Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch Antenna Research Articles

Frequency reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna for multiband applications

Wireless communication technology is well-established, and several antennas have been developed and produced specifically for this purpose. However, antenna performance and communication system development need to be enhanced in order to adapt to the present era. The performance of the antenna is significantly influenced by its design. Thus, this work produced a novel wideband antenna design via the use of a frequency reconfigurable approach. In the recommended study, microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) were used in wideband applications to switch frequencies using shunt-series microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). The suggested antenna, which has two switches built into it, is tested in ON-ON, OFF-ON, and OFF-OFF switching scenarios. Radiation pattern, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), gain, bandwidth, and return loss are among the antenna performance metrics used to assess the suggested antenna's performance in each switching situation. The simulation findings suggest that the optimal antenna design for usage in wireless communication systems is one that works well with a shunt-series MEMS switch.

Switchable circular polarization in flower-shaped reconfigurable graphene-based THz microstrip patch antenna

Switchable circular polarization in flower-shaped reconfigurable graphene-based THz microstrip patch antenna

A new frequency reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna based on implanting tuning capacitors

A new frequency reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna based on implanting tuning capacitors

Inverted U-shaped Frequency Reconfigurable Microstrip patch antenna for 5G communication systems

Inverted U-shaped Frequency Reconfigurable Microstrip patch antenna for 5G communication systems

A Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch Antenna With Switchable Liquid-Metal Ground Plane

This paper presentsa novel reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna that is reconfigured using liquid metal. The proposed antenna employs two approaches in unison to switch the direction of the main beam. Specifically, the antenna uses the parasitic steering approach together with a novel switchable ground plane. The antenna operates at 5.9 GHz. It consists of a driven patch surrounded by four parasitics. All five elements are circular disk resonators. Each of the parasitic resonators incorporate a drill hole. The drill holes can be filled or emptied of liquid metal to control the behavior of the parasitics. The ground plane incorporates two reconfigurable segments. The switchable ground plane can be reshaped by adding or removing the additional segments of ground plane which are formed from liquid metal. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first antenna that is capable of reconfiguring its radiation pattern by reshaping the ground plane using liquid metal. A hardware prototype of the antenna was fabricated and measured. The measurement results show that the antenna can switch between five different beam directions, namely: 0°, ±20°, and ±40°. The design has only 0.5 dB of scan loss across the beam switching range.

A Polarization and Frequency Reconfigurable Microstrip Antenna for Vehicular Communication System Application

To face a complex wireless communication scenario, a flexible and tunable multi-functional antenna system should be employed to guarantee system quality. This paper presents a polarization and frequency reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna with a wide 3-dB axial ratio beam-width for vehicle communication systems. By controlling the p-i-n diodes, the proposed design can achieve four operating states: linear polarization (LP) in lower frequency bands between 1.45 and 1.47 GHz, and LP, left-hand circular polarization (LHCP), and right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) in higher frequency bands between 1.50 and 1.53 GHz. The proposed antenna has an exceptionally low profile (0.02 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda _{0}$</tex-math></inline-formula> at 1.5 GHz) and a simple structure, consisting of a single-layer square patch with two annular ring slots and four switches placed at appropriate locations in the slots. P-i-n diodes, as the switchs, change the current distribution on the radiating patch to achieve the antenna's polarization and frequency reconfigurability. The proposed antenna was fabricated and tested, and the observed results are identical to those predicted by the simulation. The antenna has outstanding reconfigurable capabilities independent of frequency or polarization in the operational frequency range. Therefore, it can be well used for vehicular communication systems because of its multi-reconfigurability and stable mechanical property.

Frequency Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch Antenna for Multiband Applications with Shunt-Series MEMS Switch

The wireless communication system is well developed and lots of antennas are designed and fabricated for this application. Still, the evolution of the communication system, the performance of the antenna is required to enhance to adopt the present era. The design of the antenna is most important for the performance of the antenna. Therefore, this work is designed and developed a novel antenna design for wideband application by utilizing frequency reconfigurable technique. The proposed work utilized microstrip patch antenna for the application of wideband and the Shun-series MEMS switch is applied for switching the frequency. The proposed antenna is designed with two switches and investigated with the switching conditions like ON-ON, OFF-ON, and OFF-OFF. The performance of the proposed antenna is validated by utilizing the antenna performance metrices such as Return loss, bandwidth, gain, VSWR, and radiation pattern for each switching condition. The simulation results are shows that the proposed antenna design with shunt-series MEMS switch is effectively performed and it is most suitable for the application of wireless communication system..

Frequency reconfigurable circular microstrip patch antenna with slots for cognitive radio

In this paper, a novel multi-frequency microstrip antenna with complementary ring slot resonator (CRSR) structure that satisfies Bluetooth, worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), and wireless local area network (WLAN) applications is proposed. The conventional antenna consists of a circular microstrip patch at a resonance frequency band of 2.5 GHz. By loading two CRSR at the radiating element, three operating frequency bands 2.5 GHz, 3.6 GHz, and 5.2 GHz are achieved. The operational bands covered by the antenna are Bluetooth 2.5 GHz, WiMAX 3.6 GHz, and WLAN 5.2 GHz. The insertion of CRSR to patch antenna has made it possible to compact and simple design, and miniaturized antenna for cognitive radio. Moreover, the directivity of the proposed antenna is adequate with acceptable radiation properties and perfectly matches with the simulated and measured results.

Design and Simulation of a Compact Metal-Graphene Frequency Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch Antenna with FSS Superstrate for 5G Applications

Microstrip patch antennas are a very popular type of antenna due to their light weight, small size, and low manufacturing cost. However, they suffer from many disadvantages, such as poor gain and tuning difficulties, due to their narrow bandwidth. Graphene is a material that comprises a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb structure. One of the most useful features of graphene is its variable surface electrical conductivity, which can be altered by varying the DC voltage applied to the material. This method can be employed as a substitutional technique to construct tunable antennas. In this work, a compact tunable Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna (RMPA) is designed and modeled using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio (MWS). The RMPA is optimized to work within two operating frequency bands of the fifth-generation communication system. The proposed antenna includes a copper radiating patch with two graphene layers inserted inside it, which are used for tuning. In order to enhance the parameters of the proposed antenna, such as gain and return loss, a frequency selective surface is utilized as a superstrate for 28 GHz band applications.

A compact frequency reconfigurable patch antenna with asymmetric armed U and reversed L slots for handheld wireless devices

Abstract A frequency reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna with a combination of an asymmetric armed U-slot and a reversed L-slot etched on a rectangular base patch of 6 GHz resonant frequency designed on an FR4 substrate (ɛr = 4.4) is presented in this paper. Three RF PIN diodes are positioned at inimitable sites of these slots to achieve frequency reconfiguration. A DC bias circuitry, which includes DC blocking capacitors and RF blocking inductors, is integrated with the antenna structure for switching (ON/OFF) the PIN diodes. Six reconfigurable modes with resonant frequencies at 4.33, 4.63, 5.24, 5.87, 5.96, and 6.29 GHz is obtained with different ON-OFF combinations of these PIN diodes. These reconfigurable resonant frequencies cover two continuous bands from 4.21 to 5.43 GHz and 5.69 to 6.6 GHz and is considered to be useful for the applications like aeronautical radio navigation (4.3 GHz), sub-6-GHz 5G (4.4–5 GHz), WLAN (5.2 and 5.8 GHz) and Wi-Fi 6E (5.925–6.425 GHz). Measured gain of the antenna for all the modes varies between 5.86 dBi and 8.72 dBi.

A unique frequency reconfigurable monopole antenna for TV white space applications

Abstract TV White space has the potential to extend internet connection to remote areas worldwide. In this paper, a dual-band frequency reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna has been designed for TV white space applications. Switching between the frequencies (reconfiguration) has been achieved by introducing a switch between two radiating strips on the top surface of the substrate. The prototype has been designed and fabricated on a cost-effective FR-4 substrate (εr = 4.4, tanδ = 0.02) with an overall dimension of 30 × 261 × 0.8 mm3. ON and OFF condition of the switch provides two operating frequency bands namely 626.7–778.11 MHz and 461.5–549.7 MHz The proposed monopole TV white space antenna operates with a peak gain of 2 dB with an efficiency greater than 85% in both the bands. The simulated and measured parameters are well-matched in both the operating bands along with desired radiation patterns suitable for TV white space applications.

Design and fabrication of multiband reconfigurable copper and liquid multiple complementary split-ring resonator based patch antenna

The paper presents a multiband frequency reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna structure loaded by copper-based and water liquid-based superstrate resonators. The frequency tunability is achieved by three PIN diodes with the highest tunability of 320 MHz. The enhancement of gain is attained by the concept of superstrates in which the periodic structure implemented by copper-based and liquid-based split-ring resonators is considered for performance analysis. By loading the patch with the three copper-based and liquid-based split-ring resonators (SRR), the presented design achieves the maximum broadside directivities of 7.70 dB and 5.31 dB, and provides the maximum tunable frequency bandwidths of 250 MHz and 140 MHz, respectively. Out of all the configurations the copper-loaded three SRRs provide the peak gain of 9.11 dB. Comparison between simulated (by HFSS tool) and fabricated structures (using low profile material FR-4) is carried out in the frequency range from 6 MHz to 14 GHz for verification. The presented design opens a new way for achieving the different wireless communication applications such as satellite, aeronautical radio navigation, X-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR), etc.

A novel single-feed hybrid reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna for 5G mobile communication and radio frequency energy harvesting applications at 28/38GHz.

Reconfigurable antennas have received much attention in RF energy harvesting models owing to their selectivity for operating frequency and polarization. The characteristic of having frequency selectivity and polarization selectivity can be termed as frequency diversity and polarization diversity, respectively. This paper investigates a rectenna device with a new proposed topology in order to eliminate coupling between input and output lines and increase the rectification efficiency with the use of single feed hybrid reconfigurable antenna, switch between 28GHz and 38GHz frequency. Moreover, it is designed to charge a rechargeable battery of 1watt(W). The Reconfiguration mechanism is realized by electronically controlling different states of Switches. PIN Diode (as RLC Equivalent circuit) is used as a switch for ON/OFF states. This antenna mainly comprises rectangular shaped patches (28GHz and 38GHz) with Triango-Truncated edge at the corners. Eighteen PIN Diodes are placed symmetrically throughout the antenna presenting as, S1 & S2 for frequency reconfiguration, S3 to S6 & S7 to S10 connects Triango Truncated edge at the corners for polarization reconfiguration, and for radiation pattern reconfiguration at S11 to S14 & S15 to S18 has been used. The proposed antenna model is capable of simultaneously changing, the radiation patterns as clock and anti-clockwise directions at ±90-degree shift in E and H planes, circularly polarized (CP) states among, Linear Polarization (LP), Right Hand Circularly Polarization (RHCP), and Left Hand Circularly Polarization (LHCP). The current design describes using single antenna for energy harvesting and 5G mobile communication application. This would lead to higher output currents, leading to the ability to efficiently charge a wide variety of batteries. A fully functional prototype has been designed, fabricated and its compound reconfiguration characteristics have been validated for simulated and measured results. For validation of results, the experimental results and the simulation results from the proposed mathematical model were made into comparison, and excellent correlation between the measured and simulated results was obtained.

Comprehensive Analysis and Design of Capacitive RF MEMS Switches for Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch Antenna

Comprehensive Analysis and Design of Capacitive RF MEMS Switches for Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch Antenna

Concentric circular compound reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna for wireless applications

The article presents a concentric circle compound reconfigurable (frequency, polarization, and pattern) microstrip antenna for lower-S band (2.0 GHz-3.0 GHz) applications. Varying the capacitance of four varactor diodes from 4.15pF (0 V) to 0.94pF (6 V), the resonant frequency of the antenna can be tuned from 2.10 GHz to 2.90 GHz (34.52% tunable bandwidth). These diodes are incorporated to bridge the gap between the circle and ring of concentric geometry. The arc slots and C-shape wings are used for polarization and pattern reconfiguration, respectively. The arc slots are etched from the edge of circle geometry and loaded with RF PIN diodes to provide the different polarization states: linear polarization, left-hand circular polarization (LHCP), and right-hand circular polarization (RHCP). Simultaneously, the pattern reconfigurability can be attained with C-shape wings, placed around the concentric circle geometry; hence, patterns are tilt at 0° and ± 50°. The pattern reconfigurability also controlled through the RF PIN diodes. The designed antenna is experimentally verified and shows the maximum gain of 4.31 dBic and 4.04 dBi in polarization and pattern reconfigurable mode, respectively. Besides, it provides an excellent axial ratio (<3 dB) and stable radiation patterns. Therefore, the proposed compound reconfigurable antenna can be served for a future communication system and improves the signal quality without any destruction.

Analysis of frequency reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna with unidirectional radiation pattern for IRNSS band

This paper presents the numerical approach for dual-band frequency reconfigurable microstrip antenna. The proposed antenna is the combination of rectangular patch and slot, which is separated by a narrow gap. Three RF PIN diodes are brought together to fill the gap and achieve dual-band frequency reconfigurability. It resonates at 1.1753 GHz (1.16 GHz—1.19 GHz) and 2.4895 GHz (2.47 GHz—2.51 GHz) with maximum gain of 1.20 dBi and 8.515 dBi, respectively. The antenna provides stable unidirectional radiation patterns at both the resonant frequencies during frequency reconfiguration operation. The proposed analytical model offers physical insight into the working of this antenna and can also be used to predict frequency switching before full-wave analysis is performed. The prototype is fabricated and compared with simulated results and is suitable for wireless communication systems especially for Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) receiver.

Polarization controlling plan in graphene-based reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna

In the suggested article, the capability of graphene material in the design of square patch antennas with the purpose of control and regulate the polarization of the antenna has been studied. The idea of designing the proposed antenna is such that only by controlling the energy level of Fermi graphene, a variety of right hand circular polarization, left hand circular polarization and linear polarization can be displayed in the far-field radiation patterns. Variations in graphene chemical potential arise directly from changes in its Fermi energy. It can be arranged as an exterior electric field supplied by usage DC bias. Main thinking and idea of this research are to introduce graphene material as an effective solution in designing microstrip patch antennas for adjusting and organizing their polarizations. However, the final optimization of the antenna in each of its modes is not discussed in this work. In conclusion, the report of antenna matching, H-field distribution of antenna, axial ratio, E-field distribution of antenna, antenna radiation pattern, and antenna efficiency in the designed structure operating range is reviewed and presented. In the frequency range of 0.65 through 0.7 THz, the designed antenna has ideal conditions from the point of view of matching as well as the polarization state.

High gain and frequency reconfigurable copper and liquid metamaterial tooth based microstrip patch antenna

The manuscript represents an innovative frequency reconfigurable metamaterial-based microstrip patch antenna. The proposed structure provides frequency tunability for multiple bands by using a PIN diode as a switch. The performance of the proposed antenna structure is simulated, fabricate, and compared for copper and liquid (water-sea) based split-ring resonator (SRR). The tooth is added to the outer of the split-ring resonator for gain enhancement and better frequency tunability. Frequency tunability is achieved by connecting the patch antenna with a PIN diode that reduces the size of the antenna. Five switching modes (all switch off, one switch on, two switches on, three switch on and all switch off) of the proposed antenna structure is presented and their reflectance response (s11), the number of bands, bandwidth, directivity, and total gain is compared for copper and liquid (water-sea) structure with and without a tooth. Results of Fabricated structure and simulated also compared. Frequency tunability is observed for a range of 3 GHz to 9 GHz. The proposed antenna is useful for a weather forecast, satellite communication, and raw satellite feed and many more.

A Frequency and Polarization Reconfigurable Dual-Patch Microstrip A Frequency and Polarization Reconfigurable Dual-Patch Microstrip

This paper proposes a reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna design for wireless ISM band applications. The antenna simultaneously uses PIN Diodes to switch between linear and circular polarization at 2.45 GHz and uses Varactor Diode to continuously tune the operating frequency from 1.73 GHz to 2.45 GHz. The antenna performance is characterized as a combination of ON/OFF state of PIN Diode and a bias voltage of Varactor Diode varying from 0.8V to 10V. A good agreement between simulation and measurement is obtained which validates the proposed method. The proposed frequency/polarization reconfigurable antenna is promising for various applications in wireless ISM band such as DCS (1710 – 1880 MHz), PCS (1850 – 1990 MHz), GSM 1800, GSM 1900, UMTS (1920 – 2170 MHz) and WiFi/Bluetooth (2.4 – 2.5 GHz).

High gain multiband and frequency reconfigurable metamaterial superstrate microstrip patch antenna for C/X/Ku-band wireless network applications

We present a metamaterial superstrate based microstrip patch antenna with PIN diode switches applicable for wireless network applications. Metamaterials in the form of square array and circle array are used as superstrate based on microstrip antenna. The superstrate layers are also working as radome and provide strength to the overall structure and improve different antenna parameters like gain and bandwidth. The design results in the form of reflection coefficient (S11), gain, and bandwidth are compared for different metamaterial superstrate. The reconfiguration in frequency is also achieved by adding PIN diode switches in the metamaterial superstrate. The design results show multiband and high gain behavior for metamaterial superstrate designs. We have also analyzed the effect of using liquid metamaterial superstrate on microstrip antenna design. The design results of liquid metamaterial superstrate design are also compared with copper material superstrate design and simple microstrip patch antenna design. The proposed metamaterial superstrate microstrip antenna design with PIN diodes can become a building block for C/X/Ku-band wireless network devices.