the switch-off condition, SWB of 167% (1.8-20 GHz), fractional bandwidth with higher Bandwidth to Dimension Ratio (BDR) and a bandwidth ratio of 11.11:1 are achieved. While for the switch-on condition, triple-band (1.8-3.9 GHz, 4.3-7.3 GHz, and 8.2-15.4 GHz) operation with the resonating frequency of 3.4GHz, and 5.5GHz and, 12GHz covering the useful WiMAX, and WLAN wireless bands have been achieved with the realized peak gain of 2.34dBi, 4.18dBi, and 3.08dBi, respectively. Conclusion: An optically switchable SWB to triple-band compact planar monopole antenna has been analyzed and presented based on the simulation results. This design is reasonably compact and provides better BDR than the reported antennas of its class. The proposed design is flexible enough to adjust the operating bands by varying the dimensions of the defected ground structure (DGS) and stub. This antenna with switching ability can fulfill the requirement of the antenna society for wireless applications.

An Inset-Feed On-Chip Frequency Reconfigurable Patch Antenna Design with High Tuning Efficiency and Compatible Radome Structure for Broadband Wireless Applications

A novel, dual edge-shaped frequency reconfigurable antenna with a highly compact size is proposed, using microstrip line-based inset-feed mechanism. The presented antenna uses cost-effective ROGER substrate with a thickness of 0.787 mm and has been studied for its gain and radiation pattern in the radome structure presence. The antenna resonates within the range of 3 GHz to 9 GHz approximately, with maximum tuning efficiency of 43 % at 6.5 GHz, covering the major wireless applications of aviation service and wireless local area network (WLAN) in the upper segment of S-band along with worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), long-distance radio telecommunications, and X-band satellite communication. The proposed antenna works resourcefully with a reasonable gain of 2.3 dBi at 5.04 GHz, significant bandwidth of 2800 MHz (maximum at 6.5 GHz), directivity, and reflection coefficient. The proposed multiband reconfigurable antenna along with radome structure using ABS material has been investigated under high-frequency simulation environment of HPEEsof of ADS (by Keysight Technologies) and 3d radiation pattern (far-field gain, directivity and power calculations) have been obtained using momentum and EMDS simulators of ADS. The final implementation size (without radome structure) for the patch design comes out to be 23 mm X 26 mm large.

A Comprehensive Review on Multiband Reconfigurable Antenna

The advancement of wireless communication is markedly accountable from the past two decades. A variety of designs and techniques have been established in the domain of reconfigurable multiband antennas for different wireless services. Now a days, a high quality of communication with reduced size is required for new generation wireless system. A multiband reconfigurable functionality offers a flexible and high-performance design by single antenna only. A brief review on multiband antenna with different reconfigurable techniques is presented in this paper. Moreover, the new possibilities for future wireless communication system have been demonstrated. A reconfigurable system along with minimal interference level over the fixed or non-reconfigurable transceivers has been discussed in detail.

Design of Frequency Reconfigurable Multiband Compact Antenna

This paper describes about the designing of a reconfigurable antenna which operates at different frequencies fulfilling the requirement of 1 to 10 GHz WLAN and 3.5 GHz WIMAX antenna applications. The main objective of this research is to minimize the usage of Antennas used in mobile phones for various applications covering 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. This reconfigurable multiband antenna is used for applications such as WiMAX/WLAN and it has 2 PIN diode switches. The proposed antenna has been analyzed using ADS (Agilent advanced design system) software and fabricated on an FR-4 substrate. The proposed model has a compact structure with an area of about 50 x 45 mm2, and has a slotted ground substrate.

Social Spider Optimized Design Configuration of Multiband Reconfigurable Antenna for 5G Applications

Reconfigurable antennas receive more attention for many application due to their special characteristics like polarization diversity, multi band function and steerable diversity. However, reconfigurable antennas are capable of providing single and multiple reconfigurability. Nowadays, there is an increasing demand for multi-service radios for various spectrum standards. Many exiting works have been discussed about the enhancement of multi-band operation in reconfigurable antenna design. Most of them exhibit huge design complexity with high-cost consumption during the design optimization process. Thus, the proposed work uses Social Spider Algorithm for optimizing the design configuration of the reconfigurable antenna. Similarly, the band pass filter used at the feed line of the proposed antenna structure to easily achieve multi-band operation. The proposed design developed in ANSYS HFSS implementation platform and result analysis is performed in terms of bandwidth, VSWR, return loss, radiation pattern, gain, and directivity. The proposed reconfigurable antenna structure achieves 26.75 GHz bandwidth with 9.9 dB total gain and 8.8 dB directivity when comparing with existing works. Thus, the proposed antenna design suitable for 5G application applications by providing multi-band operation like WLAN, UWB, and Wi-Fi.

Implementation of hybrid fractal metamaterial inspired frequency band reconfigurable multiband antenna for wireless applications

In the present paper authors propose the design and analysis of a hepta band metamaterial inspired octagonal shape antenna using hybrid fractals for wireless applications. Multiband characteristics in the designed antenna is accomplished by introducing of slotted octagonal shape radiating part with hybrid fractal form of Moore curve and Koch curve and two SRR cells. The frequency band reconfigurability is obtained with aid of PIN diodes placed inside the strips connected between Moore curve (fused with centered Koch curve) and feedline. During ON mode of PIN diode antenna operates at seven microwave frequency S-band WiMAX (3.4~3.69 GHz—IEEE 802.16e)/Lower C-band terrestrial fixed and mobile broadband application (4.25~4.76 GHz)/C-band WLAN (5.15~5.35/5.75~5.825 GHz—IEEE 802.11a] (5.4~5.9 GHz)/Lower X-band Earth exploration-satellite service ITU region 2 (7.9~8.4 GHz)/Upper X-band Amateur satellite operating band (10.45~10.50 GHz)/Lower Ku-band Radar communication application (13.25~13.75 GHz)/Middle Ku-band Geostationary satellite service (14.2~14.5 GHz) covering various wireless applications. Proposed design exhibit hexa/hepta band features during OFF/ON mode of PIN diode. An acceptable gain, stable radiation characteristics, and good impedance matching are observed at all the resonant frequencies of the proposed structure.

Multiband Reconfigurable Antenna for Military Applications

Multiband Reconfigurable Antenna for Military Applications - written by Anil Kumar Patnaik , K Abhi Sarika , M Sairam Patrudu published on 2020/05/28 download full article with reference data and citations

Reconfigurable MIMO Antenna for 5G Communication Applications

The current article presents the design of reconfigurable multiband antenna fed by coplanar waveguide feeding using commercially available pin diodes. Multiple input multiple output structure is proposed to reduce the polarization diversity related issues. The designed antenna operating in the wideband with coverage in 5G band. The proposed model is showing huge bandwidth of almost 10 GHz with peak realized gain of 6.8 dB. Good impedance characteristics in the operating band with Omni directional radiation makes this model suitable for future communication applications.

Metamaterials Reconfigurable Multiband Antenna

In this paper a Metamaterials Reconfigurable Multiband Antenna is designed. The design consists of a rectangular patch antenna surrounded by an arrangement of cross shaped metamaterials cells that have two different behaviours and can be controlled electronically in order to switch between the two different behaviours; therefore, the antenna will have a controllable size according to the surrounding area behaviour. The obtained results show that the antenna operates at different frequencies. We demonstrate the possibility to design a metamaterials based frequency agile antenna.

Design and Analysis of Frequency Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch antenna for Multi Band Operations using PIN Diodes

Multiband reconfigurable patch antenna plays a vital role in wireless communication applications. By changing the current path on the patch a multiband reconfigurable antenna can be achieved. A simple multiband frequency reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna structure is simulated in CST microwave studio. This antenna operates between 1.3 to 5.6 GHz with more than fifteen different frequencies. The antenna is analyzed for four different configurations. The designed antenna is resonating at five different frequencies (1.45 GHz, 2.36 GHz, 3.09 GHz, 3.6 GHz and 5.45 GHz) when both PIN diodes are ON. When PIN diode D1 is ON and D2 is OFF the antenna is resonating at 1.4 GHz, 2.22 GHz, 2.5 GHz, 3.08 GHz and 3.59 GHz. When D1 is OFF and D2 is ON the antenna is resonating at 2.34 GHz, 3.2 GHz, 3.62 GHz and 5.38 GHz frequencies. The slotted antenna or when both PIN diodes are in OFF condition antenna is resonating at 2.22 GHz, 2.49 GHz, 3.21 GHz, 3.6 GHz and 5.42 GHz. For each configuration the antenna parameters like gain, VSWR, directivity and radiation patterns are analyzed.

An IoT Controlled Octahedron Frequency Reconfigurable Multiband Antenna for Microwave Sensing Applications

A novel octahedron frequency reconfigurable multiband antenna for microwave sensing-based Internet of things (IoT) applications is proposed in this work. This reconfigurable antenna operates over the bands 1.57–2.15 GHz, 2.13–3.0 GHz, 3.17–3.43 GHz, 5.2–5.8 GHz, 6.3–6.78 GHz, 8.31–8.90 GHz, 9.04–9.58 GHz, and 12.03–13.14 GHz, which can be used for wireless sensing, space, and IoT applications. By using omega shape slot in the radiating structure and with PIN diodes switching to change the current direction, the desired resonant frequencies are achieved. The PIN diodes are controlled by using an IoT device NodeMcu. As per the software programmed, the NodeMcu switches the PIN diodes into on and off conditions. We can change the program and monitor through the World Wide Web. The S -parameter characteristics and the radiation patterns have been measured, and good compatibility between simulated and measured results has been identified. The designed model is tested with center for development of advanced computing (CDAC) Cmote device and controlled through IoT for data transmission and reception at desired operating bands.

A Low-Cost CPW-Fed Multiband Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna for Wireless Applications

A novel, cedar-shaped, coplanar waveguide-fed frequency reconfigurable antenna is proposed. The presented antenna uses low-cost FR4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm. Four PIN diodes are inserted on the antenna surface to variate the current distribution and alter the resonant frequencies with different combinations of switches. The proposed antenna is fabricated and measured for all states, and a good agreement is seen between measured and simulated results. This antenna resonates within the range of 2 GHz to 10 GHz, covering the major wireless applications of aviation service, wireless local area network (WLAN), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), long distance radio telecommunications, and X-band satellite communication. The proposed antenna works resourcefully with reasonable gain, significant bandwidth, directivity, and reflection coefficient. The proposed multiband reconfigurable antenna will pave the way for future wireless communications including WLAN, WiMAX, and possibly fifth-generation (5G) communication.

Simple Reconfigurable Circularly Polarized Antenna at Three Bands.

In this paper, a simple design for a triple-band circularly polarized (CP) antenna with the capability of switching its polarization between dual-sense CPs is presented. The proposed antenna is comprised of a monopole loop antenna as a primary radiator. By placing a parasitic loop around the primary radiator, an additional CP band is achieved. Reconfigurability of the polarization between right-hand CP (RHCP) and left-hand CP (LHCP) at three different frequencies of 2.5, 3.3, and 3.8 GHz was realized by controlling the ON/OFF states of two PIN diodes. For validation, the fabricated antenna yielded an impedance bandwidth of 52.6% (2.34–4.01 GHz), while the axial ratio bandwidths for both the RHCP and LHCP states were 3.5% (2.47–2.56 GHz), 6.6% (3.20–3.42 GHz), and 2.4% (3.74–3.83 GHz). The measured broadside gains within the axial ratio bandwidth were 1.2, 2.7, and 1.4 dBi, respectively. Compared to other reconfigurable multi-band CP antennas, the proposed design is the first work to achieve a reconfigurable polarization at three distinct bands at a low fabrication cost by using only two diodes. The proposed antenna is suitable for WLAN and WiMAX applications.