Recognizable Units Research Articles

In a Sea of Empires: Networks and Crossings in the Revolutionary Caribbean by Jeppe Mulich

Reviewed by: In a Sea of Empires: Networks and Crossings in the Revolutionary Caribbean by Jeppe Mulich Pernille Røge In a Sea of Empires: Networks and Crossings in the Revolutionary Caribbean. By Jeppe Mulich. Cambridge Oceanic Histories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. 216 pages. Cloth, ebook. In recent years, the dwindling reliance on national and single-imperial frameworks of analysis in favor of an emphasis on connectivity and entanglement has stimulated a surge of fresh transimperial and colonial histories. This shift in focus has been especially pronounced in the study of the early modern Caribbean, where it has also generated an invigorating new trend focusing on broader regional integration. Scholars now regularly embrace multilingual research projects to explore how lived experiences of colonial officials, planters, merchants, and enslaved and free people of color in the Caribbean were shaped by interisland and regional networks as much as by the assertions of sovereignty issued from distant imperial metropoles. By attending to illicit commercial networks, shared responses to natural disasters, and maritime border crossings, historians have produced textured understandings of regional integration and brought into view a Greater Caribbean as a recognizable unit of historical analysis.1 In In a Sea of Empires, Jeppe Mulich both narrows and expands this focus, for though he concentrates specifically on the Leeward Islands in the northeastern corner of the Caribbean, he also makes the case that integration at the microregional level was a critical component of early nineteenth-century globalization. By examining formal and informal relations among the Dutch, French, Spanish, British, Danish, and Swedish colonies from the end of the American Revolution through the abolition of slavery in the British Caribbean, Mulich argues that layered networks forged through cross-imperial practices of contraband trade, slavery, and privateering made the Leeward Islands "a politically polyglot zone of thin sovereignty and local integration" (2). As a result, he suggests, they serve as a historical example of an "inter-imperial microregion" (2), an ideal type that Mulich suggests can be found across the globe but whose role in early globalization remains little explored. As both a sociological model for the analysis of globalization from a regional perspective and a historical case study of the Leeward Islands, In a Sea of Empires is well-written and conceptually stimulating. The theoretical [End Page 341] framework for integration Mulich develops in the introductory chapter alone makes the book worthwhile. Drawing on network analysis and a relational approach, Mulich defines an "inter-imperial microregion" as a "geographical area inhabited by multiple polities, with a particularly high density of relations and interactions between and across the formal boundaries of these polities" (16). Some, but not all, of these must be imperial polities and have connections to authorities outside the microregion, "placing their subjects in a situation of potential conflict between regional and metropolitan interests" (16). Though Mulich first introduced this model in an article in 2013, he develops it further in this book, explicitly highlighting its utility in understanding processes of globalization and integration within geographically defined spaces.2 As he explains in the conclusion, studies of interimperial microregions can help historians recognize that globalization occurred not only through top-down macro developments "but also through the bottom-up activities of people making a living in spaces that became increasingly integrated into widening networks of connectivity and interdependence" (176). Mulich's interest in the Leeward Islands is therefore predominantly programmatic, and the five chapters that follow the introduction serve to test the model of an "inter-imperial microregion" as a unit of analysis. Mulich particularly focuses on the British and Danish Virgin Islands and Swedish Saint Barthélemy, surveying the dense networks and connections among these islands as drivers of integration. Chapter 2 examines smuggling and clandestine maritime trade. Mulich shows how Danish Saint Thomas and Swedish Saint Barthélemy flourished as Caribbean centers of contraband trade in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars due to these islands' status as free ports and Danish and Swedish neutrality.3 Chapter 3 explores warfare and colonial violence, arguing that white colonists' interisland reliance on military assistance during threats of slave uprisings was another engine of integration. Chapter 4 studies privateering and how...

Objective evaluation of low-light-level image intensifier resolution based on a model of image restoration and an applied model of image filtering

Resolution is one of the most important parameters of low-light-level (LLL) image intensifiers, reflecting the target detection performance of assembled night vision devices under 10−3 to 10−1 lx dark environment. The traditional methods of measuring this parameter are classified into subjective evaluation and objective test. The disadvantages of subjective evaluation are strong subjectivity and low accuracy, while the traditional objective test method shows the weaknesses of excessive human intervention and large time consumption. To address these problems, an objective evaluation method based on a model of image restoration and an applied model of image filtering is proposed, which makes use of the similarity between unit stripe pattern and standard stripe pattern to evaluate the recognizability of unit stripe pattern. Firstly, the region of interest (ROI) is cut out from the original image and preprocessed to acquire the clearer results. Then, a model of image restoration is utilized to recover the stripe information lost in image preprocessing. After that, individual unit images are segmented from ROI, laying the foundation for the calculation of unit stripe definition. To extract recognizable unit images from unit image set, an image filtering model composed of several discernible constraints are presented according to the similarity features between unit stripe pattern and standard stripe pattern. Finally, the definition of unit is represented by the weighted sum of the product of constraint score and proportion of the number of discernable images under the constraint to the total number of images in the unit. With the help of linear fitting algorithm, the resolution of LLL image intensifier is calculated by combining the unit resolution-definition correspondences with the limiting definition. To verify the effectiveness of this method, different types of image tubes are used for experiments, and the subjective evaluation method and the advanced objective evaluation technology are adopted as comparison. The experimental results demonstrate that the evaluation results of this method are in good agreement with the subjective judgment results, and the accuracy is higher, reflecting in the maximum deviation is 2.8 lp/mm. The time efficiency of this method is greatly improved compared with that of traditional objective evaluation method. Moreover, the repeatability experiment results reveal that the stability of this approach is superior to that of the cited techniques, and the maximum deviation of evaluation results is 1.2 lp/mm (the lowest). In general, this method can overcome the shortcomings of traditional subjective and objective evaluation methods, and provide an effective and feasible scheme for the standardized measurement of LLL image intensifier resolution.

Multielectrode Recordings From Identified Neurons Involved in Visually Elicited Escape Behavior.

A major challenge in current neuroscience is to understand the concerted functioning of distinct neurons involved in a particular behavior. This goal first requires achieving an adequate characterization of the behavior as well as an identification of the key neuronal elements associated with that action. Such conditions have been considerably attained for the escape response to visual stimuli in the crab Neohelice. During the last two decades a combination of in vivo intracellular recordings and staining with behavioral experiments and modeling, led us to postulate that a microcircuit formed by four classes of identified lobula giant (LG) neurons operates as a decision-making node for several important visually-guided components of the crab’s escape behavior. However, these studies were done by recording LG neurons individually. To investigate the combined operations performed by the group of LG neurons, we began to use multielectrode recordings. Here we describe the methodology and show results of simultaneously recorded activity from different lobula elements. The different LG classes can be distinguished by their differential responses to particular visual stimuli. By comparing the response profiles of extracellular recorded units with intracellular recorded responses to the same stimuli, two of the four LG classes could be faithfully recognized. Additionally, we recorded units with stimulus preferences different from those exhibited by the LG neurons. Among these, we found units sensitive to optic flow with marked directional preference. Units classified within a single group according to their response profiles exhibited similar spike waveforms and similar auto-correlograms, but which, on the other hand, differed from those of groups with different response profiles. Additionally, cross-correlograms revealed excitatory as well as inhibitory relationships between recognizable units. Thus, the extracellular multielectrode methodology allowed us to stably record from previously identified neurons as well as from undescribed elements of the brain of the crab. Moreover, simultaneous multiunit recording allowed beginning to disclose the connections between central elements of the visual circuits. This work provides an entry point into studying the neural networks underlying the control of visually guided behaviors in the crab brain.

Folk taxonomy and indigenous names for frogs in Zululand, South Africa

BackgroundWe use taxonomy to organize the world into recognizable units. Folk taxonomy deals with the naming and classification of organisms through culture. Unlike its scientific counterpart, folk taxonomy is mostly undocumented, the Zoological Code of Nomenclature does not regulate it, and the resulting names are specific to each culture. A growing body of literature is steadily shedding light on the principles underlying this pre-scientific taxonomy. Vernacular names can be an instrument to increase participation of non-scientists in biodiversity matters. In South Africa, great strides have been made in standardizing and increasing relatability of vernacular amphibian names in English and Afrikaans. However, there is a need to achieve the same with the country’s autochthonous languages which are used by a majority of the population.MethodsThis study investigates amphibian-related folk taxonomy using a semi-structured interview process in KwaZulu-Natal’s Zululand region and pilots methods of applying folk taxonomy principles to compile a comprehensive list of standardized indigenous frog names.ResultsFolk taxonomy in Zululand is systematic, developed, and bears similarities to other indigenous taxonomies around the world. Similarities also exist between folk and scientific taxonomy. Six uninomial indigenous names were found to be used for the 58 amphibian species occurring in the study area. The 58 species were assigned individual indigenous names using folk taxonomy guidelines supplemented with guidelines for modern taxonomies.ConclusionsThere is a gap in the documentation and investigation of amphibian folk taxonomy in South Africa. Standardization of indigenous frog names is required to increase their universality. Similarities between folk and modern taxonomies allow for supplementation of indigenous guidelines when compiling a comprehensive indigenous species list. Through this study, social inclusion in wildlife matters is increased, indigenous knowledge systems are promoted, and a contribution is made to the development of an indigenous South African language.

Segmenting Continuous Motions with Hidden Semi-markov Models and Gaussian Processes.

Humans divide perceived continuous information into segments to facilitate recognition. For example, humans can segment speech waves into recognizable morphemes. Analogously, continuous motions are segmented into recognizable unit actions. People can divide continuous information into segments without using explicit segment points. This capacity for unsupervised segmentation is also useful for robots, because it enables them to flexibly learn languages, gestures, and actions. In this paper, we propose a Gaussian process-hidden semi-Markov model (GP-HSMM) that can divide continuous time series data into segments in an unsupervised manner. Our proposed method consists of a generative model based on the hidden semi-Markov model (HSMM), the emission distributions of which are Gaussian processes (GPs). Continuous time series data is generated by connecting segments generated by the GP. Segmentation can be achieved by using forward filtering-backward sampling to estimate the model's parameters, including the lengths and classes of the segments. In an experiment using the CMU motion capture dataset, we tested GP-HSMM with motion capture data containing simple exercise motions; the results of this experiment showed that the proposed GP-HSMM was comparable with other methods. We also conducted an experiment using karate motion capture data, which is more complex than exercise motion capture data; in this experiment, the segmentation accuracy of GP-HSMM was 0.92, which outperformed other methods.

Classification and Morphological Variations of the Japanese Species of <i>Lumbrinerides</i> (Annelida: Lumbrineridae)

A new classification is proposed for the Japanese species of the genus Lumbrinerides Orensanz, 1973 (Annelida: Lumbrineridae), based on the observation of as many specimens as possible so as to determine the extent of intra-populational variation of each morphological character. Morphological differences apparent in material from ten local sites were compared statistically among 16 tentative, operational taxonomic units, the morphologically recognizable units then being subjected to a taxonomic consideration with other known species. By their morphology, five species were recognized from Japanese waters, three being new to science. Diagnoses and descriptions of each species are given.

‹Der graphematische Satz.›

Abstract The starting point of this paper is the question how the graphematic sentence, i. e. the written sentence, can be defined. The answer seems to be clear: a graphematic sentence begins with a sentence-initial capital letter and is concluded by a sentence-final punctuation mark such as the full stop or the question mark. However, this definition is problematic since it requires an underlying (syntactic) definition of the sentence in general. Yet within linguistics there is no commonly accepted definition of the sentence (cf. section 1). Language users (linguists among them), however, seem to have a clear idea of what a sentence is. In the paper I argue that this seemingly contradictory situation could be explained on the following two assumptions. (a) The widespread clear intuition about the existence of a linguistic category called ‘sentence’ mainly derives from the influence of the written language on concepts of language in general. (b) Yet this influence has never really been taken into consideration for sentence definitions within modern linguistics due to the fact that written language has for long time been neglected as an object of linguistic research (cf. section 2). The main part of the paper (section 3) is concerned with a definition of the graphematic sentence without recourse to syntactic structures. It reveals that in German the graphematic sentence is a clearly recognizable unit within the writing system and therefore seems to be predestined for being the conceptional model for the idea of what a sentence is. Based on the punctuation theory of Bredel (2008, 2011) I argue that punctuation marks do not indicate sentences but rather constitute them. Finally I discuss how the graphematic analysis presented here can constitute the basis for empirical approaches towards a linguistic reconstruction of the widespread idea of what a sentence is (cf. section 4).

Problems in Making OCR of Gurumukhi Script Newspapers

Newspapers are vital source of information. As a historian had quoted “headline once in a lifetime”. We should do efforts to store such important information. Many OCRs have been developed to recognize text on printed documents on international and national level. But a few efforts have been done to recognizing text of newspaper articles especially in Gurumukhi script. To recognize text of newspaper, two main stages are performed. First is to segment newspaper article into various blocks and further segmentation of blocks into smallest recognizable unit. Second stage is to recognize the text. In this paper we had discussed the various problems that we could face in both of stages while developing the OCR for Gurumukhi script newspaper articles.

Феномен актуального слова 2015 года

The article analyses the Russian project “Word of the Year 2015” as compared to similar Finnish and German projects. The main parameters of the most important words in literature are compared with the characteristics of the words included in the rating list of the year. The authors demonstrate that words of the year correlate with the parameters of the most popular words, but are not identical. The research defines the principles behind the formation of the Russian word list. The selection is based on expert evaluation of the frequent units of this year: this makes the resulting word list a diverse phenomenon. First, a number of lexical units of the year are united in open thematic groups which reflect those that were semantically dominant in the course of the year. Units naming the most significant events of the year also enter the list. Words of the year are a kind of trademark identity for the year, systematically reflected in vivid and recognizable units of nomination. Such markers are mainly neologisms and set expressions that have appeared as part of real situations. A special group is made up of common lexical units which get foregrounded and as a result acquire semantic increments owing to the frequency of their use and expansion of their lexical compatibility. There are two thematic groups on the 2015 list that describe the semantic dominants of the year: 1) “the foreboding of war” and 2) “the limits of the acceptable and the unacceptable”.

Vesta’s north pole quadrangle Av-1 (Albana): Geologic map and the nature of the south polar basin antipodes

As part of systematic global mapping of Vesta using data returned by the Dawn spacecraft, we have produced a geologic map of the north pole quadrangle, Av-1 Albana. Extensive seasonal shadows were present in the north polar region at the time of the Dawn observations, limiting the ability to map morphological features and employ color or spectral data for determination of composition. The major recognizable units present include ancient cratered highlands and younger crater-related units (undivided ejecta, and mass-wasting material on crater floors). The antipode of Vesta’s large southern impact basins, Rheasilvia and Veneneia, lie within or near the Av-1 quadrangle. Therefore it is of particular interest to search for evidence of features of the kind that are found at basin antipodes on other planetary bodies. Albedo markings known as lunar swirls are correlated with basin antipodes and the presence of crustal magnetic anomalies on the Moon, but lighting conditions preclude recognition of such albedo features in images of the antipode of Vesta’s Rheasilvia basin. “Hilly and lineated terrain,” found at the antipodes of large basins on the Moon and Mercury, is not present at the Rheasilvia or Veneneia antipodes. We have identified small-scale linear depressions that may be related to increased fracturing in the Rheasilvia and Veneneia antipodal areas, consistent with impact-induced stresses (Buczkowski, D. et al. [2012b]. Analysis of the large scale troughs on Vesta and correlation to a model of giant impact into a differentiated asteroid. Geol. Soc. of America Annual Meeting. Abstract 152-4; Bowling, T.J. et al. [2013]. J. Geophys. Res. – Planets, 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgre.20123). The general high elevation of much of the north polar region could, in part, be a result of uplift caused by the Rheasilvia basin-forming impact, as predicted by numerical modeling (Bowling, T.J. et al. [2013]. J. Geophys. Res. – Planets, 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgre.20123). However, stratigraphic and crater size–frequency distribution analysis indicate that the elevated terrain predates the two southern basins and hence is likely a remnant of the ancient vestan crust. The lack of large-scale morphological features at the basin antipodes can be attributed to weakened antipodal constructive interference of seismic waves caused by an oblique impact or by Vesta’s non-spherical shape, or by attenuation of seismic waves because of the physical properties of Vesta’s interior. A first-order analysis of the Dawn global digital elevation model for Vesta indicates that areas of permanent shadow are unlikely to be present in the vicinity of the north pole.

Innate Immune Sensing of DNA

When a pathogen attacks, the immune system rapidly mobilizes host defenses in order to reduce the microbial burden and limit damage to the host [1]. Innate immunity is the first line of defense and relies on germ line–encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which sense microbial products that are not normally found on or in mammalian cells. The considerable potency of nucleic acids as triggers of the innate immune response has gained appreciation over the last few years. In particular, nucleic acid sensing of viruses is central to anti-viral defenses through recognition of viral genomes or nucleic acids generated during viral replication. Distinct classes of nucleic acid sensing molecules have been uncovered that function in different cell types and subcellular compartments to coordinate innate defenses (reviewed in [2]). While recognition of RNA molecules is dependent on members of the TLR family and cytosolic RNA helicases, the mechanisms underlying the sensing of DNA have been less well defined. It has been known for over a decade that DNA, the most recognizable unit of life, is a potent trigger of inflammatory responses in cells. The discovery of TLR-9, a receptor for hypomethylated CpG-rich DNA, partially explained these findings [3]. TLR9 is localized to the endosomal compartment and in humans is expressed in B cells as well as in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). However, it became clear that the immune stimulatory activity of microbial DNA was not compromised in many cells lacking TLR9 [4]. These observations prompted new efforts to understand how DNA triggers immune responses, an endeavor that has led to the discovery of several new DNA recognition receptors and fresh insights into infectious as well as autoimmune diseases.

Taxonomic Implications of a Field Study of Morphotypes of Hanuman Langurs (Semnopithecus entellus) in Peninsular India

The Hanuman langur is one of the most widely distributed and morphologically variable non-human primates in South Asia. Even though it has been extensively studied, the taxonomic status of this species remains unresolved due to incongruence between various classification schemes. This incongruence, we believe, is largely due to the use of plastic morphological characters such as coat color in classification. Additionally these classification schemes were largely based on reanalysis of the same set of museum specimens. To bring greater resolution in Hanuman langur taxonomy we undertook a field survey to study variation in external morphological characters among Hanuman langurs. The primary objective of this study is to ascertain the number of morphologically recognizable units (morphotypes) of Hanuman langur in peninsular India and to compare our field observations with published classification schemes. We typed five color-independent characters for multiple adults from various populations in South India. We used the presence-absence matrix of these characters to derive the pair-wise distance between individuals and used this to construct a neighbor-joining (NJ) tree. The resulting NJ tree retrieved six distinct clusters, which we assigned to different morphotypes. These morphotypes can be identified in the field by using a combination of five diagnostic characters. We determined the approximate distributions of these morphotypes by plotting the sampling locations of each morphotype on a map using GIS software. Our field observations are largely concordant with some of the earliest classification schemes, but are incongruent with recent classification schemes. Based on these results we recommend Hill (Ceylon Journal of Science, Colombo 21:277-305, 1939) and Pocock (Primates and carnivora (in part) (pp. 97–163). London: Taylor and Francis, 1939) classification schemes for future studies on Hanuman langurs.

Structural Surprise in the Triadic-Line Poems

William Carlos Williams insisted his triadic-line derives from some evanescent quality of the spoken language and more specifically from the characteristics of American speech.1 This essay will focus on how recent advances in an area of linguistics known as international phonology have helped to vindicate these adamant but impressionistic claims. These advances center on the description of the intonational phrase, a well-defined unit of spoken language quite nearly satisfies Williams's discussions of the variable foot, especially as defined in his verse entry in The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics.2 A brief overview of the intonational phrase suggests how it may satisfy the desiderata Williams articulates for his measure: 1. The intonational phrase is a domain in language; is, it is a recognizable unit participates in the organization of language and it specifically factors in the organization of spoken language (i.e., unlike meter, it is not inherent to individual words or written language but exists only across sequences of word in use) (Nespor and Vogel 188; Hayes 219). 2. The intonational phrase is the first domain is variable (Nespor and Vogel 1 87-203), meaning the amount of language comprising an intonational phrase - unlike the amount of language constituting a metrical foot - varies greatly depending on a number of linguistic and paralinguistic factors (lnkelas). This variability and its underlying causes are quite close to Williams's discussion of the variable foot as a prosodie pattern [that] is evaluated by criteria of effectiveness and expressiveness rather than mechanical syllable counts (Williams Free Verse 289; SL 326). 4. As the domain at which intonation is assigned, the intonational phrase is responsible for the audible chunks or tunes embody our perception of the significance of our own (Tench 7). The genius of the triadic-line then is it derives its music from the inherent musicality of our and not from the limited rhythms associated with a meter. Or, as Allen Ginsberg called it, what Williams puts down on the page are the squiggly tunes of speech (1 65). 5. Each intonational phrase is defined by a tonic syllable, whose audible intensification (it is distinguished phonologically from other syllables by a combination of factors, involving pitch, volume, and length [Tench 53-55]) is naturally perceived as a beat. Intonational phrases also tend to occur where structural pauses can be inserted within (Nespor and Vogel 1 88). These two tendencies help explain engrained habits of describing triadic-line as well as free in terms of beats or breath units. 6. Finally, linguistic scholarship has substantiated American and British English have distinct intonational contours, thus corroborating Williams's insistence the two are not the same language. Furthermore, specific proof the intonation of American English is fairly monotonous and level helps explicate why his late lacks the irruptive, dynamic feel of the early poems, as it intuitively mimics the shape of a neutral statement in the American idiom (Mencken 322-23; Flexner and Soukhanov 118-19). Let's say we accept these five points. The questions still remain: how to sync up the intonational phrase and the triadic line and what practical benefit this correlation may be in discerning the measure's significance to later poets? This utility may be suggested by listening to Williams reading an excerpt from To Daphne and Virginia, which was recorded in 1955 at UC Santa Barbara. At the start of this reading, Williams propounds his notion of the variable foot; he then reads the beginning of this poem three times, as if to illustrate his points, concluding that is not an iambic pentameter:3 While it is difficult to discern differences between these three readings, the level of excitement seems to vary - is, where the first reading is more level or neutral, particularly in the second complete triadic line, the second reading is more expressive. …

The 1362 AD Öræfajökull eruption, Iceland: Petrology and geochemistry of large-volume homogeneous rhyolite

The ice-covered Öræfajökull stratovolcano is composed mostly of subglacial pillow lava and hyaloclastite tuff, ranging from basalt to rhyolite. A large devastating plinian eruption in 1362 AD produced 10 km 3 (2 km 3 DRE) rhyolitic ash and pumice from a vent within the summit caldera, with fallout mainly towards ESE. The ejected rhyolite magma with 0.5–1% crystals of oligoclase, fayalite, hedenbergite, ilmenite and magnetite was remarkably homogenous throughout the eruption. A 1.8 m thick tephra section on the SE flank of the volcano has 14 recognizable units. The tephra is dominated by fine-grained vesicular glass with bubble wall thickness of 1–5 μm. The high and even vesiculation of the glass indicates fast magma ascent and explains the extreme mechanical fragmentation within the eruptive column. The grain-size distribution indicates time-variable intensity of the plinian eruption with three evenly spaced phases of maximum fragmentation. An initial vent-clearing explosion produced phreatomagmatic debris with up to 35% lithic fragments. The low abundance (< 3%) of lithic fragments during the subsequent eruption indicates that the conduit and vent remained stable. The tephra fallout deposit is characterized by upwards increasing pumice dimensions and occasional bomb-like pumice blocks, indicating less mechanical fragmentation during contraction and lowering of the plinian column. A conservative estimate of 20–40 km 3 for the total volume of the magma reservoir is based on the erupted volume of highly differentiated and homogeneous rhyolite. The 365-year period between 1362 and a minor benmoreitic eruption in 1727, and the absence of currently detectable magma reservoirs in the crust below Öræfajökull show that differentiated crustal magma chambers feeding large plinian eruptions can be established and disappear on a 100–500 year timescale.

The Archean deep-marine environment: turbidite architecture of the Burwash Formation, Slave Province, Northwest Territories

The Slave Province is an Archean craton that contains an unusually large proportion of preserved sedimentary rock, including thick turbidite successions. The Burwash Formation is exposed in the southern Slave Province between the Anton and Sleepy Dragon basement massifs. At the base of the succession, volcanics and clastic metasedimentary rocks of the Raquette Lake Formation record initiation of the basin in a rifted arc environment. These are overlain by thin black slates representing a transgression, followed by well over 5 km of Burwash Formation metamorphosed turbiditic sandstones and slates interspersed with thin felsic tuff layers. Lateral correlation within the formation is possible using airphotos and recognizable tuff units. Burwash Formation sandstones include thinly bedded units displaying Bouma sequences and thicker bedded units with scour-and-fill structures and stratification bands, characteristic of dense sediment gravity flows. The sedimentary rocks are organized in architectural elements that include channel-fill sandstones and conglomerates, muddy levees, interchannel sandstones resembling high-amplitude reflection packages (HARPs) described from modern fans, and possible depositional lobes. The overall sedimentary architecture was probably controlled by events in the tectonically active source area or areas. The Archean turbidites resemble their Phanerozoic and modern analogues, although they show less voluminous levees, and are generally less organized, than large modern passive-margin fans, which probably have no equivalents in the Archean.

Social Identity, the Virtues, and the Good Life: A New Approach to Romans 12:1–15:13

Romans 12:1–15:13 comprises a recognizable unit in the letter. But existing attempts to describe its distinctiveness focus upon concepts of “ethics” and “paraenesis” which are problematic in a number of respects. This study proposes a new manner of characterizing this section of Romans that integrates social identity theory with notions of the good life and the virtues derived from Aristotle that have staged a powerful resurgence in recent ethical discourse. This integrated approach is then applied to Romans 12:1–15:13 in a general way. From this discussion it emerges that this part of the letter can be interpreted both as Paul's attempt to outline descriptors of the new identity his addressees experience as members of the Christ-movement, especially in relation to agape, and as a vision of the moral life very similar to the Aristotelian interest in the virtues as the means to promote human flourishing.

Sensory neurons of the Atonal lineage pioneer the formation of glomeruli within the adult Drosophila olfactory lobe.

The first centers for processing of odor information by animals lie in the olfactory lobe. Sensory neurons from the periphery synapse with interneurons in anatomically recognizable units, termed glomeruli, seen in both insects and vertebrates. The mechanisms that underlie the formation of functional maps of the odor-world in the glomeruli within the olfactory lobe remains unclear. We address the basis of sensory targeting in the fruitfly Drosophila and show that one class of sensory neurons, those of the Atonal lineage, plays a crucial role in glomerular patterning. Atonal-dependent neurons pioneer the segregation of other classes of sensory neurons into distinct glomeruli. Furthermore, correct sensory innervation is necessary for the arborization of projection neurons into glomeruli and for the elaboration of processes of central glial cells into the lobe.

Formation and Structure of Cinchona Alkaloid (Bis-2,3-naphthalenediyl)orthoborate Salts

A series of (bis-2,3-naphthalenediyl)orthoborate salts of Cinchona alkaloids has been synthesized and characterized. The interactions between ions in the salts have been studied by means of circular dichroism spectroscopy and X-ray crystal structure determination. The CD spectra of the dihydroquinidine salt show that in non-polar solvents it exists as a tightly held ion pair. The crystal structure of the cinchonidine salt proves the existence of ions in the solid state. The protonation takes place at the quinuclidine nitrogen atom. The hydrogen bonds connect cation and anion into one recognizable unit. Additional hydrogen bonds (with hydroxy group as a hydrogen donor and quinoline nitrogen atom as an acceptor) form infinite chains of cations along the [001] direction. There are cavities in the crystal structure that are partially filled by solvent molecules (acetone).

Galileo views of the geology of Callisto

Callisto was imaged by the Galileo spacecraft on 10 orbits, half of which involved close flybys, producing images with resolutions as high as 15 m/pixel. The Valhalla, Asgard, and Adlinda multi-ring structures were imaged, along with two features which might also be large impacts, Utgard and Heimdall (both provisionally named). The high albedo interior zones of these structures are relatively rugged and include small knobs. The interior ring zone of Valhalla includes outward facing scarps, as discovered on Voyager images, while the inner zones of the other, smaller multi-ring structures include grabens and inward facing scarps. The outer ring zones consist of grabens which are sinuous and include multiple parallel faults and fractures. High albedo areas associated with the fractures had been suggested previously as resurfacing zones; they are now seen to consist of numerous, closely spaced fractures. Crater size frequency distributions for the units associated with multi-ring structures suggest that all were formed essentially contemporaneously with their respective impact events. Galileo images show that surface degradation occurs on a variety of scales, including large landslides from the rims of craters and apparent sub-decameter surface modifications, leading to the removal of small carters in some areas. Similar styles of degradation are not observed on Ganymede, suggesting fundamental differences in the properties of the surface materials. Catenae (crater chains) were also observed; some appear to be secondaries in which their primary source crater can be identified, while others are probably the result of the breakup of primary objects, as previously proposed. Although most of Callisto’s surface consists of ancient cratered plains, some small ‘smooth’ areas had been suggested to result from cryovolcanic resurfacing. Representative bright and dark areas were viewed in high resolution; bright areas were found to be rugged at the 10s of meters scale, show no indications of flow features, and are not considered to be cryovolcanic. Some smooth dark areas appear to mantle and embay the surrounding cratered plains. Although this is consistent with possible cryovolcanic processes, it is not definitive evidence of endogenic processes. The extension of imaging data, both in coverage and resolution, enable about 90% of the surface to be mapped photogeologically and gives new insight into the nature of surface features and the timing of their development. Cratered plains form the oldest recognizable unit on Callisto, but subtle differences in color and crater frequencies suggest regional differences in its development. The formation of Adlinda, Asgard, Valhalla, Heimdall, and Lofn crater appear to follow in that order. The morphology of associated features is consistent with a differentiated interior for Callisto and the presence of a thin icy lithosphere at the time of the impacts.

Molecular markers and the species concept: New techniques to resolve old disputes?

Key words: fish, molecular marker, speciation, species conceptIntroductionAlthough all biologists recognize the value of parti-tioning biodiversity into recognizable units organizedintodifferenthierarchicallevels, therehasbeena long-standing, and at times unhelpful, controversy on thenature and significance of the species as the basic unitof biodiversity. Despite the exhaustive considerationof various species concepts over many decades, thereappears to be no abatement to the outpouringof strongsentiments, as evidenced by the articles herein. Suchforceful and dedicated considerations are perhaps notsurprising in light of the fundamental role that speciesplay in the biological world, though have they reallyhelped our understandingof biodiversity? Here, in thisbrief personalized viewpoint, we do not present yetmore critiques of species concepts or their variants,but rather make some comments on the underlyingforcesgeneratingsuch focus, and considerwhethertheapplication of molecular genetic markers is an aid or ahindrance.Species as biological entitiesThe extensive (and often repetitive) literature onthe species concept reveals several features of thecontinuing dispute on the species concept: (1) mostauthors believe that the species is the only biologi-cally meaningful taxonomic unit, and that it is adefinable entity; (2) most authors vigorously defendtheir favourite (or their own) definition of that unit,and discard others as completely wrong; and (3)almost 250 years of Linnaeus’ binomial classificationof species were apparently insufficient to define thespecies to a level acceptable to most scientists. Theseobservations may give rise to the suspicion that thecourse of the species concept dispute is a result of‘typological’ thinking, as expressed in the typolog-ical species concept, and itself a result of Platonicphilosophy stating that there is an ideal ‘universal’with material manifestations(see Turner,this volume).While the typological species concept is now gener-ally disregarded, the search for an definable, ideal‘universal’ of a species, despite ubiquitous imperfectmanifestations of that ideal in the natural world, maybe a legacy of typological thinking in biology. This isnot to say that we do not need the species as a taxo-nomic unit, but rather that the biological reality of aspecies may not always be amenable to rigid defini-tion. It may be more helpful for the understanding ofbiodiversity and our research efforts to recognize theimperfections of each species concept and to acceptexceptions as a fact of life rather than a conceptualnuisance.Clearly, the species is crucial to the classifica-tion of biodiversity, and abandoning it would meanto throw our current description of biodiversity intodisarray. Nevertheless, the belief that the unit ofbiodiversity as defined by taxonomists is in all casesa real biological entity may be questionable, and thusthe search for a universal definition of that entity maybe futile. Indeed, an uncritical adherence to a givenspecies conceptmay be counter-productiveby fuellingadditional confusion and unnecessary dispute, and byaffecting the way many empirical studies are carriedout. For example, typological conceptions seem toinfluence many phylogenetic publications on closely