Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Sources Research Articles

Assessing Recycled Binder Availability, Activity, and Contribution at Different Temperatures

Recycled binder availability (RBA), degree of activity (DoA), and recycled binder contribution (RBC) are distinct properties often used interchangeably in the literature. This study aims to clarify the distinctions among these terms and assess how they vary with temperature, as well as their interrelationships. To achieve this, a reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) sieve analysis approach, indirect tensile strength testing of 100% RAP specimens, and tracer-based microscopy are employed to measure RBA, DoA, and RBC, respectively. Three RAP sources are evaluated, and each property is measured at multiple temperatures. Sieve analysis and microscopy measurements indicate that only partial RBA and RBC, respectively, are achieved, and that these properties display minimal susceptibility to changes in temperature. In contrast, DoA significantly increased as the temperature rose from 100°C to 140°C, reaching 100%, and then plateaued from 140°C to 155°C. In most of the cases, the laboratory-mixed asphalt mixture samples evaluated exhibited RBC values comparable to the RBA measurements for the respective RAP source, suggesting that RBC becomes equivalent to RBA when the DoA reaches 100%.

Influence of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and recycled asphalt shingle (RAS) binder availability on the composition of asphalt mixtures

Reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAP) and recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) are incorporated in the production of new asphalt mixtures to reduce cost, waste, and the consumption of virgin materials. The use of recycled asphalt materials (RAM) is limited by controlling agencies due to the uncertainties regarding their impacts on the volumetric composition and long-term performance of the asphalt mixtures. Recycled binder availability (RBA), which reflects the proportion of the recycled binder that is available to blend with virgin asphalt in an asphalt mixture, is currently neglected by the majority of mix design methods adopted by highway agencies, despite complete RBA being considered an unrealistic scenario. An incorrect assumption of the RBA in mixture design has important consequences on the inferred asphalt mixture volumetric properties, and consequently on the performance. A recently created method, so-called Availability Adjusted Mix Design (AAMD), proposes a revised interpretation of the volumetric properties of asphalt mixtures and design of the aggregate structure on the basis of partial RBA caused by agglomerations of RAM particles. The AAMD method is used in this study to evaluate the impacts of RBA on the volumetric properties of a diverse set of surface asphalt mixtures. The impacts of the RBA on the inferences of asphalt mixture composition are assessed for each mixture and the viability of using fixed RBA values for RAP and RAS sources in the state of North Carolina is assessed by comparing the inferred asphalt mixture composition yielded from the source-specific RBA versus the average RBA of the pool of recycled materials studied. The results show that the volumetric properties change considerably as a function of the assumed RBA, and the use of the AAMD becomes crucial for mixtures containing as little as 15 percent RAP and/or 4 percent or RAS. The use of a fixed RAS RBA value, calibrated as the average of a representative set of RAS stockpiles, versus the source-specific values has negligible impacts on the inferred volumetric properties of mixtures containing permissible RAS contents in North Carolina. Conversely, the use of source-specific RAP RBA values is recommended, which can be quantified through comparative sieve analysis of RAP and recovered RAP aggregate.

Quantifying the Workability of Cold In-Place Recycling in the Laboratory

Abstract The Dongre Workability Test (DWT) is a method for determining an asphalt pavement’s relative workability based on stress–strain relationships during compaction in a Superpave gyratory compactor. Although the DWT has seen favorable results with warm-mix and hot-mix asphalt, there has been limited attempts to apply it to cold-mix asphalt (CMA), and those limited attempts did not provide conclusive results. This research re-examined the curves developed during the DWT data collection in order to better quantify the workability of CMA, specifically, cold in-place recycling (CIR). Phase one consisted of defining ten possible metrics from the stress–strain curve and applying them to samples with three different curing conditions. From these preliminary results, the five metrics that showed the greatest differences between curing conditions with small relative coefficients of variation were chosen for continued evaluation. In phase two, these five metrics were applied to three different asphalt emulsions at four different curing conditions (temperature-minutes: 10C-30, 10C-120, 60C-30, and 60C-120). Two metrics based on different areas under the stress–strain curve yielded the most logical and consistent results, with higher values indicating a more workable mixture. Samples cured for 30 minutes at either 10°C or 60°C showed the most noticeable distinction between workability of each asphalt emulsion. Moving forward, it is recommended these metrics be applied to additional asphalt emulsions, reclaimed asphalt pavement sources and gradations, and curing conditions to determine if the DWT method can be modified for application to CIR mixtures.

Emerging polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and trace metal leachability from reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP)

The environmental risks associated with the storage, reuse, and disposal of unencapsulated reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) has been previously examined, but because of a lack of standardized column testing protocols and recent interest on emerging constituents with higher toxicity, questions surrounding leaching risks from RAP continue. To address these concerns, RAP from six, discrete stockpiles in Florida was collected and leach tested following the most up-to-date, standard column leaching protocol – United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) Leaching Environmental Assessment Framework (LEAF) Method 1314. Sixteen EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 23 emerging PAHs, identified through relevance in literature, and heavy metals were investigated. Column testing showed minimal leaching of PAHs; only eight compounds, three priority PAHs and five emerging PAHs, were released at quantifiable concentrations, and where applicable, were below US EPA Regional Screening Levels (RSL). Though emerging PAHs were identified more frequently, in most cases, priority compounds dominated contributions to overall PAH concentration and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) equivalent toxicity. Except for arsenic, molybdenum, and vanadium in two samples, metals were found below limits of detection (LOD) or below risk thresholds. Arsenic and molybdenum concentrations diminished over time with increased exposure to liquid, but elevated vanadium concentrations persisted in one sample. Further batch testing linked vanadium to the aggregate component of the sample, unlikely to be encountered in typical RAP sources. As demonstrated by generally low constituent mobility observed during testing, the leaching risks associated with the beneficial reuse of RAP are limited, and under typical reuse conditions, factors of dilution and attenuation would likely reduce leached concentrations below relevant risk-based thresholds at a point of compliance. When considering emerging PAHs with higher toxicities, analyses indicated minimal impact to overall leachate toxicity, further suggesting that with proper management, this heavily recycled waste stream is unlikely to pose leaching risk.

Predict high and low temperature true grade of reclaimed asphalt pavement binder using the enhanced mortar testing approach

Accurate characterisation of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) binder is an important prerequisite to successfully use RAP in new pavements. The conventional characterisation method is performed on the extracted and recovered RAP binders using harmful chemical solvents. A previous study proposed an enhanced mortar testing method that eliminates the use of chemical solvent by establishing a relationship between binder and mortar properties. As a follow-up, the objective of this study was to examine whether the enhanced mortar method is applicable at both high and low temperatures. The enhanced mortar method was evaluated using six RAP sources with distinct binder characteristics by comparing high and low temperature true grades measured from recovered RAP binders. Satisfactory results substantiate that the mortar methods can be used as an alternative to the solvent method, which lays a solid foundation for pursuing environmental and economic benefits associated with proper RAP usage.

Review of Geotechnical Properties of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement for Reuse in Infrastructure

Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) has been extensively studied for potential use as a recycled material in infrastructure construction. There is consensus that utilization of RAP provides environmental and economic benefits for most projects. However, impacts to engineering performance are less known, owing to the highly variable nature of RAP sources with different asphalt pavement mixtures and milling processes, which has limited the adoption of RAP as fill material in geotechnical infrastructure. This study conducted a comprehensive review of geotechnical properties reported for RAP in the experimental literature. The gradation, specific gravity, density, moisture content, hydraulic conductivity, leaching, shear strength, and creep properties of different RAP sources are summarized and compared. These geotechnical properties, as well as recent investigations into the effects of temperature and aggregate mixing, were used to identify the potential reuse of RAP in highway transportation applications beyond just asphalt mixture design, such as embankments. Additionally, correlations between gradation properties (Cu, D10, D85), asphalt content, and the geotechnical properties of maximum dry density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and shear strength were identified.

Rheological and anti-moisture characteristics of rubberized reclaimed asphalt pavement with interfacial bond behavior

The application of recycled materials in terms of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and crumb rubber, as an environmental-friendly and sustainable strategy, has become an important topic in the pursuit of long-term growth in the pavement construction field. However, the interfacial bonding behaviors of rubberized reclaimed asphalt were still ambiguous, causing the deteriorated life-performance of pavement. This study analyzed the interfacial bonding characteristics of various rubberized RAP binders with binder bond strength (BBS) test, in terms of two crumb rubber with different mesh sizes and contents, and two RAP sources with different age levels and contents. The high-temperature rheological properties were evaluated through Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) test. Additionally, softening point test was also adopted to characterize the high-temperature performances. Moreover, comprehensive mechanical performance tests, including Hamburg wheel track (HWT) test, water boiling test for visual interpretation and indirect tensile strength (ITS) test were conducted to assess the feasibility of rubberized RAP mixture as pavement construction materials. It was reported that the PG temperature of asphalt was increased from 73rom ed thand the stripping of mixture under moisture reduced from 11.98% to 9.20% at least. Finally, a surface interaction model of rubberized RAP binder with colloid structure and statistical analysis were established. This research demonstrated that the reuse of end-of-life materials in pavement was feasible and provided comparable service performance. The surface interpretation with the light components trapping within gel-phase of rubber and the chemical composition oxidization of RAP would ultimately affect the bonding characteristics and properties of rubberized RAP materials, whose interfacial bond mechanism was recommended investigation before application.

The effect of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content and source on the return on investment (ROI)

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the impact of using different contents and sources of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) on the bottom-up fatigue cracking of asphalt mixtures and the return on investment (ROI). Two RAP sources were used that primarily provided a significant difference in RAP binder Performance Grade (PG): Source A was a PG 76-22 while Source B was a PG 94-10. Bottom-up fatigue cracking was predicted using Level 1 of the AASHTOWare Pavement Mechanistic-Empirical Design (PMED) software. The ROI was then evaluated using FHWA RealCost. To increase the accuracies of the predictions, volumetric properties and blended binder properties were calculated based on the amount of RAP binder that actively blended with the virgin binder. The accuracies were also increased by determining the AASHTOWare PMED fatigue strength coefficients, k f 1 , k f 2 , and k f 3 , using flexural bending beam fatigue tests rather than using the global defaults provided by this software. In conclusion, the ROI of the six RAP mixtures based on bottom-up fatigue cracking was found to be affected by both RAP content and RAP source, and because of the effect of RAP source, it could not be generalised that using either a higher or lower RAP content will always provide a higher ROI.

Effect of aging on reclaimed asphalt pavement and rejuvenators

Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) material primarily consists of extracted asphalt concretes from the existing road infrastructure. It comprises 2 major non-renewable resources, i.e., aggregates and bituminous binder and their conscious use can ensure the sustainability of bituminous pavement construction. In this study, more focus is given to the asphalt binder, which is extracted from RAP. It has been tried to replace more and more new virgin binders with recycled RAP binders. But to counteract the higher stiffness of the RAP binder, it is rejuvenated to achieve strength higher or equivalent to the target binder. To have confidence in the efficacy of the RAP binder and rejuvenator in unaged and aged conditions, different combinations of blends are made and tested in aged as well as unaged conditions. In this study, Two RAP sources with and without virgin binder are rejuvenated with two rejuvenators. Physio-rheological tastings are done on each same. Based on achieved results aging index of all the blends is found. These results authenticate the aging properties of RAP binder as well as rejuvenators.

Novel concentration master curve and rheological characterization of recycled asphalt binders.

The recycling of asphalt pavements requires a good understanding of the material's characteristics. However, the rheological behavior of recycled binder is still not well understood. In this study, a novel method is introduced to construct the master curve of the recycled binders. The concentration of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) binder is used to find the shift factors of the master curve. This master curve is called the concentration master curve (CMC). To verify the applicability of the concept, the CMC was plotted for three different RAP sources procured from two states and the capital of India. The percentage of RAP binder content in the recycled binders was varied (0, 15, 25, 40, 65, 80, and 100%) by weight of the total binder. In all three cases, smooth master curves were obtained. To calculate the allowable RAP, an alternative approach based on the damping energy area (DEA) of recycled binders was proposed. It was found that the allowable RAP content based on the DEA criteria was 40-50% less compared to the conventional high PG temperature (PGH) criterion. An attempt is made to understand the rheological interaction between the RAP binder and RA using the recycled binder compatibility index (RBCI). It was observed that the RAP source is the determining factor behind the compatibility and interaction level between the RAP binder and RA in a recycled binder.

Classification of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) material using simple indicative tests

The present study proposes an approach to characterize and classify the Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) material based on indicative tests that are repeatable and simple to perform. The aim is to waive the need to extract and/or recover the bitumen from the RAP while characterizing it for the design of hot recycled asphalt mixes. The existing methods to extract and recover bitumen are laborious, expensive, and prone to erroneous results. The objective of the study is achieved by investigating eleven (11 nos.) RAP sources of varying characteristics that are obtained by milling distressed bituminous pavements. Two tests, namely, fragmentation test and cohesion test for which RILEM recommended protocols are available, have been considered to evaluate their potential to characterize the RAP material. From the detailed analysis of experimental results, it was found that the RAP can be effectively characterized based on the indices derived from these two tests, i.e., Sfrag from fragmentation test and Sair-voids from the cohesion test. Hierarchical Clustering on Principal Components (HCPC) analysis on the initial variable dataset suggested that all eleven RAP sources can be clustered into three distinguishable categories based on which the Sfrag classification limits were proposed. The recommended classification approach was verified using three additional RAP sources and four laboratory-produced RAP sources that were not part of the original investigation.

Effect of Aged Binder Distribution on the Fracture Tolerance of Asphalt Mixtures with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement

Abstract This study investigated the effect of the distribution of aged binder from reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) on the fracture tolerance of recycled asphalt mixtures. Two RAP sources (one coarse, one fine), one virgin polymer-modified asphalt binder, and four RAP contents (0 %, 20 %, 30 %, and 40 %) were used to produce a total of seven mixtures. Fracture tolerance was assessed in terms of fracture energy density (FED) at three levels: binder, interstitial component (IC) (composed of effective binder and fine aggregate fraction), and mixture. Binder fracture energy tests were conducted to measure the FED of blends of virgin and recovered RAP binder. IC direct tension tests were employed to determine the IC FED. Finally, Superpave indirect tensile fracture tests were performed to obtain the FED of RAP mixtures. FED decreased with increasing RAP content at the three levels (binder, IC, and mixture). More importantly, IC and mixture exhibited almost identical FED reductions in relative terms, while the reduction was less significant at binder level. This finding indicates that the full blending scenario artificially created at the binder level did not occur at IC and mixture levels. Furthermore, the coarse RAP yielded greater FED than the fine RAP, which substantiates that RAP gradation controls the distribution of RAP binder in recycled mixtures. Consequently, the lower content of aged RAP binder in the IC portion for mixtures with the coarser RAP resulted in better fracture tolerance. The application of a newly developed guideline for determining the maximum allowable RAP content in recycled mixtures confirmed that the coarser RAP used in this study allows for a greater RAP content than the finer RAP despite the stiffer RAP binder.

Application of Sieve Analysis to Estimate Recycled Binder Availability

One of the challenges of engineering asphalt mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is uncertainty in the proportion of the total recycled asphalt binder that is available to interact and blend with the virgin asphalt, referred to as the recycled binder availability. The industry presently lacks a practical method to quantify RAP binder availability. Research has shown that the primary source of unavailable recycled binder is agglomerations of adhered RAP particles. The binder bound within the agglomerations is unavailable to contact and therefore blend with virgin asphalt. Building on this knowledge, this study establishes a practical method to quantify the extent of RAP agglomeration and, in turn, RAP binder availability by comparing the gradation of recovered RAP aggregates with that of the RAP itself. A size-exclusion method and corresponding predictive equation to estimate RAP binder availability from the high-temperature performance grade of recovered RAP binder and mixing temperature were also assessed. Four RAP sources were evaluated. Each RAP stockpile was paired with virgin aggregates from the same plant that the RAP was sourced at to produce eight mixtures. Tracer-based microscopy measurements within the eight mixtures were generally in good agreement with the estimations of recycled binder availability using sieve analysis. Implementing the size-exclusion method was challenging with local aggregate, and estimates using the predictive equation yielded in some cases good but overall poorer agreement with the measurements of recycled binder availability from tracer-based microscopy compared with the sieve analysis approach.

Effect of reclaimed asphalt pavement on cracking performance of asphalt mixtures with regular and high polymer modified binders

Since reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) provides economic savings, incorporating RAP may reduce high cost of high-polymer (HP) binder typically used to address severe cracking. However, RAP is currently not allowed in HP mixtures in Florida, because aged RAP binder may reduce benefits of HP binder. This study focused on determining whether RAP can be used in HP mixtures, while maintaining the premium performance expected of HP binder. Eight RAP sources covering a broad range of RAP characteristics were assessed using the interstitial component fracture energy (FEIC) and the mixture fracture energy (FEmix). Mixtures with HP binder exhibited better cracking resistance than those with PG 76–22 binder. However, introduction of 20% RAP in HP mixtures reduced 20–60% in FEIC and 30–45% in FEmix, depending on RAP characteristics. Therefore, RAP characteristics need to be carefully reviewed, and more caution is needed when adding RAP into HP mixtures.

Reducing the variability of multi-source reclaimed asphalt pavement materials: A practice in China

The variability of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) materials obtained from different sources is a major concern for the industry when recycling RAP for recycled asphalt mixtures. Many efforts have been made to minimize RAP variability by pre-mixing, crushing, and sieving of the RAP stockpile. In this study, a perspective for reducing RAP variability is proposed by grouping RAP sources with similar material characteristics, which is expected to minimize such variability from the origin. To is end, an asphalt pavement maintenance project located in South China with 16 RAP sources was selected for the study. Furthermore, material characteristics including aggregate gradation, binder softening point, penetration, and dynamic viscosity of recovered asphalt, for RAP obtained from various sources are analyzed by testing on core samples. After the aggregate gradation is presented via Fréchet similarity, a K-means cluster analysis is conducted with the involvement of aggregate gradation, asphalt content, and softening point of recovered asphalt. Then, the RAP sources are grouped into three groups with similar material characteristics. The results show that there is a significant difference in RAP material characteristics even for the same pavement, and the procedure developed in this study helps to reduce the RAP variability while increasing the RAP maximum addition amount for producing recycled asphalt mixture. The results may be of interest to construction contractors and road management departments because this study was intentionally conducted for use in practical applications.

Development of characteristic-based guidelines to determine maximum allowable reclaimed asphalt pavement content in polymer-modified asphalt mixture

ABSTRACT Current Florida Department of Transportation specifications limit reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) usage to 20% in polymer-modified asphalt (PMA) mixtures, because aged and brittle RAP binder may reduce benefits of polymer modification. Previous studies indicated RAP binder stiffness and RAP gradation were important characteristics related to RAP mixture cracking performance. This study focused on developing guidelines to determine maximum RAP content in PMA mixtures based on these RAP characteristics. Eight RAP sources covering a broad range of RAP binder stiffness and RAP gradation were used to assess the effect of these RAP characteristics on cracking performance. The interstitial component fracture energy (FEIC) which is correlated well with mixture fracture energy (FEmix) was employed as a surrogate for FEmix to assess all RAP mixture combinations, and FEIC was determined by the IC direct tension test. FEmix obtained from Superpave indirect tensile tests was used to evaluate findings from FEIC results. Finer RAP and stiffer RAP was more detrimental to cracking resistance, indicating characterising RAP binder stiffness and RAP gradation was necessary to increase the current maximum RAP content in PMA mixture. Developed guidelines allowed up to 40% RAP depending on RAP characteristics and were validated by the way of full mixture testing.

Analysis of different reclaimed asphalt pavements to assess the potentiality of RILEM cohesion test

In the last years, RILEM Technical Committee 237-SIB proposed a new test protocol for reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) characterization, the cohesion test, with the goal to facilitate the identification of the most suitable solution for the recycling within new pavement layers. However, this procedure actually allows discriminating between different RAP sources but it does not exactly indicate the effective “activity” of the binder in the RAP. The present paper deals with the analysis of different RAP materials through the RILEM cohesion test. In particular, two “young” RAPs, different in composition and milled immediately after being laid, were aged in the laboratory and tested at different ageing levels. Moreover, an in-site aged RAP was tested as reference, either in neat conditions or after being sprayed with a rejuvenator. The results showed that the actual cohesion test approach, based on the evaluation of the indirect tensile strength (ITS), is not able to distinguish between RAP binders with stiff-brittle behaviour or good residual binding properties (despite the first is an unwanted condition while the second is a desired condition, both of them determine an increase in ITS). Differently, the Cracking Tolerance Index ( $${\rm{CT}}_{\rm{Index}}$$ ) defined by ASTM D8225-19 can emphasize the RAP bitumen ductility and highlight any residual binding and adhesive properties. For this reason, a RILEM cohesion test improvement is proposed by including the $${\rm{CT}}_{\rm{Index}}$$ calculation in the analysis.

Approach for Determination of Maximum Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Content in Polymer-Modified Asphalt Mixture

Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), commonly generated from the millings of damaged roads, contains recyclable asphalt and aggregate. Polymer-modified asphalt (PMA) binders have had proven success in mitigating rutting and cracking in asphalt pavements. However, benefits associated with PMA binder may be reduced by aged and more brittle RAP binder. Currently, the maximum usage of RAP in PMA mixture is limited to 10–20% by several Departments of Transportation in the United States. Other than maximum RAP content, no criterion related to RAP characteristics is used to limit RAP usage in PMA mixture. Recent studies showed RAP binder stiffness and RAP aggregate gradation appeared to be important characteristics related to cracking performance of PMA mixture containing RAP. Therefore, this research focused on determining maximum allowable RAP content in PMA mixture for individual RAP sources based on key RAP characteristics identified, that is, RAP stiffness and RAP fineness. Interstitial component direct tension (ICDT) test was conducted to determine fracture energy for interstitial component (i.e., the fine portion of PMA mixture containing RAP), which is known to be correlated well with the fracture energy of the corresponding mixture. Results showed introduction of coarser and less stiff RAP generally resulted in greater fracture energy, which allowed up to 40% RAP usage in PMA mixture. Integration of key RAP characteristics identified and the results of ICDT test provide a systematic approach for determination of maximum RAP content in PMA mixtures. Further research is recommended to evaluate additional RAP sources to verify the proposed approach.

Variability of the mechanical properties of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) obtained from different sources

Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is commonly used to manufacture new hot mix asphalt (HMA). The objective of this study is to determine the variability of RAP properties obtained from different projects or sources. To meet this objective, the original particle size distribution of the RAPs, as well as different basic and rheological properties of the recovered binders were quantified. Additionally, in order to assess the differences among the RAP materials and not only of their components (i.e., recovered asphalt and gradation), the rheological properties, mechanical performance and moisture damage susceptibility of fine aggregate matrix (FAM) manufactured using the fine fraction of the different RAP sources (FAM-RAP mixtures) were also evaluated. The results show that there is significant variability in the mechanical response and performance of the evaluated RAPs, suggesting the necessity for considering this aspect when fabricating HMA with RAP obtained from different sources.

Effect of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement and Recycled Asphalt Shingles on Fracture Tolerance of Asphalt Binders

Abstract Fracture energy density (FED), which is defined as the energy per unit volume required to initiate fracture, is a key property governing the resistance to fracture of asphalt binders. This study evaluated the effect of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) on virgin binder FED using the binder fracture energy (BFE) test. The objective was to determine whether RAP and RAS can be used with soft virgin binders to achieve satisfactory fracture tolerance. Experimental factors included two RAP sources, two RAS sources (manufacture waste (MW) shingles and tear-off (TO) shingles), and four virgin binders. BFE tests were conducted on blends of virgin and recovered RAP/RAS binders at two binder replacement rates of 15 % and 30 %. Moreover, the Superpave true grade of RAP/RAS binder blends was determined using the dynamic shear rheometer and bending beam rheometer. Results showed that the use of soft virgin binders effectively compensated for the stiffening effect of RAP/RAS in terms of true grade. The addition of RAP binder and MW shingle binder increased the FED of unmodified binders, whereas the opposite trend was observed for TO shingle binder. Furthermore, great caution should be exercised when using virgin polymer-modified binders because significant reductions in FED were observed when RAP and RAS binder was introduced, possibly because of the dilution of polymer modification in addition to stiffening and embrittlement effects. This study indicated that both RAP and RAS are recyclable, according to the Superpave true grade requirements. However, further research is needed to evaluate the effect of the reduction in binder FED caused by TO shingles on mixture fracture performance before its acceptance in asphalt mixtures.