Recipient Side Research Articles

A Novel Method of Correcting Lower Facial Asymmetry: Computer-Assisted Surgery with Contralateral Mandibular Outer Cortex Sandwich Grafting.

Lower facial asymmetry often results in an esthetically unpleasing appearance. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel method for correcting lower facial asymmetry using mandibular augmentation with sandwich bone grafts from the contralateral mandibular outer cortex (MOC), and to evaluate the efficacy of this method using computer-assisted techniques. The medical records of 16 patients with lower facial asymmetry who underwent mandibular augmentation with sandwich bone grafts from the contralateral MOC between January 2016 and December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Preoperative computer-aided design (CAD) was performed based on CBCT data, MOC grafts were harvested from the donor side using a 3D printed osteotomy guide template and grafted to the recipient side in sandwich manner to augment the contralateral mandible. Effectiveness was evaluated through pre- and postoperative CBCT data and FACE-Q questionnaire scores. Neurosensory recovery of the inferior alveolar nerve was assessed using the functional sensory recovery (FSR) scale. All procedure were successfully completed, and the asymmetry was effectively corrected three-dimensionally with no serious complications. The patients' FACE-Q scores for satisfaction with the lower facial area significantly increased from 52.19±7.51 to 86.69±7.50. No significant differences were observed in the pre- and postoperative lengths of mandibular ramus or body on either side. The donor site volume increased by 559.38±335.12 mm3 at 6 months postoperatively. The recipient site volume increased by 4415.94±1017.21 mm3 on the 7th day postoperatively and decreased by 202.63±300.85 mm3 at 6 months, reflecting a bone resorption rate of 5.67 ± 8.12%. The median FSR time for the chin and lower lip was 90 days. Mandibular augmentation with contralateral MOC sandwich grafts effectively increases mandibular width and volume witha low resorption rate. This method allows for three-dimensional restoration of facial symmetry in cases of mild to moderate lower facial asymmetry, achieving a harmonious and symmetric appearance. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266. www.springer.com/00266.

Are autocratic donors impeding democracy abroad? The presence of autocratic donors and citizens' perceptions of democracy

AbstractDoes the presence of autocratic donors alter citizens' perceptions of democracy? The paper argues that the presence of autocratic donors can alter citizens' views of donors' influence and support for democracy. The study analyses, on the donor side Chinese development assistance from AidData, one of the largest autocratic donors worldwide and, on the recipient side, Serbia—a middle‐income country where both Western and non‐traditional donors are heavily involved with aid projects. The findings suggest that in the presence of higher levels of aid from autocratic donors, citizens who uphold a very positive view of donors' political influence are the least likely to support democracy. The article proposes two main mechanisms: the attribution processes of aid and the instrumentalization of foreign aid by elites. The analysis employs a mixed‐method approach, combining mixed‐ordered probit regression of aid and municipal‐level survey data with insights from 16 interviews with experts on Serbia who have direct experience with aid initiatives or research. The study contributes to advancing our understanding of the impact of autocratic donors on citizens' support for democracy.

Förderprogramme für Kommunen: politische Verflechtungen und Informationsdefizite

Abstract In financing investments, municipalities rely heavily on infrastructure grants. These funds are distributed through numerous programmes, with the states playing a significant role. Empirical research suggests that political affiliations influence the allocation of these funds. On one hand, political actors on the donor side tend to favour connected municipalities. On the other hand, information asymmetries on the recipient side can explain why certain municipalities receive less funding. Consequently, funds may not end up where they generate the greatest impact. The article synthesises available evidence and derives implications for the design of grant programmes.

Transgenic mice applications in the study of endometriosis pathogenesis.

Endometriosis (EM), characterized by ectopic growth of endometrial tissues and recurrent pelvic pain, is a common disease with severe negative impacts on the life quality of patients. Conventional uterine tissue transplantation-based models have been broadly used to investigate the pathogenic mechanism(s) of EM. Transgenic mice with whole body or uterine/pelvic tissue-specific labelling by the expression of GFP, β-gal or other light-emitting or chromogenic markers enable investigators to analyze the contribution to endometriotic lesions by the donor or recipient side after uterine tissue transplantation. Moreover, when coupled to uterine tissue transplantation, transgenic mice with a specific EM-related gene knocked out or overexpressed make it possible to determine the gene's in vivo role(s) for EM pathogenesis. Furthermore, observations on the rise of de novo endometriotic lesions as well as structural/functional changes in the eutopic endometrium or pelvic tissues after gene manipulation will directly relate the cognate gene to the onset of EM. A major advantage of transgenic EM models is their efficiency for analyzing gene interactions with hormonal, dietetic and/or environmental factors. This review summarizes the features/sources/backgrounds of transgenic mice and their applications to EM studies concerning hormonal regulation, angiogenesis and inflammation. Findings from these studies, the advantages/disadvantages of transgenic EM models, and future expectations are also discussed.

Do development finance projects facilitate domestic renewable energy transitions? The role of small economic actors in Senegal

The diffusion of renewable energy (RE) in the Global South requires a significant mobilization of financial resources, of which public development finance contributes a substantial share. By focusing on the recipient side of development finance flows for RE and looking at one specific group of actors – micro, small- and medium enterprises (MSME) in Senegal – we are able to investigate the extent to which RE development financing is benefiting MSMEs while driving RE diffusion. Our empirical findings build on an explorative interview study conducted during field research in Senegal from 2019 to 2022. Making use of a multi-level perspective including that of finance, we conduct a two-step analysis. First, we analyze the level of financial support RE finance programs provide MSMEs. Second, we look closely into two specific RE projects that support MSMEs to examine whether funding is reaching these local actors to help drive RE dissemination from the bottom up. We find that the majority of RE development projects focus on large-scale energy plants and that MSMEs receive only marginal shares of the development funding. The lion's share of the funding goes to large-scale plant projects, which, in fact, make a limited socio-economic impact on the region. In contrast, projects driven by MSMEs respond to specific local needs and spur economic activity. Our findings contribute to the literature on transition studies and political economy of the energy transition.

Heterotopic Auxiliary Whole Liver Rat Transplant Model Utilizing a Hepaticoureterostomy for Allograft Rejection Studies.

Small animal transplant models are indispensable for organ tolerance studies investigating feasible therapeutic interventions in preclinical studies. Rat liver transplantation (LTx) protocols typically use an orthotopic model where the recipients' native liver is removed and replaced with a donor liver. This technically demanding surgical procedure requires advanced micro-surgical skills and is further complicated by lengthy anhepatic and lower body ischemia times. This prompted the development of a less complicated heterotopic method that can be performed faster with no anhepatic or lower body ischemia time, reducing post-surgery stress for the recipient animal. This heterotopic LTx protocol includes two main steps: excising the liver from the donor rat and transplanting the whole liver into the recipient rat. During the excision of the donor liver, the surgeon ligates the supra-hepatic vena cava (SHVC) and hepatic artery (HA). On the recipient side, the surgeon removes the left kidney and positions the donor liver with the portal vein (PV), infra-hepatic vena cava (IHVC), and bile duct facing the renal vessels. Further, the surgeon anastomoses the recipient's renal vein end to end with the IHVC of the liver and arterializes the PV with the renal artery using a stent. A hepaticoureterostomy is utilized for biliary drainage by anastomosing the bile duct to the recipient's ureter, permitting the discharge of bile via the bladder. The average duration of the transplantation was 130 min, cold ischemia duration was around 35 min, and warm ischemia duration was less than 25 min. Hematoxylin and eosin histology of the auxiliary liver from syngeneic transplants showed normal hepatocyte structure with no significant parenchymal alterations 30 days post-transplant. In contrast, 8-day post-transplant allogeneic graft specimens demonstrated extensive lymphocytic infiltration with a Banff Schema rejection activity index score of 9. Therefore, this LTx method facilitates a low morbidity rejection model alternative to orthotopic LTx.

End of jouissance, start of resentment: a Lacanian critical security approach to Turkey’s relations with the West

ABSTRACT Believing that the emotional turn in IR would benefit from psychoanalysis greatly, this study applies the Lacanian concept of ‘jouissance’, the emotional IR concept of ‘resentment’, and ‘emancipation’ as part of the Welsh School in IR to Turkey’s relations with the EU, by pointing out a visible move from former to the latter since the Helsinki Summit in 1999 until today. As known, jouissance refers to physical and/or intellectual joy, whereas resentment roots in being treated unfairly. By dividing the period mentioned above into four, 1999–2005; the period of jouissance, 2005–2011; end of jouissance, 2011–2016; transition to resentment, and 2016–2023; emancipation, the paper analyzes leader discourses of both sides through EDA, the current President of Turkey; Recep Tayyip Erdoğan; and the leaders of the European Council and European Commission, to unravel the transition. For Turkey, the AKP government utilised discourses that transitioned from jouissance to emancipation, especially after 2005, whereas the EU discourses started with jouissance and moved onto emancipation and then neutrality. As the recipient side of the accession, the EU discourses remain on the technical accession negotiations and the issue of migration after 2011 rather than engaging in any emotional attachment to Turkey’s membership process.

Novel data encryption scheme and its application to secure multi-party communication

Recent advances in cellular mobile telecommunication field have dramatically facilitated the multi-party collaborative work in social networks. However, the privacy issues exposed by insecure network channels and semi-trusted service providers, such as underlying data analysis and mining, have gradually aroused public concerns. In this context, a novel Multi-Party Privacy Data Encryption (MP-PDE) scheme built upon the deep learning framework is proposed. In this scheme, a four-dimensional autonomous chaotic system is initially leveraged to configurate the key-controlled cipher streams. Under the guidance of a multi-objective optimization function, the proposed encryption network manipulates the multi-party private data into a cipher image with the statistical pseudo-randomness. At the recipient side, distinct participants can decrypt the corresponding data availing their own licensing key from the identical cipher image. Furthermore, the encryption and decryption networks are equivalent except for their trainable network parameters. Finally, numerous experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness and security of the proposed scheme.

Order Matters When Using Two-Sided Messages to Influence Morally Based Attitudes.

Contrary to common beliefs, sometimes downplaying or even undermining one's case can enhance impact, especially for people with strong attitudes. Across four studies (N = 1,548), we demonstrate that the placement of the undermining information within a two-sided message matters. By manipulating message order within a two-sided message, Study 1 showed that the relative effectiveness of two- over one-sided messages for people with a moral attitude primarily occurred when the two-sided message acknowledged the recipient's side at the end rather than at the beginning of the message. Studies 2A/B showed that this effect was associated with positive source perceptions, such that placing the acknowledgment at the end results in people with a higher moral basis perceiving the source as more thoughtful and sincere. Furthermore, this inference process was more likely to occur when motivation to think was relatively high. Study 3, a preregistered experiment, replicated these findings using a different topic.

Contralateral C7 nerve transfer for severe pediatric brachial plexus injuries: donor site morbidity.

Pediatric brachial plexus injuries (BPI) can have a devastating impact on upper extremity function. With localized lesions, nerve grafting and transfers are well-described. However, reconstruction of pan-plexus (C5-T1) injuries (PPI) requires donor nerves outside of the brachial plexus. The cross C7 (CC7) nerve transfer extended with sural nerve grafts to the contralateral recipient nerve offers the advantage of supplying robust donor axons. Though controversial in the West, CC7 transfer is routine in many Asian centers. We present a case series of pediatric patients who underwent CC7 transfer for BPI. Our objective was to catalog donor site morbidity incurred by transferring the C7 nerve root. This retrospective study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of our university. patients under 18years old that underwent CC7 nerve transfer for BPI at our health system between 2021 and 2022. A chart review was completed to collect demographic and outcomes data. Three patients underwent a complete CC7 transfer between 2021 and 2022 for BPI reconstruction. All patients underwent concomitant additional nerve transfers. Post-operative donor site sensory deficits were minimal and transient in all but one patient, who reported mild but persistent paresthesia of the donor side hand with movement of recipient side digits; however, no patients suffered donor site motor deficits (Table 1). We conclude that CC7 nerve transfer is a safe surgical option to provide additional donor motor axons for PPI in pediatric patients.

Who Deserves European Solidarity? How Recipient Characteristics Shaped Public Support for International Medical and Financial Aid during COVID-19

AbstractInternational solidarity is indispensable for coping with global crises; however, solidarity is frequently constrained by public opinion. Past research has examined who, on the donor side, is willing to support European and international aid. However, we know less about who, on the recipient side, is perceived to deserve solidarity. The article argues that potential donors consider situational circumstances and those relational features that link them to the recipients. Using factorial survey experiments, we analyse public support for international medical and financial aid in Germany during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results show that recipient countries' situational need and control, as well as political community criteria, namely, group membership, adherence to shared values and reciprocity, played a crucial role in explaining public support for aid. Important policy implications result: on the donor side, fault-attribution frames matter; on the recipient side, honouring community norms is key to receiving aid.

An optimal elliptic curve cryptography based encryption algorithm for blockchain-enabled medical image transmission

In recent times, a number of Internet of Things (IoT) related healthcare applications have been deployed for automating healthcare services and offering easy accessibility to patients. Several issues like security, fault-tolerant, and reliability have restricted the utilization of IoT services in real-time healthcare environments. To achieve security, blockchain technology can be utilized which offers effective interoperability of healthcare databases, ease of medical data access, device tracking, prescription database, hospital assets, etc. Therefore, this paper presents an optimal Elliptic curve cryptography-based encryption algorithm for a blockchain-enabled medical image transmission model, named OECC-BMIT. The presented OECC-BMIT model involves different stages of operations such as encryption, optimal key generation, blockchain-enabled data transmission, and decryption. Firstly, the OECC-BMIT model performs Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) based encryption technique to securely transmit the medical images. In order to generate the optimal set of keys for the ECC technique, modified bat optimization (MBO) algorithm is applied. Then, the encrypted images undergo secure transmission via blockchain technology. The encrypted images are decrypted on the recipient side and the original medical image is reconstructed effectively. Extensive sets of experimentations were performed to highlight the goodness of the OECC-BMIT algorithm and the obtained results pointed out the improved outcome over the state of art methods in terms of different measures.

Risk factors in deceased donor liver transplantation: a single centre experience

Deceased brain-dead donor liver transplantation (LT) is a high-risk intervention. The outcome depends on a large number of modifiable and non-modifiable factors. Objective: to analyze our own experience and identify preoperative and perioperative prognostic factors for poor outcomes in LT. Materials and methods. The study included 301 liver transplants performed between January 2016 and December 2021. Donor and recipient characteristics, intraoperative data, perioperative characteristics including laboratory test data, and the nature and frequency of complications were used for the analysis. Results. The 1-, 3- and 5-year recipient survival rates were 91.8%, 85.1%, and 77.9%, respectively; graft survival rates were 90.4%, 83.7%, and 76.7%, respectively. The most significant predictors of poor outcome of LT on the recipient side were biliary stents (HR 7.203, p < 0.01), acutely decompensated cirrhosis (HR 2.52, p = 0.02); in the postoperative period, non-surgical infectious complications (HR 4.592, p < 0.01) and number of reoperations (HR 4.063, p < 0.01). Donor creatinine level (HR 1.004, p = 0.01, one factor analysis; HR 1.004, p = 0.016, multivariate analysis) was the only reliable prognostic negative factor. Conclusion. LT taking into account established risk factors will improve surgery outcomes and help personalize the therapy for each patient.

Does gift competition hurt? An experimental study of multilateral gift exchange

Bilateral gift exchange is often shown to benefit the gift-giver, but the effect is largely unknown when gift competition exists in a multilateral interaction. This paper studies gift competition in two-giver-one-recipient interaction based on a real-effort task on the recipient side. We find that exogenously introducing gift competition opportunity benefits the recipients and hurts the givers. This is because recipients respond more to the relative than the absolute size of the gifts under limited resources (i.e., time in our case). Explanations based on recipients’ preference change and givers’ erroneous beliefs are investigated and excluded.

Definitions and accounting of climate finance: between divergence and constructive ambiguity

ABSTRACT The Paris Agreement reaffirmed the commitment to provide USD 100 billion in international climate finance to developing countries by 2020, while COP26 agreed to set a new target by the end of 2024. However, in the absence of a clear, internationally accepted definition of climate finance, the estimates of the progress towards this objective wildly differ. This article provides an overview of different issues related to diverging definitions of climate finance, its main dimensions and proposes to distinguish between counting methods (e.g. Rio markers) and accounting frameworks of climate finance (e.g. by the OECD). We start by reviewing the existing definitions of climate finance both under the UNFCCC and beyond, followed by a discussion of the key dimensions of climate finance that affect definitions, as well as the main climate finance accounting approaches. In the context of the Paris Agreement, attaining a consensus among Parties on the definition of climate finance is crucial, but may result in watering down the level of ambition, for example, by including finance to activities that may not be in line with the latest climate science. Such convergence would require resolving all controversial dimensions of climate finance discussed in this article – notably, provider versus recipient side perspectives, eligible activities, inclusion of controversial sectors and technologies, public versus private finance, climate versus development finance, accounting for negative climate finance and so on. As most likely not all issues can be resolved through a consensual multilateral process, some level of ‘constructive ambiguity’ may be required in defining and accounting for international climate finance. Key policy insights There is no commonly accepted definition of international climate finance today, making it difficult to track progress. Climate finance accounting approaches differ depending on the interpretation of different dimensions of climate finance. A commonly accepted definition of climate finance should take into account the latest science on 1.5°C and net-zero scenarios. Climate clubs or coalitions may take up the issue of ‘muddled’ counting methods and accounting frameworks of international climate finance in ‘side deals’ of official negotiations. The Standing Committee on Finance is best positioned to authoritatively perform regular accounting for finance flows eligible under international climate commitments.

Effects of salt stress on the photosynthetic physiology and mineral ion absorption and distribution in white willow (Salix alba L.).

The purpose of this study was to explore the adaptive mechanism underlying the photosynthetic characteristics and the ion absorption and distribution of white willow (Salix alba L.) in a salt stress environment in cutting seedlings. The results lay a foundation for further understanding the distribution of sodium chloride and its effect on the photosynthetic system. A salt stress environment was simulated in a hydroponics system with different NaCl concentrations in one-year-old Salix alba L.branches as the test materials. Their growth, ion absorption, transport and distribution in the roots and leaves, and the changes in the photosynthetic fluorescence parameters were studied after 20 days under hydroponics. The results show that The germination and elongation of roots are promoted in the presence of 171mM NaCl, but root growth is comprehensively inhibited under increasing salt stress. Under salt stress, Na+ accumulates significantly in the roots and leaves, and the Na+ content and the Na+/K+ and Na+/Ca2+ root ratios are significantly greater than those in the leaves. When the NaCl concentration is ≤ 342mM, Salix alba can maintain relatively stable K+ and Ca2+ contents in its leaves by improving the selective absorption and accumulation of K+ and Ca2+ and adjusting the transport capacity of mineral ions to aboveground parts, while K+ and Ca2+ levels are clearly decreased under high salt stress. With increasing salt concentrations, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (gs) of leaves decrease gradually overall, and the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) first decreases and then increases. When the NaCl concentration is < 342mM, the decrease in leaf Pn is primarily restricted by the stomata. When the NaCl concentration is > 342mM, the decrease in the Pn is largely inhibited by non-stomatal factors. Due to the salt stress environment, the OJIP curve (Rapid chlorophyll fluorescence) of Salix alba turns into an OKJIP curve. When the NaCl concentration is > 171mM, the fluorescence values of points I and P decrease significantly, which is accompanied by a clear inflection point (K). The quantum yield and energy distribution ratio of the PSⅡ reaction center change significantly (φPo, Ψo and φEo show an overall downward trend while φDo is promoted). The performance index and driving force (PIABS, PICSm and DFCSm) decrease significantly when the NaCl concentration is > 171mM, indicating that salt stress causes a partial inactivation of the PSII reaction center, and the functions of the donor side and the recipient side are damaged. The above results indicate that Salix alba can respond to salt stress by intercepting Na+ in the roots, improving the selective absorption of K+ and Ca2+ and the transport capacity to the above ground parts of the plant, and increasing φDo, thus shows an ability to self-regulate and adapt.

Improving Nasal Symmetry with Alar Composite Graft: Technique and Outcome Assessments in Cleft Patient

PurposeResidual cleft nasal deformities after initial cleft repair can have long-term cosmetic and psychological impact on patients. The authors describe a novel technique of an alar composite graft for patients with cleft lip and/or palate and assess the surgical outcomes with respect to symmetry of individual anatomical components. Materials and methodsThis was a retrospective study of patients with a history of cleft lip/palate who underwent rhinoplasty with alar composite graft placement by the senior author from March 2014 to January 2021. Patients who had high-quality pre-operative and postoperative 3D imaging were included. Patient age, sex, surgical history, cleft side, cleft details, and operative details were recorded. The primary operative technique includes the following: 1) Weir and sill excision at the donor side, 2) composite graft harvest, 3) Weir and sill incision at the recipient side, 4) graft placement, 5) closure of the incision sites. Three-dimensional imaging was obtained pre-operatively and postoperatively using Vectra M3 3D Imaging (Canfield Imaging System, Fairfield, NJ). Linear and surface area measurements were made on donor and recipient sides. The difference in measurements was calculated to analyze the degree of similarity across sides, and this difference was compared pre-operatively to postoperatively.1,2 Symmetry of the patient's nostrils and overall nasal symmetry was compared pre-operatively and postoperatively using root-mean-square deviation (RMSD), with smaller values indicating more symmetry. Differences between preoperative and postoperative measurements were calculated with a paired T-test. ResultsOut of 10 patients undergoing the surgery, 8 were able to be included in this study. On lateral view, the donor and recipient sides were more similar postoperatively compared to pre-operatively with respect to lateral alar-columellar disproportion (1.040 versus 3.324, P = .005) and nostril area (0.466 versus 1.065, P = .001) . On basal view, postoperative results showed more similar measurements comparing the donor and recipient sides in nostril height (1.461 versus 3.542, P = .012), nostril width (0.956 versus 2.222, P = .033), nasal dome height (1.597 versus 3.822, P = .024), and nostril surface area (0.188 versus 0.531, P = .015). On symmetry analysis, the overall external nose was more symmetrical after placement of the alar composite graft (1.094 vs 1.772, P = .015). ConclusionCleft lip and palate can cause significant asymmetry related to the nostrils, ala, and overall appearance of the nose. The alar composite graft is a useful technique to improve symmetry over a wide range of dimensions on lateral, basal, and frontal views.

East asian studies in latin america and its potential contributions for an improved inter-regional business understanding

East Asia is today one of the most powerful regions worldwide in terms of innovation, economic and industrial growth. And as such, it has taken its business models, industrial processes, and technology to Latin America, notoriously increasing economic relations. However, Latin American countries have been mostly on the recipient side, perhaps because there is a limited understanding of their Asian counterparts. East Asian Studies provide important knowledge for Latin American specialists on economics and business, improving Latin American business theory, models, and economic relations between regions. Following Michel Foucault’s ideas about the archeological method to understand the context in which a discipline is born, this article follows documentary research and summarizes the similarities and differences between the economic contexts of these regions at the beginning of the Cold War and at the beginning of the 21st century to establish the relevance for understanding East Asian economic and business models. Then, it reconstructs the development of East Asian Studies as an academic area worldwide and its standing in Latin America, highlighting how the political and economic context has influenced its emergence and topics of research. Finally, it reflects on the contributions that can reciprocally be made between the East Asian studies in Latin America and a Latin American School of Business Thought.

Tax Justice Beyond National Borders-International or Interpersonal?

Recent times have seen growing calls for considerations of justice to be given a greater role in international taxation. The main driver of these calls are distributive concerns, although agreement is still missing as to what this means both in principle and in practice. This article asks whether it is the task of international tax law at all to implement principles of distributive justice beyond the national context and gives an overview of how the ‘global justice debate’ in contemporary political philosophy bears on this question. When it comes to distributive duties with respect to taxing rights, it is crucial to differentiate between the collective and the individual level. Absent a robust assumption of a benevolent and capable government on the recipient side, the reallocation of taxing rights from state to state does not necessarily help when it comes to fulfilling duties of justice towards individuals.

An Advanced Morphological Component Analysis, Steganography, and Deep Learning-Based System to Transmit Secure Textual Data

A potential to extract detailed textual image texture features is a key characteristic of the suggested approach, instead of using a single spatial texture feature. For the generation of MCs, four textured characteristics (including horizontal and vertical) are assumed in this paper that are content, coarseness, contrast, and directionality. The morphological parts of a clandestine text-based image were further segmented and then usually inserted into the least significant bit in cover pixels utilising spatial steganography. This same reverse process for steganography and MCA is conducted on the recipient side after transmission. The results demonstrate that the proposed method based on fusion of MCA and steganography provides a higher performance measure, for instance peak signal-to-noise ratio, SSIM, than the previous method.