Reciprocal Actions Research Articles

Infants expect some degree of positive and negative reciprocity between strangers

Social scientists from different disciplines have long argued that direct reciprocity plays an important role in regulating social interactions between unrelated individuals. Here, we examine whether 15-month-old infants (N = 160) already expect direct positive and negative reciprocity between strangers. In violation-of-expectation experiments, infants watch successive interactions between two strangers we refer to as agent1 and agent2. After agent1 acts positively toward agent2, infants are surprised if agent2 acts negatively toward agent1 in a new context. Similarly, after agent1 acts negatively toward agent2, infants are surprised if agent2 acts positively toward agent1 in a new context. Both responses are eliminated when agent2’s actions are not knowingly directed at agent1. Additional results indicate that infants view it as acceptable for agent2 either to respond in kind to agent1 or to not engage with agent1 further. By 15 months of age, infants thus already expect a modicum of reciprocity between strangers: Initial positive or negative actions are expected to set broad limits on reciprocal actions. This research adds weight to long-standing claims that direct reciprocity helps regulate interactions between unrelated individuals and, as such, is likely to depend on psychological systems that have evolved to support reciprocal reasoning and behavior.

The Role of Organizational Commitment in the Influence of Competency and Knowledge Sharing on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Study At Udayana University)

Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) refers to the actions of individuals within an organization who support each other in the work context. As explained in social exchange theory, reciprocal actions that a person performs without expecting anything in return are related to the quality of work life involving voluntary behavior, which is rooted in assumptions of reciprocity and fairness. Employees who have high competence tend to have high organizational commitment and display OCB, because they feel more capable and confident. Knowledge sharing between employees in an organization, also encourages organizational commitment and OCB, because employees who share knowledge feel more capable and confident in carrying out their duties. Organizational commitment makes Employees feel bound by their obligations and responsibilities to contribute to the organization. The respondents in this research were employees at Udayana University. The number of respondents in this study was 1,296 respondents, the sample size was set at 306 Udayana University employees determined using the Slovin formula. Determination of sample size which taken using Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling. This research uses Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis using SmartPLS 3.0 software. The results of this research show that competence and knowledge sharing positive and significant effect on organizational commitment. Competence, knowledge sharing, and organizational commitment positive and significant effect on OCB. Commitment organization capable mediate influence No direct competence and knowledge sharing towards OCB. Effect mediation variable commitment organization on influence not direct competence and knowledge sharing towards OCB in nature partially mediated.

Abstract Mo020: Loss of TRAF2 Signaling Mediates Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Doxorubicin-Cardiomyopathy

Rationale: Cytokines such as TNFα have been implicated in cardiac dysfunction and toxicity associated with doxorubicin (DOX). While TNFα can elicit different cellular responses including survival or death, the mechanisms underlying these divergent outcomes in the heart remains cryptic. The E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF2 provides a critical signaling platform for K63 - linked ubiquitination of RIPK1, crucial for NF-kB activation by TNFα. Whether alterations in TNFα-TRAF2 signaling underlie the cardiotoxic effects of DOX, remains poorly understood. Results: In contrast to vehicle treated mice, severe ultrastructural defects including cytoplasmic swelling, mitochondrial perturbations, and elevated TNFa levels were observed in the hearts of mice treated with DOX. While investigating the involvement of TNFa in DOX cardiotoxicity, we discovered that in the absence of DOX, NF-kB was readily activated by TNFa. However, TNFα -mediated NF-kB activation was impaired in cardiac myocytes treated with DOX. This coincided with loss of K63- linked poly-ubiquitination of RIPK1, attributed to the proteasomal degradation of TRAF2. Further, TRAF2 protein expression was markedly reduced in hearts of cancer patients treated with DOX. Impaired TRAF2 signaling resulted in the activation of Bnip3 and mitochondrial perturbations, including disrupted bioenergetics, loss of membrane potential and permeability transition pore opening. We further established that the reciprocal actions of the ubiquitinating and de-ubiquitinating enzymes c-IAP1 and USP19 respectively regulated the proteasomal degradation of TRAF2 in DOX treated cardiac myocytes. Importantly, an E3 ligase mutant of c-IAP1(c-IAP1 H588A) or gain of function of USP19, prevented proteasomal degradation of TRAF2 and DOX -induced cell death. Further, wild type TRAF2 but not a RING finger mutant defective for K63 ubiquitination of RIPK1, restored NF-kB signaling and suppressed DOX-induced cardiac cell death. Finally, cardiomyocyte-restricted expression of TRAF2 (AAV9-TRAF2) in vivo protected against mitochondrial defects and cardiac dysfunction induced by DOX. Conclusions: Our findings reveal a novel signaling axis that functionally connects the cardiotoxic effects of DOX to proteasomal degradation of TRAF2. Disruption of the critical TRAF2 survival pathway by DOX, sensitized cardiac myocytes to TNFa mediated necrotic cell death.

Paul Ekmanand the search for the isolated face in the 1960s.

This essay examines the detailed process of isolating facial data from the context of its emergence through the early work of psychologist Paul Ekman in the 1960s. It explores how Ekman's data practices have been developed, criticized, and compromised by situating them within the political and intellectual landscape of his early career. This essay follows Ekman's journey from the Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute to New Guinea, highlighting his brief but notable collaborations with psychologist Charles E. Osgood and NIH researchers D. Carleton Gajdusek and E. Richard Sorenson. It argues that the different meanings assigned to the human face resulted in how each group developed their studies - examining facial expressions either in interaction, where they shape reciprocal actions in interpersonal communication, or in isolation, where faces surface from the individual's unconscious interior.

The role of reciprocal actions of giving and receiving support on eudaimonic workplace well-being

The role of reciprocal actions of giving and receiving support on eudaimonic workplace well-being

Associations of TNF-RII rs1061622 With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Their Interplays on Serum Lipids Levels in Adolescents.

To verify effects of rs1061622 at tumor necrosis factor-α receptor II (TNF-RII) gene (TNF-RII) on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its interactive effects with PTSD on serum lipids levels in adolescents. PTSD was measured by PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) in 699 adolescent survivors at 6 months after Wenchuan earthquake in China. A polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism assay were utilized for TNF-RII rs1061622 genotyping followed by verification using DNA sequencing. Serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were tested using routine methods. G (deoxyguanine) allele carriers had higher PCL-C scores than TT (deoxythymidine) homozygotes in female subjects. Female adolescents had higher PCL-C scores than male subjects in TT homozygotes. Predictors of PTSD prevalence and severity were different between G allele carriers and TT homozygotes. Subjects with PTSD had lower TG, TG/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, and higher HDL-C than adolescents without PTSD in male G allele carriers. G allele carriers had higher TG/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C than TT homozygotes in male adolescents without PTSD, and lower TG and TG/HDL-C in male PTSD patients. G allele carriers had higher TG than TT homozygotes only in female adolescents without PTSD. These results suggest reciprocal actions of TNF-RII rs1061622 with other factors on PTSD severity, interplays of TNF-RII rs1061622 with PTSD on serum lipid levels, and novel treatment strategies for PTSD and comorbidities of PTSD with hyperlipidemia among adolescents with different genetic backgrounds of TNF-RII rs1061622 after experiencing traumatic events.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Derived DnaJ Induces the Expression of IL-1β by Engaging the Interplay of p38 and ERK Signaling Pathways in Macrophages.

As members of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, bacterial heat shock proteins (HSPs) are widely recognized for their role in initiating innate immune responses. This study aimed to examine the impact of DnaJ, a homolog of HSP40 derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), on the regulation of IL-1β expression in macrophages. We demonstrated that DnaJ modulates macrophages to secrete IL-1β by activating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Specifically, ERK was identified as a positive mediator for IL-1β expression, while p38 acted as a negative mediator. These results suggest that the reciprocal actions of these two crucial MAPKs play a vital role in controlling IL-1β expression. Additionally, the reciprocal actions of MAPKs were found to regulate the activation of inflammasome-related molecules, including vimentin, NLRP3, caspase-1, and GSDMD. Furthermore, our investigation explored the involvement of CD91/CD40 in ERK signaling-mediated IL-1β production from DnaJ-treated macrophages. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding the signaling mechanisms underlying IL-1β induction and suggest the potential utility of DnaJ as an adjuvant for stimulating inflammasome activation.

Solicited PWYW donations on social live streaming services through reciprocal actions between streamers and viewers

A donation model, referred to as social tipping and gift-giving, is a new monetization model in the virtual world that has expanded rapidly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Such donations are not charity but gifts by service recipients (buyers) to support service providers (sellers). In the virtual world, donations are visible to all participants, and further donations are likely induced one after another. Therefore, analysing donations in the virtual world as a collective action is worthwhile. This study took Twitch, a live streaming platform, and statistically analysed its log data of the top 100 streamers’ virtual communities. In Twitch, there is no upper limit to the number of donations. Thus, the donations can be thought of as a pay-what-you-want (PWYW) donation. This paper analyses the behaviour of subscription gifting as PWYW donation using the log data from TwitchTracker.com. The analysis, involving service-dominant logic as an analysis framework, revealed that mutual efforts through interactions between streamers (sellers) and viewers (buyers) accelerated PWYW-donation behaviour and co-created value of the services by the streamers. This study also provides the theoretical and practical implications of the results and contributes toward the future monetization of collective action in the virtual world.

Neo-Ottoman Turk-Scape: Analyzing the Role of Dizis as Türkiye’s Soft Power

Türkiye has grabbed the world’s attention in the last three decades for its strategic use of soft power as an instrument of cultural diplomacy. Buoyed by relative economic success in the post-Cold War period, the new ruling elites of Türkiye used Islamic practices and value-system, particularly its Ottoman past, as tools of the soft power in cultural diplomacy. Turkish dizis (television series), particularly those based on historical figures, have played a critical role in the nation branding exercise of Türkiye. These dizis have not only created a soft spot for the country, and boosted its tourism, but it also helped the government, particularly President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan project himself as a leader with potentials to lead the Muslim world or Ummah. This article assesses the role of Turkish dizis as a soft power instrument in cultural diplomacy and the nation branding of Türkiye. Interestingly, Turkish dizis were primarily produced for domestic consumption, and were not necessarily targeting foreign audience, at least in the beginning. Thus, they perform the dual function of molding public opinion within the country, while also helping create a positive image about Türkiye and its past among the foreign audience. But nostalgia of the past alone is not sufficient, if not complemented by reciprocal actions on the ground.

Molecular insights into mineralotropic hormone inter-regulation.

The regulation of mineral homeostasis involves the three mineralotropic hormones PTH, FGF23 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). Early research efforts focused on PTH and 1,25(OH)2D3 and more recently on FGF23 have revealed that each of these hormones regulates the expression of the other two. Despite early suggestions of transcriptional processes, it has been only recently that research effort have begun to delineate the genomic mechanisms underpinning this regulation for 1,25(OH)2D3 and FGF23; the regulation of PTH by 1,25(OH)2D3, however, remains obscure. We review here our molecular understanding of how PTH induces Cyp27b1 expression, the gene encoding the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D3. FGF23 and 1,25(OH)2D3, on the other hand, function by suppressing production of 1,25(OH)2D3. PTH stimulates the PKA-induced recruitment of CREB and its coactivator CBP at CREB occupied sites within the kidney-specific regulatory regions of Cyp27b1. PKA activation also promotes the nuclear translocation of SIK bound coactivators such as CRTC2, where it similarly interacts with CREB occupied Cyp27b1 sites. The negative actions of both FGF23 and 1,25(OH)2D3 appear to suppress Cyp27b1 expression by opposing the recruitment of CREB coactivators at this gene. Reciprocal gene actions are seen at Cyp24a1, the gene encoding the enzyme that degrades 1,25(OH)2D3, thereby contributing to the overall regulation of blood levels of 1,25(OH)2D3. Relative to PTH regulation, we summarize what is known of how 1,25(OH)2D3 regulates PTH suppression. These studies suggest that it is not 1,25(OH)2D3 that controls PTH levels in healthy subjects, but rather calcium itself. Finally, we describe current progress using an in vivo approach that furthers our understanding of the regulation of Fgf23 expression by PTH and 1,25(OH)2D3 and provide the first evidence that P may act to induce Fgf23 expression via a complex transcriptional mechanism in bone. It is clear, however, that additional advances will need to be made to further our understanding of the inter-regulation of each of these hormonal genes.

Reciprocity and gift exchange in markets for credence goods

We study the role of reciprocity in markets where expert-sellers have more information about the severity of a problem faced by a consumer. We employ a standard experimental credence goods market to introduce the possibility for consumers to gift the expert-seller before the diagnostic, where the gift is either transferred unconditionally or conditionally on solving the problem. We find that both types of gifts increase the frequency of consumer-friendly actions relative to no gift, but only conditional gifts translate into efficiency gains when the consumer faces a high-severity problem. This suggests that partial alignment of incentives via conditional gifts may outweigh kindness motives when reciprocal actions are not directly observed. Using further treatments with surprise gift exchange, we show that withholding a gift that is expected by expert-sellers significantly reduces the likelihood of consumer-friendly behavior whereas sending a gift to expert-sellers who do not expect one has no effect.

Toward China's green growth through boosting energy transition: the role of energy efficiency.

The primary purpose of this study is to quantitatively evaluate whether low-carbon energy transition has achieved preliminary progress in facilitating China's green evolution of economy following the provincial dataset. Besides, how improved energy efficiency moderates the influence of energy transition on green growth and the mediation effects are also quantitatively explored. The primary findings insist that low carbonization energy transition is positively associated with green growth, a finding detected by a series of sensitivity checks. Besides, the reciprocal actions between adjusting energy structure and raising energy productivity can effectively strengthen their roles in promoting green growth. In addition, boosting clean energy transition plays an indirect role in green growth by enhancing energy productivity while directly facilitating green growth. Following the three outcomes, this study puts forward some policy implications on enhancing governmental supervision, promoting clean energy evolution, and upgrading ecological protection technologies.

The Elusive Progress of Prosodical Study: Essays in Honor of Thomas Cable

The Elusive Progress of Prosodical Study: Essays in Honor of Thomas Cable

Mapping Abundance for a Planetary Future: Kanaka Maoli and Critical Settler Cartographies in Hawai‘i. By Candace Fujikane and C.M. Kaliko Baker

While many utopian plans have sought to incorporate or adopt Indigenous social and ecological frameworks, Fujikane pushes readers into the depths of what such visions mean in terms of actual relational and reciprocal actions. The book represents an ambitious fusion akin to combining the projects of Vine Deloria’s God Is Red, Aimé Césaire’s Discourse on Colonialism, and Robin Kimmerer’s Braiding Sweetgrass. The book follows the protocols of Hawaiian genealogy and responsibilities. The lineages are human and familial, but also non-human and intellectual. Every chapter and subsection begins with stories and bits of cosmology, which are juxtaposed with settler colonial assumptions that normalize environmental degradations. Mapping Abundance takes a firm stand on an Indigenous-centered “ecological” approach to how we learn from and live with the planet, with glancing critiques of how capitalism disrupts and distorts human responsibilities to one another and the wider world. Plants, animals, winds, rocks, and mountains are centered. Fujikane effectively explains how water—as fog drip, rain, clouds, streams, fishponds, aquifers, and ocean—is interwoven and integrated into every aspect of the human and non-human realities on the islands.

Proteasomal Degradation of TRAF2 Mediates Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Doxorubicin-Cardiomyopathy.

Cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) have been implicated in cardiac dysfunction and toxicity associated with doxorubicin (DOX). Although TNFα can elicit different cellular responses, including survival or death, the mechanisms underlying these divergent outcomes in the heart remain cryptic. The E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF2 (TNF receptor associated factor 2) provides a critical signaling platform for K63-linked polyubiquitination of RIPK1 (receptor interacting protein 1), crucial for nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation by TNFα and survival. Here, we investigate alterations in TNFα-TRAF2-NF-κB signaling in the pathogenesis of DOX cardiotoxicity. Using a combination of in vivo (4 weekly injections of DOX 5 mg·kg-1·wk-1) in C57/BL6J mice and in vitro approaches (rat, mouse, and human inducible pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes), we monitored TNFα levels, lactate dehydrogenase, cardiac ultrastructure and function, mitochondrial bioenergetics, and cardiac cell viability. In contrast to vehicle-treated mice, ultrastructural defects, including cytoplasmic swelling, mitochondrial perturbations, and elevated TNFα levels, were observed in the hearts of mice treated with DOX. While investigating the involvement of TNFα in DOX cardiotoxicity, we discovered that NF-κB was readily activated by TNFα. However, TNFα-mediated NF-κB activation was impaired in cardiac myocytes treated with DOX. This coincided with loss of K63- linked polyubiquitination of RIPK1 from the proteasomal degradation of TRAF2. Furthermore, TRAF2 protein abundance was markedly reduced in hearts of patients with cancer treated with DOX. We further established that the reciprocal actions of the ubiquitinating and deubiquitinating enzymes cellular inhibitors of apoptosis 1 and USP19 (ubiquitin-specific peptidase 19), respectively, regulated the proteasomal degradation of TRAF2 in DOX-treated cardiac myocytes. An E3-ligase mutant of cellular inhibitors of apoptosis 1 (H588A) or gain of function of USP19 prevented proteasomal degradation of TRAF2 and DOX-induced cell death. Furthermore, wild-type TRAF2, but not a RING finger mutant defective for K63-linked polyubiquitination of RIPK1, restored NF-κB signaling and suppressed DOX-induced cardiac cell death. Last, cardiomyocyte-restricted expression of TRAF2 (cardiac troponin T-adeno-associated virus 9-TRAF2) in vivo protected against mitochondrial defects and cardiac dysfunction induced by DOX. Our findings reveal a novel signaling axis that functionally connects the cardiotoxic effects of DOX to proteasomal degradation of TRAF2. Disruption of the critical TRAF2 survival pathway by DOX sensitizes cardiac myocytes to TNFα-mediated necrotic cell death and DOX cardiotoxicity.

Business Resilience of the Muslim Merchants through of Social Capital

This study aims to determine the portrait of traditional markets that survive in the era of modern trade competition. There are three problems in this study: business resilience strategies, elements that make up social capital, and business resilience through merchants’s social capital. The research setting is the Soponyono market, which is managed by Masjid Tholabuddin Foundation. The approach in this research is phenomenology approach. Data are collected by snowball sampling technique to Muslim merchants as informants, then, are analyzed through by interactive analysis (qualitative approach). The results of the study reveal that the purpose of the muslim merchants to stay in business, is to seek halal income without worrying about modern trade competition. They practice active, passive, and networking strategies. Of the three, network strategy is considered to play an important role in business resilience. Network strategies are formed in three elements of social capital, namely: mutual trust, social networks, and reciprocity. The theory for examining this study, are Mark Granovetter's about socio-economic attachment theory, Fukuyama about elements of trust, social networks, and reciprocal actions, and Islamic theory, namely: ‘amanah, at-ta’awun, and ukhuwwah Islamiyyah.

The expanding role of lyso-phosphatidylcholine acyltransferase-3 (LPCAT3), a phospholipid remodeling enzyme, in health and disease.

The turnover of fatty acids (FAs) at the sn-2 position of phospholipids is mediated by the reciprocal actions of phospholipases A2 and lyso-PL acyltransferases (LPLAT). LPCAT3, a major LPLAT isoform, exhibits a strong specificity for polyunsaturated FAs s (PUFAs). Although the enzyme was originally studied in the context of cardiometabolism, recent investigations have shed light on the role of LPCAT3 in other tissues such as skeletal muscle and in unexpected biological processes such as cell death and oncogenesis. The three-dimensional structure of LPCAT3 has been elucidated allowing further understanding of the mechanism of the acylation reaction as well as the substrate specificity of the enzyme. In skeletal muscle, LPCAT3-mediated phospholipid remodeling modulates membrane domain clustering and insulin signalingLPCAT3 plays an important role in the process of ferroptosis by modulating the PUFA content of phospholipids and possibly of plasmalogens.In tumor-associated macrophages, LPCAT3 can prevent ER stress induced by the tumor microenvironment and may equally modulate antitumor immunity. LPCAT3 is an attractive therapeutic target in the cardiometabolic disorders. Nevertheless, the involvement of LPCAT3 in processes such as cell death and oncogenesis demands caution with respect to the potential deleterious effects of enzyme modulation.

Reciprocal actions of Magnetic Resonance Imaging with dental prostheses and oral tissues - awareness among the dentists.

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) does not use ionizing radiation and provides a comparatively better resolution. It is an important tool for the diagnosis of problems related to the head and neck area. It has various applications in dentistry, including MRI-based planning for implant placement. Previously, studies have been performed to assess its medical use, but very few studies have been conducted on its applications in dentistry. A pre-validated online questionnaire was distributed through various messenger groups and social media. The questionnaire comprised two sections to collect demographics and assess the knowledge and awareness among dentists about the interactions between dental prostheses and materials with MRI. In the present study, 63.20% of respondents indicated that MRI provided a good view of the implant sites, TMJ and salivary gland tumours, but the majority believed that metallic and titanium implants do not interact or cause artefacts on MRI imaging. We concluded that dental undergraduates and graduates had limited knowledge of the interactions of dental materials and prostheses with MRI. Dentists should be aware of interactions of MRI with the various dental materials and prostheses and possible image distortion to ensure the safety of the patient.

The effects of blood flow restriction resistance training on indices of delayed onset muscle soreness and peak power

BACKGROUND: Low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction (LL + BFR) attenuated delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) under some conditions. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study examined the effects of reciprocal concentric-only elbow flexion-extension muscle actions at 30% of peak torque on indices of DOMS. METHODS: Thirty untrained women (mean ± SD; 22 ± 2.4 years) were randomly assigned to 6 training days of LL + BFR (n= 10), low-load non-BFR (LL) (n= 10), or control (n= 10). Participants completed 4 sets (1 × 30, 3 × 15) of submaximal (30% of peak torque), unilateral, isokinetic (120∘s-1) muscle actions. Indices of DOMS including peak power, resting elbow joint angle (ROM), perceived muscle soreness (VAS), and pain pressure threshold (PPT) were assessed. RESULTS: There were no changes in peak power, ROM, or VAS. There was a significant interaction for PPT. Follow-up analyses indicated PPT increased for the LL + BFR condition (Day 5 > Day 2), but did not decrease below baseline. The results of the present study indicated LL + BFR and LL did not induce DOMS for the elbow extensors in previously untrained women. CONCLUSION: These findings suggested LL + BFR and LL concentric-only resistance training could be an effective training modality to elicit muscular adaptation without inducing DOMS.

Soviet Opposition to British Expansion in Xinjiang Province during the Period of National Movement of Indigenous Peoples in 1931–1934

The article deals with the development of international relations in Central Asia in the 1930s. The research featured the relationship between England and the Soviet Union during the uprising of the indigenous peoples of Xinjiang against the Chinese administration in 1931–1934. The analysis involved recent publications and archival sources. The research clarifies the historical picture of the confrontation between Great Britain and the Soviet Union in Central Asia. London made persistent attempts to establish its control over the rebel movement in order to gain economic and political influence in the province, which it had lost in the 1920s. However, the reciprocal actions of the Soviet government proved effective and completely deprived Britain of any serious prospects in that region. The confrontation, its forms, methods, and results affected the entire complex of international relations in Central Asia. The conflict became the final episode of the Great Game, which later determined the predominant position of the Soviet Union in Central Asia. Contrary to the opinion of many western researchers, the USSR never intended to annex the territory of Xinjiang. The research summarizes the history of international relations in Central Asia.