Kind Of Reciprocity Research Articles

The wealth of humans: core, periphery and frontiers of humanomics

ABSTRACT Among the various attempts to re-humanize economics, the ‘humanomics’ proposed by Vernon Smith and Bart Wilson stands out. We contribute to the “humanomics project” by mapping its territory – core, periphery and frontiers – with an eye, also, on future explorations. First, we critically study the core: Smith and Wilson’s interpretation and experimental application of Adam Smith’s ideas on beneficence and injustice. Using the distinction between reciprocal cooperation and reciprocal kindness, we provide a different interpretation of Smith which helps to better understand the difference between exchange and trust, based on mutual advantage, and (reciprocal) beneficence proper. Secondly, we turn to the periphery, going beyond the ‘dichotomous representation of the human personality’ – personal-social/impersonal-economic – and showing other possible worlds: nuances of humans equally worthy of study, such as the personal-economic and the impersonal-social. Thirdly, we argue that the humanomics project should keep its frontiers as open as possible to human diversities and frailties.

Caught in the Anthropocene: Theatres of Trees, Place and Politics

This article investigates live performance in the broad geo-historical context of the Anthropocene, a contested term in recent scholarship, but one that offers a breadth of focus on human relations with its coexistent non-human other. These interrelations are examined through a range of theatrical and non-theatrical genres and sites from the Australian parliament's coal theatrics to exemplary performances by Indigenous companies Bangarra Dance Theatre and Marrugeku. It sets the scene with a visit to the Curtain Tree in the rainforests of north Queensland, Australia, arguing that the vitality and display of its root system models a special kind of reciprocity between the performative elements of the environment and the environmental elements of theatre and performance. This is traced through recent short-run immersive works, Hanna Cormick's Mermaid (2020) and Melinda Hetzel and Company's Conservatory (2020), and a rereading of a canonical Australian drama, Summer of the Seventeenth Doll.

A unified framework of direct and indirect reciprocity.

Direct and indirect reciprocity are key mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation. Direct reciprocity means that individuals use their own experience to decide whether to cooperate with another person. Indirect reciprocity means that they also consider the experiences of others. Although these two mechanisms are intertwined, they are typically studied in isolation. Here, we introduce a mathematical framework that allows us to explore both kinds of reciprocity simultaneously. We show that the well-known 'generous tit-for-tat' strategy of direct reciprocity has a natural analogue in indirect reciprocity, which we call 'generous scoring'. Using an equilibrium analysis, we characterize under which conditions either of the two strategies can maintain cooperation. With simulations, we additionally explore which kind of reciprocity evolves when members of a population engage in social learning to adapt to their environment. Our results draw unexpected connections between direct and indirect reciprocity while highlighting important differences regarding their evolvability.

Rapid Prototyping – A Prospective Paradigm A Narrative Review

Computational modelling signifies the simulation of real life layout in a virtual domain by the transfiguration of physical structures into numerical models, which then is processed into objects. It has restructured the field of Bio – medical engineering in the past 40 years. It has conceptualised the transposition of the visual to the visual-tactile portrayal of anatomical objects leading to a new kind of reciprocity called ‘touch to comprehend’, paving way for educational approaches. This advent of Rapid prototyping has opened new prospects in medical field, especially dentistry with its accuracy and speed. Rapid prototyping is an additive manufacturing technology that produces prototype models by addition of materials in a layer by layer process. With new researches coming to the fore for molding materials and the forming process of RP techniques, this technology has become trendsetter in dental prosthesis fabrication. This article provides a Narrative review of the evolution and its foray into Prosthodontics through the multiple technological options it has panned.

Les décrocheurs scolaires se racontent

Cet article questionne l’entretien de recherche comme dispositif d’intervention visant à favoriser et à accompagner le processus d’émancipation d’acteurs sociaux confrontés à une identité négative dans le cadre d’une enquête portant sur les trajectoires biographiques de jeunes, anciens décrocheurs en situation de raccrochage scolaire. En développant une méthodologie de l’entretien fondé sur les principes théoriques de la recherche biographique en éducation, on a dégagé un certain nombre de conditions favorables à ce processus d’émancipation. La prise en compte de ces conditions permet, en particulier, d’éviter l’écueil de la réduction de l’enquêté à un objet de savoir pour le considérer comme le sujet de ses transformations possibles dans le contexte de ses interactions avec le chercheur. L’entretien de recherche n’est pas sans incidence sur le chercheur qui expérimente au contact des enquêtés un espace de subjectivation réciproque, initiant un changement de position et une modification de son récit personnel.

The Influence of Reciprocity on Individual Decisions in a Climate Coalition Experiment

Purpose: This study examines the impact of individual reciprocal preferences on coalition formation. The reciprocal model considers a player’s own payoff, the player’s perception of others’ payoffs, and others’ perceptions of the player’s payoff. Research design, data and methodology: A reciprocal model is built to illustrate how reciprocity influences individual decisions in a coalition game and its formation. The prediction is examined with experimental evidences from a dictator game and a membership game. Results: The theoretical result suggests that the coalition formation could be unstable due to negative reciprocal kindness. The experimental findings support that negative reciprocal kindness could lead players participating in a coalition, no matter their dominant strategies are. When subjects were essential to make contributions to a coalition, they were more likely to cooperate if they were treated badly. In contrast, when subjects were unnecessary, the reciprocal kindness could enhance cooperative tendencies. Conclusions: This study reveals that the reciprocal behavior could influence individual decisions and reshape the coalition formation. In terms of policy implications, this study has shown that coalition formation could be reshaped by reciprocal prefe rences. Due to the strategic and complicated decision process in an interactive environment, a comprehensive investigation of factors would be required in a climate coalition in practice.

Addressing the ‘Dressing Down’: Introducing Summonses as Source Material in North-East Asia

Summary As a ‘banal’ everyday practice of state conduct, diplomatic summonses — colloquially known as a ‘dressing down’ — are a rich yet untapped source for research. To that end, this article’s objectives are to: 1) introduce this practice of reprimand between states, along with a sample dataset of summonses in North-East Asia from 2000 to 2016; and 2) then extract valuable contributions that summonses could make to a variety of ongoing discourses. Specifically, the article highlights a summons’ ability to reveal the foreign policy priorities of a state, as well as emphasise the need to think about dyadic relations as a set of two separate relations that might not exhibit the kind of reciprocity or symmetry that scholars have come to associate with inter-state relations. Along the way, the article also suggests ramifications for the ongoing literature on ‘emotions’, given the nature of summonses and its aspect of ‘insult’ or ‘shaming’.

‘Money spoils the medicine’

In this article, I use classical anthropological and sociological theory on exchange to explain the robustness of the cultural economy of healing in Northern Ghana. While many scholars have argued that health care in Africa should be understood through the lens of neoliberal marketization, ethnographic research among Mamprusi healers shows that practices of traditional healing are firmly embedded in a cultural system of exchange. Although confronted with an expanding monetary economy, the healers adhere to the local credo that ‘money spoils the medicine’. This alludes to an approach to healing characterized by a kind of reciprocity that reflects (post-)Maussian principles of gift exchange. Drawing on these principles, I propose to complement our understanding of exchange with the concept of ‘moral monies’. As peculiar monetary (counter)gifts, these serve as instruments to reconcile contemporary monetary needs with the sociocultural, moral, and historical institutions in which traditional health care is rooted.

Disjunctured reciprocity: paradoxes of community-school relationship in Nepal

ABSTRACTCommunity-based school governance has been promoted as a popular policy for decentralisation of education around the world. Within this policy, schools are expected to create institutional spaces such as School Management Committees with an assumption of reciprocal relation between school and community. This article questions the simplistic assumption through an ethnographic study of community-school relationship in Nepal. While these relationships may conflict with the kind of reciprocity assumed in school governance policies, we argue that this disjunctured reciprocity, firstly, reflects the gap between policy blueprints and action, and, secondly, reveals the competing logics of community-school relations which remain unacknowledged.

Reciprocity and the Paradox of Trust in psychological game theory

Rabin's psychological game-theoretic model of ‘fairness’ has been the starting point for a literature about preferences for reciprocity. In this literature, reciprocity is modelled by defining an individual's ‘kindness’ or ‘unkindness’ in terms of the consequences of his actions for others, and assuming a motivation to reward (punish) other people's kindness (unkindness). Contrary to intuition, this form of reciprocity cannot explain mutually beneficial trust and trustworthiness in a simple Trust Game. We formalise and offer a diagnosis of this ‘Paradox of Trust’. We distinguish between two kinds of reciprocity. Rabin's concept of reciprocal kindness is a psychologically plausible motivation, and the paradox is an informative result about the implications of this motivation. However, trust is better understood in terms of reciprocal cooperation – the motivation to play one's part in mutually beneficial practices, conditional on others playing their parts. We show that a theory of reciprocal cooperation can avoid the paradox.

Workplace deviance as a form of resistance to the abuse of hierarchical power: the role of reciprocity

The topic of employment relationship has acquired great importance in the last 25 years (Coyle-Shapiro and Shore, 2007). From a conceptual point of view, it describes in a wide sense the relationship between the employee and its organization, and includes many concepts like psychological contract, perceived organizational support, commitment, organizational citizenship behaviours, leader-member exchange, etc. All of these phenomena are generally related to desirable and positive organizational out- comes, while there are other phenomena, as workplace deviance, that can characterize the employment relationship and that can lead to less desirable outcomes. This paper aims to understand the main causes of workplace deviance behaviours, with a specific focus on the abuse of hierarchical power. This kind of behaviours could be a form of resistance or reaction to a source of frustrating organizational stressors (Robinson and Bennett, 1995), and the abuse of hierarchical power can be one of them (Mitchell and Ambrose, 2007). In brief: (1) the abuse of hierarchical power on employees can cause a feeling of injustice; (2) perceived injustice can lead to a need for revenge, and so to act behaviours against the supervisor or the organization which can motivate employees to seek for revenge (Aquino, Tripp and Bies, 2006; Bradfield and Aquino, 1999); (3) these acts of revenge can take the form of workplace deviant behaviours (Lawrence and Robin- son, 2007). The main contribution of the present study is to show that the relationship between perceived injustice and the need for revenge is not univocal, but it needs the mediation of a specific kind of reciprocity, namely negative reciprocity. Moreover, negative reciprocity may be distinguished in direct (an actor who suffered a negative action will reciprocate toward the actor who performed this action) and indirect or generalized (an actor who suffered a negative action will reciprocate toward someone else, or even toward the organization) (Alexander, 1987; Nowak and Sigmund, 1998; Stanca, 2009). Also workplace deviance can be distinguished in interpersonal (when it is directed toward other individuals) and organizational (when it is directed toward the organization). So the present study argues that when a norm of direct negative reciprocity is present, the revenge will be directed toward the actor who performed the negative action, so interpersonal deviant behaviours will be carried out. When a norm of generalized negative reciprocity is present, the revenge will be directed toward the organization, so organizational deviant behaviours will be carried out. Integrating literature on power and injustice with the field of revenge and deviant behaviours, this paper gives a contribution to organization and management studies, because these streams of research have developed in relative isolation from one another. In this sense, this paper tries to develop a theoretical contribution to understand the relationship between the kind of employment relationship and workplace deviance, considering deviant behaviours as signals of a need for revenge under a negative kind of reciprocity.

Symmetric predicates and the semantics of reciprocal alternations

Reciprocal alternations appear with binary predicates that also have a collective unary form. Many of these binary predicates are symmetric : if A dated B then B dated A. Most symmetric predicates in English show a simple kind of reciprocity: A and B dated means “A dated B”, or equivalently “B dated A”. Similar observations hold for nouns and adjectives like cousin and identical . Non-symmetric predicates like hug , fight and kiss also show reciprocity, but of a more complex kind. For instance, the meaning of A and B hugged differs substantially from “A hugged B and/or B hugged A”. Addressing a wide range of reciprocal predicates, we observe that “plain” reciprocity only appears with symmetric predicates, while other types of reciprocity only appear with non-symmetric predicates. This Reciprocity-Symmetry Generalization motivates a lexical operator that derives symmetric predicates from collective meanings. By contrast, reciprocity with non-symmetric predicates is analyzed using “soft” preferences of predicate concepts. Developing work by Dowty and Rappaport-Hovav & Levin, we introduce a formal semantic notion of protopredicates , which mediates between lexical meanings and concepts. This mechanism explains symmetry and reciprocity as two semantic aspects of one type system at the lexical-conceptual interface. EARLY ACCESS

Family reciprocity of older Singaporeans.

Reciprocity is a powerful motivation in social life. We study what older people give to their family for help received. Data are from the Panel on Health and Aging of Singaporean Elderly, Wave 2 (2011; persons aged 62+; N=3103). Giving and receiving help are with family members other than spouse in the same household, in the past year. Types of help given and received are money, food/clothes/other material goods, housework/cooking, babysitting grandchildren, emotional support/advice, help for personal care, and help for going out. Multivariate models predict each type of giving help, with independent variables about the older person's resources, needs, and help received. Reciprocity is demonstrated by positive relationships between receiving and giving help. Results show two kinds of reciprocity: "nontangibles for tangibles" and "same for same." First, older people give their time and effort in return for money and material goods. This aligns with contemporary Singapore circumstances, in that older people tend to have ample time but limited financial resources, while family members (often midlife children) have the reverse. Second, same-for-same exchanges, such as housework both given and received, are shared tasks in families or normative behaviors in Singapore society. The results replicate and extend prior ones for Singapore. We discuss prospects for change in frequency and shape of family reciprocity as the state continues to modernize.

Reciprocal Tariff Reductions Under Asymmetric Bargaining Power

AbstractIncreasing heterogeneity of participants that form the basis of WTO trade negotiations has raised concerns about unfair treatment of weak countries due to their lack of bargaining power. The WTO responds to these concerns by arguing that the institutional design with its specific rules such as the principle of reciprocity serves to reduce inequalities in bargaining power by giving smaller (weaker) countries more voice. A recent study has challenged this result for a particular type of reciprocity, namely the volume approach. Given the wide discretion of how reciprocal concessions are conducted, I give a more complete picture of how different kinds of reciprocity affect the bargaining outcome of asymmetric countries. It turns out that, while the volume approach amplifies the negative effects of power asymmetries, a tariff formula approach has the ability to reverse this effect. For low symmetries, the Swiss formula does the best job, whereas for larger power differences, a linear formula is best suited to reduce the impact of power asymmetries.

Ignorance Is Bliss, But for Whom? The Persistent Effect of Good Will on Cooperation

Who benefits from the ignorance of others? We address this question from the point of view of a policy maker who can induce some ignorance into a system of agents competing for resources. Evolutionary game theory shows that when unconditional cooperators or ignorant agents compete with defectors in two-strategy settings, unconditional cooperators get exploited and are rendered extinct. In contrast, conditional cooperators, by utilizing some kind of reciprocity, are able to survive and sustain cooperation when competing with defectors. We study how cooperation thrives in a three-strategy setting where there are unconditional cooperators, conditional cooperators and defectors. By means of simulation on various kinds of graphs, we show that conditional cooperators benefit from the existence of unconditional cooperators in the majority of cases. However, in worlds that make cooperation hard to evolve, defectors benefit.

Dynamics of Perceptible Agency: The Case of Social Robots

How do we perceive the agency of others? Do the same rules apply when interacting with others who are radically different from ourselves, like other species or robots? We typically perceive other people and animals through their embodied behavior, as they dynamically engage various aspects of their affordance field. In second personal perception we also perceive social or interactional affordances of others. I discuss various aspects of perceptible agency, which might begin to give us some tools to understand interactions also with agents truly other than ourselves or "perhaps agents" like present and future social robots. Robots have various kinds of physical and behavioral presence and thus make their agency--if we want to call it that--perceptible in ways that computers and other forms of AI do not. The largely dualist assumptions pertaining to the hidden bodies of traditional Turing tests are discussed, as well as the social affordance effects of such indirect interactions as opposed to interactions in physically shared space. The question is what role various abilities to reveal, hide and dynamically control the body and broader behavior plays in heterogeneous tech or machine mediated interactions. I argue that the specifics and richness of perceptible agency matters to the kind of reciprocity we can obtain.

Mechanism design and intentions

We introduce intention-based social preferences into mechanism design. We explore information structures that differ with respect to what is commonly known about the weight that agents attach to reciprocal kindness. When the designer has no information on reciprocity types, implementability of an incentive-compatible social choice function is guaranteed if it satisfies an additional insurance property. By contrast, precise information on reciprocity types may imply that all efficient social choice functions are implementable. We show how these results extend to a two-dimensional mechanism design setting where the agents have private information about their material payoff types and their reciprocity types. We also provide a systematic account of the welfare implications of intentionality.

Mechanism Design and Intentions

We introduce intention-based social preferences into mechanism design. We explore information structures that dier with respect to what is commonly known about the weight that agents attach to reciprocal kindness. When the designer has no information on reciprocity types, implementability of an incentive-compatible social choice function is guaranteed if it satises an additional insurance property. By contrast, precise information on reciprocity types may imply that all ecient social choice functions are implementable. We show how these results extend to a two-dimensional mechanism design setting where the agents have private information about their material payo types and their reciprocity types. We also provide a systematic account of the welfare implications of intentionality.

Partial-altruistic interactions as a function of reciprocity induction and written declarations

ABSTRACTTwo studies were conducted to systematically evaluate the effects of induced reciprocity by a confederate and written declarations about anticipated responding in the task on partial-altruistic interactions. The experimental situation consisted of solving puzzles on two synchronized computer screens. Sixteen college students were assigned to 16 dyads (one participant and one confederate), eight in each experiment. All dyads were exposed to successive experimental conditions in which the percentage of pieces placed in the participant’s puzzle by the confederate varied from 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% to 100%. Half of the dyads were exposed to an increasing order of percentages and the other half to a decreasing order. In Experiment 1, the effects of time-restricted induction of reciprocal behavior by a confederate were analyzed, implementing a response alternation procedure, on partial-altruistic behavior of the participant in the dyad. In Experiment 2, the effects of the interaction between reciprocal responding and written declarations anticipating the participant’s responses in the same partial-altruistic situation were compared. Participants showed partial-altruistic behavior as a function of the percentage of pieces placed by the confederates in remote puzzle. Results are discussed in terms of the kinds of reciprocity involved in all social exchange relations and the role of situational and verbal factors.

Limites e ambiguidades da vicinalidade num bairro de Salvador

Em Palmeiral, um bairro de autoconstrução na periferia de Salvador da Bahia, a aquisição e conservação de moradia dependem do desempenho social, da capacidade de ocupar uma posição respeitável e de integrar-se numa vicinalidade (uma rede de famílias/casas que formam um âmbito de inter-relação e troca de favores). Porém, manter essa posição pode ser complicado. A funcionalidade dessas redes é limitada, gerando frequentemente tensões e conflitos. Por um lado, através do exame de situações quotidianas e casos que têm a ver com a propriedade, este artigo aborda o caráter ambíguo das dinâmicas de vicinalidade. Quais os benefícios e as cargas que suportam os que se integram nelas? Qual o alcance da reciprocidade que desenvolvem? Por outro lado, o artigo critica a visão simplificada que alguns documentos oferecem dessas formas de reciprocidade, visões que ignoram seu caráter complexo e ambivalente.