Recipient Serum Creatinine Levels Research Articles

The frequency of peripheral PD-1+ TCD4+ cells is reversely associated with serum creatinine levels in recipients of kidney allografts

The long-term survival of solid organ allografts remains a challenge for organ transplantation systems worldwide. T-cell exhaustion has been supposed to be associated with immunologic tolerance in transplantation and might reflect the immunologic status in recipients. The aim of the present study was to compare the TCD4+ cells of kidney transplant recipients with high and low serum creatinine levels for their expressions of PD-1 and TIGIT as two well-known exhaustion markers.Blood samples were taken from 20 kidney allograft recipients with serum creatinine levels above 2 mg/dL and 20 recipients with creatinine levels below 2 mg/dL. The percentages of PD-1+ CD4+ and TIGIT+ CD4+ cells were analyzed along with the evaluation of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-10 release from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).The patients with serum creatinine levels below 2 mg/dL demonstrated a higher frequency of PD-1+ CD4+ T-cells (p = 0.003) along with lower TNF-α secretion from PBMCs (p = 0.028). The frequency of PD-1 + CD4+ T-cells was reversely correlated with the serum creatinine levels in recipients of kidney allografts (r = 0.59, p < 0.001). Besides, the MFI of TIGIT on TCD4+ cells demonstrated a trend for higher expression in patients with serum creatinine levels below 2 mg/dL (p = 0.070).The expression of PD-1+ on CD4+ T-cells demonstrated a potential for estimation of the immunologic status of the host in interaction with alloantigens. The exhaustion markers could be regarded as potential diagnostic indicators for the evaluation of immunologic tolerance in renal transplantation.

Donör yaşının alıcı greft fonksiyonu üzerine etkisi

Purpose: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a highly morbid and mortal condition. Renal transplantation is the most favorable and preferred solution of this disease. Age is an important factor that can effects the success of transplantation. In this study, we investigated the effect of donor age on the outcomes of kidney transplantation.&#x0D; Materials And Methods: 101 ESRD patients who underwent live or cadaveric kidney transplantation were included and analyzed retrospectively in this study. We reviewed age, sex and body mass index (BMI) of the donors and age, sex, BMI, length of stay, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and serum creatinine measurements of the recipients were recorded. Recipient serum creatinine levels were recorded at intervals up to 18 months after transplantation. &#x0D; Results: Donors were divided into 3 groups according to age (50 years (n:34). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of donor's gender, BMI, living/cadaveric ratio, and recipient's gender, age, and BMI (p&gt;0,05). Length of hospital stay of recipients whose donor

Management of donor kidneys with double renal arteries with significant luminal discrepancy: A retrospective cohort study.

Introduction:Side-to-side pantaloon anastomosis for renal grafts with double renal arteries (RA) with significant luminal discrepancy between graft arteries has not been reported. We hypothesized that the pantaloon technique is feasible and safe in these cases.Materials and Methods:A retrospective review of all consecutive, open, live-related renal transplants with double RA with significant luminal discrepancy performed at our center from January 2014 to September 2018 was undertaken. Significant luminal discrepancy was defined as smaller RA constituting 30% ± 5% of total RA diameter on preoperative computed tomography angiogram. Three groups were defined: Group A - pantaloon anastomosis, Group B - end-to-side anastomosis of smaller to main RA, and Group C - separate implantation of each artery. The primary objective was to study feasibility and safety of pantaloon anastomosis measured by recipient serum creatinine levels, Doppler ultrasound, and vascular complications (vascular thrombosis and anastomotic bleed). Secondary objectives included measurement of cold ischemia time, warm ischemia time in recipient (WIR), and nonvascular recipient complications.Results:Fifty-eight recipients had donors with double RA with significant luminal discrepancy. Group A - included 40, Group B – 5, and Group C - 13 patients. Recipient creatinine at day-7, - 30, and - 90 were similar among the groups. The 30-day perioperative complication rate was also similar. Group A and B had significantly lower WIR and higher cold ischemia time compared to Group C.Conclusion:Pantaloon anastomosis is feasible in renal grafts with double RA with significant luminal discrepancy and offers advantage of lower WIR compared to separate implantation technique.

Introducing Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Donor Nephrectomy after Experience in Hand-Assisted Retroperitoneoscopic Approach

BackgroundRobot-assisted laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (RALDN) can help to improve donor safety by enabling enhanced precision, flexibility, control, and vision. We are presenting our initial series during the introduction of RALDN by comparing our adopted surgical technique, hand-assisted retroperitoneoscopic donor nephrectomy (HARPDN), performed at the same time interval. MethodsWe performed 12 RALDN and 27 HARPDN with Pfannenstiel incision between March 2018 and July 2018. We evaluated the demographics, operation duration, warm/cold ischemia time, estimated blood loss, length of hospital stay, postoperative complications, and donor and recipient serum creatinine levels retrospectively. ResultsDemographics including sex, mean of age, and body mass index of the 2 groups were similar. Five cases were right sided nephrectomy in the HARPDN group. We performed only left sided donor nephrectomy in the RALDN group. The duration of operation and warm ischemia time was significantly longer in the robot-assisted group (P < .001). Postoperative major complications were not detected in any of the donors. The function of the transplanted kidneys in both groups was good on the fifth day and 1 month postoperatively. ConclusionWe introduced the robot-assisted approach for donor candidates who are not suitable candidates for HARPDN in our center. The operation time and warm ischemia time was longer in the RALDN group, but it did not have any impact on outcome. The robot-assisted donor nephrectomy technique can be introduced safely in centers experienced in the hand-assisted approach.

Comparison of Both Sides for Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Donor Nephrectomy: Experience From a Single Center in China

BackgroundLaparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN) has gradually become the main approach to obtain live donor kidneys. However, the shorter right renal vein limits its wider application. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of left- and right-side retroperitoneal LDN. MethodsWe reviewed the perioperative data of 527 consecutive donors receiving retroperitoneal pure LDN with a new method at our center between April 2009 and April 2014. The patients were divided into group A (the first 100 patients) and group B (the remaining 427 patients). A total of 423 cases of left donor surgery and 104 cases of right donor surgery were compared. The comparison of the laterality of LDN was also performed between group A and group B. ResultsThis is currently the largest case series of LDN in our country. Although right-side LDN patients had longer operation time and a slightly higher incidence of intraoperative complications compared with left-side LDN patients, the operation time was shorter in both the groups compared with previous reports. In group B, patients undergoing right-side LDN had longer operation time and more frequent complications. Once the learning curve of 100 cases was completed, the incidence of complications and operation time were greatly reduced in both sides for LDN. There was no significant difference in the serum creatinine levels in recipients at 6 months of follow-up. ConclusionsDespite a slightly higher incidence of complications and longer operation time, right-side LDN can achieve equally safe and effective transplantation outcomes. This expands the source of potential donor kidneys.

From Open to Laparoscopic Living-donor Nephrectomy: Changing the Paradigm in a High-volume Transplant Center

In 1995, Ratner et al reported the first laparoscopic living-donor nephrectomy, and since then this approach is gradually replacing traditional open surgery. The learning curve of the procedure is still unclear and lessons taken from initial experience series are of utmost importance. We retrospectively analyzed our initial 50 living-donor laparoscopic nephrectomies, of which 90% were performed on the left side. Renal vascular variation occurred in 28% of donors. The median age and body mass index of the donors were 50 years (IQR 39–55) and 24.65 kg/m2 (IQR 22.5–27.3), respectively. The median operative time and warm ischemia time were 160 minutes (IQR 141–178) and 240 seconds (IQR 210–280), respectively. Estimated blood loss was 60 mL (IQR 60–127.5). The serum creatinine of the receptors was 97.6 μmol/L (IQR 87.5–139.6) 1 month after transplant. Overall, there were 5 complications, including 2 (4%) open conversions, 1 (2%) incisional hernia, 1 (2%) graft loss, and 1 (2%) reintervention. The body mass index and the multiple arteries did not influence the operative time and warm ischemia time or the recipient's serum creatinine level. Along the series, there was a significant reduction in the operative time (Spearman ρ = −5.2; P < .001), but no significant differences were found for warm ischemia time, blood loss, or serum creatinine of the recipients (P > .05). Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy is a safe procedure in centers experienced in laparoscopic surgery; however, the learning curve plateau was not reached after the initial 50 cases.

Impact of the pre-transplant histological score on 3-year graft outcomes of kidneys from marginal donors: a single-centre study

The reliability of kidney biopsy as the sole means for assessing kidneys from extended-criteria donors (ECDs) to be allocated to single or dual transplantation is still a matter of debate. We compared retrospectively 3 years graft survival and renal function in 44 recipients of a single kidney graft from a marginal donor with good renal function and a Karpinski histological score of ≤ 3 and 56 recipients of a single transplant with a Karpinski score of 4 or 5. The donors' and recipients' characteristics were compared by means of Wilcoxon's rank-sum test and Fisher's exact test, and survival was analysed using the log-rank test and Cox regression survival analysis. The donors with the worse histological scores were slightly younger (68.0 ± 4.74 versus 71.3 ± 4.6 years, P < 0.01) and had a higher glomerular filtration rate (85.8 ± 28.2 versus 76.3 ± 26.53 mL/min, P = 0.013), but there was no difference in serum creatinine levels (0.83 ± 0.24 versus 0.85 ± 0.30 mg/dL, P = 0.381). Three years after transplantation, there was no difference between the two groups in terms of recipient serum creatinine levels (1.94 ± 0.69 versus 1.74 ± 0.49 mg/dL, P = 0.134), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, 45.6 ± 21.1 versus 51.7 ± 22.0 mL/min, P = 0.331) or the rates of graft loss (27.3 versus 35.7%, P = 0.47), delayed graft function or acute rejection. In our experience, provided the donor has a normal renal function, a difference in the pre-transplant histological score of kidneys from marginal cadaveric donors do not have a significant influence on the outcome 3 years after transplantation. Our findings might represent a basis for designing a randomized controlled trial of using a higher histological score threshold for the DKT allocation of grafts from ECDs with a normal renal function.

Anemia in Living Donor Kidney Transplantation

BackgroundWe evaluated the prevalence of pretransplantation and posttransplantation anemia and its effect on serum creatinine levels among living donor kidney transplant recipients. MethodsWe reviewed retrospectively 170 adult patients who underwent living donor kidney transplantation between 1994 and 2009. We defined anemia as hemoglobin (Hb) ≤12 g/dL for women and ≤13 g/dL for men with severe anemia as Hb <11 g/dL for both men and women (World Health Organization criteria). Patients were also categorized according to Hb levels less than or greater than 10 g/dL for correlation with recipient serum creatinine levels at months 1, 3, 6, and 12. ResultsMean recipient and donor ages were 33 ± 10 and 45 ± 12 years, respectively. Mean cold ischemia time was 76 ± 43 minutes. At the time of transplantation, anemia and severe anemia prevalences were 86.7% and 58.8%, respectively. Anemia was observed in 64 patients (42.1%) at posttransplantation month 3. Pretransplantation severe anemia was a good predictor of both Hb levels and anemia presence posttransplantation. Pretransplantation anemia and severe anemia caused greater requirements for posttransplantation blood transfusions (P < .05). Younger age and female gender were significant risk factors for severe anemia pretransplantation. There was a significant correlation between posttransplantation Hb levels and serum creatinine levels at 12 month (P = .01). Recipient female gender and longer hospital stay were significant risk factors for both anemia and severe anemia posttransplantation. Higher recipient weight and history of acute rejection episode were also significant for posttransplantation severe anemia. ConclusionThis study indicated that successful kidney transplantation had a positive effect on Hb levels. Posttransplantation anemia predicted worse graft function in the first month after transplantation.

Successful Kidney Transplantation from a Cadaveric Donor Unsuitable for Other Centers Due to Acute Renal Failure: A Case Report

The demand for kidney transplantation due to improved recipient outcomes has stimulated surgeons to expand the criteria for usable donors, but still the use of organs from deceased donors with terminal acute renal failure is uncommon. We report 2 kidney transplant recipients from a cadaveric donor who was not accepted by other centers because of acute renal failure. The donor, a 24-year-old man with an intracerebral hemorrhage, displayed a serum creatinine (SCr) value of 0.6 mg/dL on hospital admission, which increased to 7.3 mg/dL on the fourth hospital day. After the diagnosis of brain death and refusal of the kidneys by other regional centers, we decided to transplant the 2 kidneys. Recipient 1, a 31-year-old man on an 11-year dialysis program, discontinued hemodialysis after 7 days of delayed graft function. The SCr level decreased gradually and was stable at 1.08 mg/dL on postoperative day (POD) 45. The contralateral graft was transplanted into a 30-year-old man (recipient 2) undergoing dialysis treatment for 7 years. After 10 days of delayed graft function, the SCr decreased gradually with continued hemodialysis until POD 24. The SCr level has been stable at 1.34 mg/dL on POD 52. At the end of the third month the SCr levels in recipients 1 and 2 were 1.1 mg/dL and 1.4 mg/dL, respectively. In conclusion, one may safely expand the donor pool with kidneys from deceased donors with acute renal failure (ARF) with good short-term outcomes.

Graft Infection in Kidney Recipients and Its Relation to Transplanted Kidney Function

Introduction Following kidney transplantation, septic complications are the leading causes of therapeutic failure including recipient death or graft removal. The serum creatinine level is one of the earliest metrics of kidney metabolic function. We examined the influence of graft infection on serum creatinine levels in kidney recipients. Study design We analyzed the function of 220 kidneys transplanted in nine centers in Poland. The kidneys were recovered from 146 multiorgan donors. Donor urea and creatinine levels were within the normal range. We investigated the influence of perioperative graft infection incidence on recipient creatinine levels at 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 30, 90, and 180 days after kidney transplantation. The association of the serum creatinine level with categorical variables was assessed using either Student t test analysis of variance and multivariate techniques. In all analyses P < .05 indicated statistical significance. Results There were 25 graft infections revealing a significant relationship with increased recipient serum creatinine level after kidney transplantation ( P = .003). Multivariate analysis confirmed the impact of infection. Conclusion Perioperative kidney graft infection influenced graft funtion in the early and late periods post-transplantation.

Open Versus Laparoscopic Donor Nephrectomy: Perioperative Parameters and Graft Functions

Objective With the developments in laparoscopic surgery, open donor nephrectomy has been widely replaced by laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. Presented herein is the comparison of laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy (LLDN) and open live donor nephrectomy (OLDN) results performed at our institute. Materials and Methods Patients who underwent OLDN between July 2006 and August 2008 or LLDN between August 2008 and July 2010 were included in this retrospective age- and gender-matched case-controlled study. OLDN was performed with a 45° semi-flank position using a self-retaining retractor. LLDN operations were performed used a 90° flank position by the transperitoneal route under 12–15 mm Hg carbon dioxide (CO 2) pressure. A Pfannenstiel incision was used in all LLDN for graft extraction. The renal artery and vein were controlled with Satinsky clamps in OLDN, whereas renal arteries were controlled with nonabsorbable polymer locking clips and renal veins with 2.5/45 mm EndoGIA vascular staplers in LLDN. Results Thirty patients underwent OLDN and 31 LLDN. The mean ages among the OLDN and LLDN patients were 44.9 ± 21.9 and 46.3 ± 18.4, respectively. There was no significant difference in mean age and gender distribution of patients between OLDN and LLDN groups by the design of the study. The OLDN group consisted of 4 (13%) right and 26 (87%) left nephrectomies; the LLDN group consisted of 3 (9%) right and 28 (91%) left nephrectomies. Mean operative time was 110 ± 18 and 101 ± 28 minutes for OLDN and LLDN, respectively ( P < .05; Mann-Whitney U test). Estimated blood loss was 35 ± 15 mL among the OLDN group and 15 ± 24 mL for the LLDN group. Mean hospitalization time in the OLDN and LLDN groups were 3.8 ± 0.5 and 2.6 ± 0.6 days, respectively. There were no conversions to open surgery in the LLDN group. Mean warm ischemia time in the OLDN and LLDN groups were 140 ± 58 seconds and 203 ± 21 seconds, respectively ( P < .05; Mann-Whitney U test). There was no difference in recipient serum creatinine levels at 1 week after surgery. Conclusion LLDN was superior to OLDN in terms of operative time, estimated blood loss, length of hospital stay, and postoperative pain. Longer warm ischemia time in the LLDN group did not translate into worse graft function in the recipients.

Association of the rs10918594 of Nitric Oxide Synthase 1 Adaptor Protein (NOS1AP) polymorphisms with the graft function after kidney transplantation

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein (NOS1AP) polymorphism with serum creatinine level and occurrence of delayed graft function (DGF) in kidney transplant recipients. This prospective observational study included 75 kidney transplantations. The data from 40 kidney donors (8 females, 32 males) included sex, age, and cause of death. Donors fully met multi-organ transplantation criteria. Recipient data included sex, age, cause of renal insufficiency, and time and number of hemodialyses prior to transplantation. Applying polymerase chain reaction restriction fragments length polymorphism method, we investigated rs10918594 NOS1AP polymorphism among the 75 kidney recipients. The function of every transplanted kidney was correlated with this polymorphism. We defined DGF as requirement for at least 1 hemodialysis after kidney transplantation. We investigated the association of NOS1AP polymorphism with the recipient serum creatinine levels at day 1 and 180 days after kidney transplantation and the occurrence of DGF. The analysis of variance showed higher serum creatinine levels in kidney recipients with GG genotype compared with the CC_CG genotype at day 1 and at day 180 post-transplantation. Occurrence of DGF in the post-operative period in kidney recipients with the variant genotypes CG compared with the GG_CC genotype was higher, although these differences were no statistically significant. Our data suggests no statistically significant association of the rs10918594 polymorphism of nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein (NOS1AP) with the graft function after kidney transplantation.

Are there anatomical barriers to laparoscopic donor nephrectomy?

The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of the right donor kidney and multiple arteries, on donor and recipient outcomes in the era of laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy (LLDN). e retrospectively analysed the 200 donors and recipients who underwent a planned laparoscopic nephrectomy at two hospitals between September 1998 and December 2006. The impact of donor right kidney and multiple donor renal arteries on operative time, hospital stay, graft function, and donor and recipient complications were analysed. Of the total cohort (n=200), 140 (70%) were classified as Simple LLDN (left live donor kidney with single renal artery). The Complex LLDN group (n=60) contained all right-sided kidney (n=28) and left-sided kidneys with multiple renal arteries (n=32). Baseline characteristics, extraction time, conversion to open, length of admission, overall graft function and complication rates were similar between the simple and complex groups. The second warm ischaemic time in the Simple LLDN group was slightly shorter than the Complex LLDN group (32 versus 36 min P=0.016). The 1-month post-operative recipient serum creatinine level was lower in the Simple LLDN group when compared with the Complex LLDN group (117 versus 125 µmol/L P=0.025). There was no difference in post op dialysis, acute rejection within 3 months or graft survival between the Simple and Complex LLDN groups. Laparoscopic procurements of right kidneys and kidneys with multiple arteries were safe and yielded kidneys with excellent function comparable with those of laparoscopic left donor nephrectomy with single artery.

Ureteral Complications in the Era of Laparoscopic Living Donor Nephrectomy: Do We Need to Preserve the Gonadal Vein with the Specimen?

The aim of this study was to analyze the ureteral complication rate in recipients transplanted with laparoscopically retrieved kidneys in our institution's 8-year experience when the gonal vein was not preserved with the specimen during the donor procedure. We reviewed the records of 800 consecutive laparoscopic donor nephrectomy patients. Donor sex, age, body mass index, warm ischemia time, hospital length of stay, donor and recipient serum creatinine levels, and incidence and type of complications including the incidence of ureteral complications were recorded. Mean patient age was 39 +/- 10 years. Mean body mass index was 27 +/- 5. A total of 482 cases were treated purely laparoscopically. Of them, 318 were performed hand assisted. Seven hundred and ninety-three procedures were done on the left side and seven were done on the right side. The overall rate of intraoperative complications was 2.9%. The overall open conversion rate was 1.4%. The overall rate of postoperative complications was 3.9%. The postoperative day-7 serum creatinine values of the donors were 1.4 +/- 0.3 mg/dL. Mean creatinine in all patients at 1 week after transplantation was 1.5 +/- 0.2 mg/dL. We had one case of ureteral stricture in the recipients of laparoscopically procured kidneys without gonadal vein preservation technique among 800 patients. Gonadal vein preservation with the entire specimen during laparoscopic donor nephrectomy procedure is not a necessary step to protect periureteral blood supply to prevent ureteral strictures.

Successful Retransplantation of a Kidney Allograft Affected by Thrombotic Microangiopathy Into a Second Transplant Recipient

The donor organ shortage has compelled transplant centers to use organs from nontraditional sources. One example is the reuse of a previously transplanted organ, such as a kidney or liver retrieved from a brain-dead allograft recipient. For the first time, we reused a previously transplanted kidney that experienced intractable recurrent thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) from a living allograft recipient. Within a few weeks posttransplantation, a deceased kidney allograft recipient developed intractable severe recurrent idiopathic TMA in the allograft despite intensive plasma exchanges and steroid and rituximab therapy. This required nephrectomy to cure TMA. The index recipient was believed to have a well-functioning allograft despite TMA (serum creatinine, 1.36 mg/dL [120 micromol/L]) and microalbuminuria with albumin of 1.2 g/dL [12 g/L]), and it appeared mildly damaged on biopsy examination. After donor and recipient informed consents were obtained and after approval of the French Agency of Biomedicine, the TMA allograft was reused and transplanted into a recipient whose original kidney disease was polycystic kidney disease. The retransplantation was uneventful, and at 6 months posttransplantation, the ultimate recipient's serum creatinine level was 1.06 mg/L (97 micromol/L) and albuminuria was 0.5 g/dL (5 g/L). A routine kidney biopsy showed mild glomerular lesions. After allograft nephrectomy, the donor's hematologic TMA symptoms dissipated within 10 days. We conclude that a kidney allograft with TMA recurrence can be successfully retransplanted into another recipient with excellent kidney function while still curing the first recipient of recurrent TMA. This might increase the number of kidney allografts from extended criteria donors.

Laparoscopic Living Donor Nephrectomy: A Single-Center Sequential Experience Comparing Hand-Assisted Versus Standard Technique

Objectives To analyzed our institution’s 8-year experience (October 1997 through March 2006) with laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN) and hand-assisted LDN (HALDN), comparing donor and recipient outcomes. Methods A total of 482 LDNs were compared with 318 HALDNs with respect to donor sex, age, body mass index, hospital length of stay, donor and recipient serum creatinine levels, and incidence and type of complications. All HALDN were performed using hand-assist devices. Results Mean (±SD) ages were similar in both groups (41 ± 10 years versus 39 ± 10 years; P = NS). Mean body mass index was greater in the HALDN compared with the LDN group (29 ± 5 kg/m 2 versus 27 ± 5 kg/m 2; P <0.01). Hospital length of stay was longer in the LDN group (1.6 ± 0.7 days versus 1.2 ± 0.6 days; P <0.01). Graft function and donor’s 1-week serum creatinine levels were similar (1.9 ± 1.6 mg/dL versus 1.2 ± 0.4 mg/dL; P = NS). The intraoperative complication rate for LDN and HALDN was 3.3% and 2.2%, respectively ( P = NS). Postoperative complications occurred in 3.3% of LDNs and 4.7% of HALDNs ( P = NS). The conversion rate was 1.9% for LDN and 0.6% for HALDN ( P <0.01). Conclusions Both LDN and HALDN are safe and effective. Hand-assisted LDN was not associated with an increased risk of incisional morbidity, postoperative ileus, or delayed graft function. The HALDN group experienced as uneventful and as rapid a recovery as the LDN group.

Factors Influencing Serum Creatinine Level in Kidney Recipients in a Multivariate Analysis

The serum creatinine level is one of the earliest metrics of kidney metabolic function. We examined 146 potential donors and their 232 kidney recipients. Donor data included gender, age, cause of death, mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), systemic vascular resistance index, cardiac output (CO), and dopamine consumption. Recipient data were age, gender, time of hemodialysis before transplantation, panel reactive antibodies (PRA), cold ischemia time (CIT), etiology of renal insufficiency, duration/number of postoperative dialyses and serum creatinine levels on posttransplant days 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 30, 90 and 180 day. Univariate correlates of higher serum creatinine levels in kidney recipients were CIT, time of hemodialysis before transplantation, PRA level as well as donor MAP, CVP, and PCWP. Multivariate analysis revealed that MAP < 70 mmHg in organ donors and CIT > 24 hours contributed to higher serum creatinine levels in kidney recipients up to 14 days posttransplantation ( P < .01). There was a significant relation ( P < .02) between low donor CO or CVP and an increased recipient serum creatinine level after 14 days posttransplantation. We concluded that decreased donor MAP and prolonged CIT predicted higher creatinine level in kidney recipients in the first 14 days posttransplantation. Donor CO and CVP influenced later serum creatinine levels in kidney recipients.

Outcome of Kidney Transplantation From Nonheart-Beating Versus Heart-Beating Cadaveric Donors

This study aimed to assess outcomes of kidney transplants from nonheart-beating (NHB) compared with heart-beating (HB) cadaveric donors with meta-analytical techniques. A literature search was performed for studies comparing kidney transplants from NHB vs. HB cadaveric donors between 1992 and 2005. The following outcomes were evaluated: warm and cold ischemia times, primary nonfunction, delayed graft function, length of hospital stay, acute graft rejection, patient and graft survival, and post-transplant serum creatinine. Eighteen comparative studies of 114,081 patients matched the selection criteria; 1,858 received kidney from NHB and 112,223 from HB donor. Warm ischemia time was significantly longer for the NHB group by 24 min (P<0.001). Cold ischemia time was similar for the two groups (P=0.97). The incidence of primary nonfunction and delayed graft function was 2.4 times (P<0.001) and 3.6 times (P<0.001) greater, respectively, in the NHB group. Length of hospital stay was longer for the NHB group by 4.6 days (P<0.001). The 6-month, 2-year, and 5-year patient survival were similar between the two groups. The incidence of acute rejection was similar between the two groups whereas the initial graft survival advantage in favor of the HB group diminished gradually over the course of time. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups for the recipient serum creatinine levels at 3 and 12 months after transplantation. NHB donors carry the potential of expanding the cadaveric kidney pool. Although, transplants from NHB donors are associated with a greater incidence of early adverse events, long-term outcomes appear comparable with those of transplants from HB donors.

Living kidney donation: a comparison of laparoscopic and conventional open operations

Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy has the potential to lessen the burden placed on live kidney donors. This study describes the first British comparison of donor morbidity and recovery following conventional open...

Single-Center Analysis of Impact of Immunosuppressive Therapy Upon Renal Allograft Survival in the Black Population

The effect of race upon renal allograft survival is controversial. Between 1981 and 1987, at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 448 patients (75 black, 373 white) received azathioprine, 3 mg/kg daily; prednisone, 30 mg daily; and intravenous antithymocyte sera, 0.2 mL/kg/day for 14 days, after transplantation. Prednisone doses were decreased gradually to 10 mg daily within 6 months of transplantation. Azathioprine was maintained at doses of 2 to 3 mg/kg/daily; lower doses were administered if significant myelosuppression occurred. One-year graft survival was 72% and 85% among black and white recipients, respectively (P less than .01). Two hundred thirty-six patients have been treated with azathioprine (3 mg/kg initially tapered during the first week to 1.5 to 2 mg/kg); prednisone, 30 mg daily; and cyclosporine, 10 mg/kg per day. Cyclosporine therapy was begun after recipient serum creatinine levels had decreased below 3 mg/dL. Before therapy was initiated and until levels of cyclosporine were maintained between 150 and 200 ng/mL (whole blood), antithymocyte serum was administered. This immunosuppressive protocol resulted in 1-year graft survival of 90% and 87% in black and white recipients, respectively. Not only was graft loss markedly reduced, but the interracial difference noted before the use of cyclosporine was no longer evident. The type of immunosuppressive therapy used clearly affected 1-year allograft survival among black recipients. The combination of azathioprine, cyclosporine, and prednisone resulted in improved graft survival overall, but had the most significant effect among blacks.