Recidivism Patterns Research Articles

TELEMETRY AS AN IOT TOOL IN VEHICLE FLEET SAFETY MANAGEMENT

Telemetry is one of the main tools of the Internet of Things (IoT) applied to fleet management, enabling geographic tracking, speed measurement, and monitoring of other variables in real time through wireless communication in remote and urban areas. This study aimed to verify the application of this IoT technology in the safety management of vehicle fleets, exploring its contribution to reducing incidents and increasing operational efficiency. Telemetry technology, with data transmission and continuous monitoring, enables managers to make more assertive decisions about the safety of drivers and employees, in addition to optimizing logistics and reducing costs related to fleet operations. The methodology was based on an exploratory and analytical approach, combining a conceptual review of articles and books with a case study applied to a large mining company located in Minas Gerais, in 2018. The results indicated that, after the implementation of the telemetry system, there was a significant reduction in the frequency of speeding and, consequently, in the number of accidents. Furthermore, it was possible to identify patterns of recidivism among drivers, which reinforces the importance of continuous monitoring. It was concluded that telemetry, as an IoT tool, not only contributes to increased safety, but also improves operational efficiency, enabling proactive fleet management and opening opportunities for future research, such as the use of big data for predictive analysis.

TRAUMA, CRIME, AND JUSTICE: A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF STRUCTURAL INEQUALITIES AND RECIDIVISM

This qualitative study critically examines the intricate interplay between trauma, structural inequalities, and recidivism within the criminal justice system. By synthesizing secondary data from seminal works, the research explores how Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) influence criminal behavior and contribute to patterns of recidivism globally. The study highlights the often-overlooked gendered dimensions of trauma, emphasizing the unique challenges faced by female offenders and the role of reintegration support in mitigating recidivism. It delves into the systemic impacts of societal institutions, reflecting elements of human evolutionary history and how these perpetuate trauma and anger within Western criminal justice systems. Additionally, the research investigates the influence of personality traits on criminal behavior, shaped by both genetic and environmental factors. The transformative potential of restorative justice diversion is explored as a structural health intervention aimed at addressing trauma and reducing recidivism. The findings advocate for a comprehensive approach to justice reform that prioritizes healing, rehabilitation, and equity, challenging conventional punitive measures and promoting a more humane and effective response to crime. This study contributes to the broader discourse on crime and justice, offering insights that inform holistic interventions within the criminal justice system.

Patterns of company misconduct, recidivism, and complaint resolution delays: A temporal analysis of UK pharmaceutical industry self‐regulation within the European context

AbstractInterfirm self‐regulation through trade associations is common but its effectiveness is debated and likely varies by time, country, and industry. This study examines self‐regulation of pharmaceutical marketing, characterized by delegation of major regulatory responsibilities to trade associations' self‐regulatory bodies. In addressing critical research gaps, this study first analyzes 1,776 complaints against pharmaceutical companies in the UK over 18 years (2004–2021). Findings regarding severe, repeat, and complex offending, and delays in complaint resolution raise significant concerns about the adequacy of UK's self‐regulation in deterring wrongdoing. Second, the study conducts international comparisons using recent complaints data from 30 European pharmaceutical industry self‐regulatory bodies. Despite shortcomings of UK's self‐regulation, it appears more adept at identifying potential breaches compared to most other countries, suggesting significant underdetection or underreporting of drug company misconduct in Europe. On balance, our findings are concerning given the negative effects of poorly regulated pharmaceutical marketing on medical practice and health.

Changing Places: The Role of Household and Community Context in Long-Term Patterns of Recidivism

The period of reentering society after prison is a critical time in the life-course and presents numerous challenges. With whom and where individuals live can determine aspects of social support, as well as bonds and informal social control that may predict whether a person “succeeds” by abstaining from crime and avoiding technical violations of parole. We use detailed administrative data from a release cohort in Missouri to construct monthly variation in household and community context at two levels (neighborhood disadvantage and county-level rural-urban designation). We follow the local-life circumstances approach, decomposing changing context into within and between person variation (Horney et al., 1995). We find important selection effects but also intervention effects – with households including family as particularly beneficial. This work further highlights the needs for multiple measures of recidivism and a broadening of the geographic locales researchers and policymakers consider.

“Context Is to Data What Water Is to a Dolphin”*: Social-Historical Conditions, Criminal Histories, and Recidivism Across Five Prisoner Cohorts

Understanding offending patterns over the life-course has been a key feature of criminological thought and scholarship since the discipline’s inception. Recent research has brought forth new thinking into how social-historical conditions may influence correlates of crime as well as offending patterns across different eras. Missing from this line of research has been the extent to which rates of recidivism are also affected by social-historical conditions. This paper examines the characteristics and recidivism patterns of five national-level prisoner release cohorts between 1983 and 2012. Results show that criminal histories and recidivism prevalence is very similar across these cohorts spanning over a quarter of a century.

Exploring the Role of Psycho-Social Factors on the Recidivism of Homicide Offenders

Research on criminal recidivism is extensive. However, little is known about how cumulative risk factors influence recidivism, specifically among homicide offenders. The current study examines the effect of cumulative psychological and social risk factors on recidivism patterns for homicide offenders released in Florida between 2004 and 2011. Analyses of 4,323 homicide offenders indicate that the influence of cumulative psycho-social risk factors varies depending on the measure of recidivism and the statistical method used. The implications of these findings for theory and research are considered.

Recidivism among People Convicted of Gun Offenses: A Call to Better Leverage Reentry Resources to Decrease Gun Violence

This study provides a primary step towards exploring whether rehabilitation efforts informed by the risk, needs, responsivity approach should be leveraged to decrease gun violence. Through the use of competing risks survival analyses, we assess the gun offense recidivism patterns of people released from prison that do (n = 1,158) and do not (n = 9,868) have gun crime conviction histories. We then explore whether gun offense recidivism increases along with actuarially based risk, how gun offense histories impact the odds of receiving community-based programming during the transition from prison to the community, and, in turn, whether programming impacts gun offending recidivism. Findings indicate that people with a history of gun offense convictions are at more than twice the hazard of committing gun offenses than similarly situated people without such histories. Predicted subhazards of recidivism and magnitudes of differences between offense history groups increase substantially as actuarially assessed risk for recidivism increases. However, predicted probabilities of receipt of community-based programming do not significantly differ between the groups with and without gun offense histories, and recidivism hazards did not meaningfully differ between those that do and do not receive community-based programs despite their gun offending histories. The results illuminate a need to expand reentry-based services towards addressing the criminogenic needs of people previously convicted of gun offenses.

Interpersonal violence affecting the pediatric population: Patterns of injury and recidivism

PurposeWe aim to describe interpersonal violence-related injury patterns in the pediatric trauma population and to identify predictors of recidivism. MethodsIn this retrospective analysis from a single institution, we included pediatric patients (≤17 years) treated (2006–2020) for traumatic injury related to interpersonal violence (IPV). Patient characteristics were compared among mechanism types and between recidivists and non recidivists using two sample t-tests, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, and Pearson's chi-squared. Multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression to identify predictors of repeat injury. ResultsWe identified 635 pediatric patients who sustained injuries owning to IPV: firearm (N = 266), assault (stab/blunt; N = 243), and abuse (N = 126). The average age of the firearm, assault, and abuse groups was 15.5, 14.7, and 1.1 years (SD = 2.2, 3.4, 2.4 years), respectively. Majority of the overall cohort was male (77.5%) and publicly- or un insured (67.8%), with 28.0% being Black. Of the 489 firearm and assault patients who survived the first injury, 30 (6.1%) had repeat injury owning to IPV requiring treatment at our center with a median time of 40 months (IQR 17-62 months) between first and second injury. The majority of recidivists (83.3%) were victims of gun violence whereas the distribution between assault and firearm in the non recidivists was more even at 51 and 49%, respectively (p < 0.001). Eighteen (60.0%) of the recidivist patients had the same mechanism between the first and second injury. In the logistic regression analysis, Black race and firearm injury were associated with greater than 3-fold higher likelihood of repeat injury compared to white race after adjusting for age, sex, insurance, and child opportunity index. ConclusionsWe found that survivors of firearm injuries and assault comprise a vulnerable patient cohort at risk for repeat injury, and Black race is an independent predictor of repeat injury owning to IPV. These findings provide guidance for developing violence prevention programs. Type of studyRetrospective Comparative Study Level of evidenceLevel III

Longitudinal patterns of sexual recidivism by age over a 25-year follow-up in California

This study followed 146 sexual offenders released from prison custody for a period of 25-years. Overall, 34% of individuals committed at least one sexual reoffense in the 25 years following release from incarceration. Most sexual recidivism occured within the first 15-years following release. The highest rates of sexual recidivism were observed for individuals under 34 years at release from incarceration, for whom recidivism steadily increased over time before peaking at 42% at 25 years. The mean age at reoffense was 42.51. Age was significantly associated with sexual recidivism at 5 years, but not at subsequent follow-up periods. These findings suggest that long-term patterns of sexual recidivism may be related to age at release. It will be important for future research to explore the characteristics of individuals who commit sexual offenses that may contribute to reoffending risk, and examine the effectiveness of policies and practices designed to mitigate recidivism.

Services for Juveniles With Emotional Disturbances in Secure-Care Settings: An Exploratory Analysis of Racial Disparities and Recidivism

This study examines associations between recidivism rates and groups/programs for legally mandated education, behavioral, and mental health services that court-ordered juvenile youth (“juveniles”) with identified emotional disturbance or related conditions receive in secure-care juvenile facilities. Using statewide agency data in Minnesota, this exploratory analysis investigates whether there are racial/ethnic and county disparities in residential placements or secure-care settings via programs and groups for court-ordered juveniles ( N = 1,092). The study also considers whether program and group placements contribute to racial/ethnic patterns of recidivism. This study finds that recidivism rate differences by program/group level are largely attributed to differences in racial/ethnic compositions. Findings suggest placements lack strong effects on recidivism, and assignments may perpetuate inequalities. In addition, from this exploratory analysis examination, this article offers considerations for future research-to-practice partnerships to strengthen legally and policy-mandated program and service delivery with practices that increase training to juvenile justice system professionals, access to secure-care setting services, and transition services for juveniles.

Influence of Gender on Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Recidivists: A Study of Female Inmates in Women’s Prisons in Selected Counties in Western Kenya

Women were nearly never mentioned in the history of criminal justice literature, while recidivism is one of the most fundamental concepts in the field. The high rate of female recidivism having resulted in an increasing number of people being jailed and then discharged back into society, and the high risk of re-arrest, re-incarceration has become a top priority for governments, sociologists, the general public and those included in correctional facilities. The research took place at three Western Kenya women's prisons: Kakamega Women's Prison, Bungoma Women's Prison, and Busia Women's Prison. The study's overall goal was to look into the influence of gender on female recidivists' rehabilitation and reintegration. The research was based on the following precise goal; to determine the patterns of recidivism among female prisoners in selected counties in western Kenya prisons. The study used a descriptive research approach and was based on gendered route theory and relational theory. Repeat offenders from the respective jail facilities made up the research population. To acquire the desired representation from the study population, purposive selection was performed. For this study, 150 female respondents were chosen from a target population of 240 recidivists. Questionnaires and guidelines for Key Informant Interviews were utilized to collect data. The quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 for windows, and the qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The study emphasizes the importance of introducing alternative rehabilitation approaches such as vocational training for female recidivists having manufacturing, processing, and farming technical talents and abilities. The study provides useful information and identifies a knowledge gap that the Kenyan prisons department and stakeholders would make use of to enhance legislation and rehabilitation techniques for female inmates. Females had a greater rate of recidivism, according to the study. The survey also discovered that the available rehabilitation programs don't really match the demands of the inmates. In addition, failure by the society to accept the female ex-convicts back into the community and to offer them new opportunities for employment may result in further recidivism. Keywords: Gender, Rehabilitation, Reintegration, Recidivists, Female inmates DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/11-8-05 Publication date: October 31 st 2021

Evaluation of Injury Recidivism Using the Electronic Medical Record

BackgroundTraumatic injuries remain one of the leading causes of death in the United States. Patients who survive traumatic injuries but return to the emergency department with repeat injuries are said to suffer from injury recidivism. Numerous studies have described trends in injury recidivism using trauma registry and survey data. To our knowledge, no prior study has leveraged electronic medical record (EMR) data to characterize injury recidivism. The EMR is potentially more comprehensive as it contains details of patients who visited the emergency department after injury but did not meet the criteria for inclusion in the trauma registry. Such injuries could be predictive of future recidivism. We therefore aimed to describe patterns of injury recidivism seen at a Level 1 trauma center using the EMR. MethodsA retrospective review was conducted of all injury-related encounters between January 2016 and December 2019. Manual review was conducted of all recidivistic encounters with < 11 months between encounters to ensure the recidivistic encounter was not a sequela of the index visit. A general estimating equation logistic regression adjusted for age, race, sex, and insurance payor, estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between injury mechanism and odds of recidivistic encounter. ResultsA total of 20,566 index encounters was included during the study period. Of the 20,566 encounters, 7.6% (n = 1570) had a recidivistic encounter during the study period, half of which (n = 781) occurred within the first year of the index encounter. An over two-fold increased odds of recidivism was observed for blunt assault encounters (OR 2.53, 95% CI 2.03-3.15) and unintentional falls (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.76-2.52). For both mechanisms, this increase was observed across the three years following the index encounter. ConclusionsOur study found that patients with assault injuries have the highest odds of injury recidivism and assault-related recidivistic encounters. These results demonstrate the feasibility and utility of incorporating EMR data, and suggest that the development of targeted interventions focused on mitigating assault injuries, such as hospital-based violence intervention programs, should be considered in our region.

Trauma-Informed Care: The Importance of Understanding the Incarcerated Women.

Numerous studies and research substantiate strong correlations between adverse childhood experience (ACE) scores and corrections. This study assessed the significance of trauma-informed care (TIC) in the recidivism rates of incarcerated women. A retrospective longitudinal survey was conducted. ACE scores were evaluated and documented through a self-reported survey. Seven years of Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions registry documentation was assessed. Descriptive statistics were utilized to define patients and evaluate patterns of recidivism after implementation of trauma-informed approaches to care. There is strong evidence associating lower recidivism rates for those who participate in TIC and trauma programs than for those who do not. This evidence supports further evaluation with a serious potential impact of reduction in recidivism and improved trajectories for incarcerated women and their families.

Gang Affiliation and Prisoner Reentry: Discrete-Time Variation in Recidivism by Current, Former, and Non-Gang Status

Objectives:Reentry experiences for the 600,000 people released annually from federal and state prisons differ vastly. We contend that gangs, which rose to prominence alongside mass incarceration, are an overlooked source of variation in reentry experiences. Drawing on precepts from the street gang literature, we test whether patterns of recidivism differ by official and survey measures of current, former, and non-gang status.Methods:Data from a representative sample of 802 prisoners interviewed prior to their release in 2016 were linked to 36 months of post-release arrest, conviction, and imprisonment records. Survival curves and multivariable discrete-time survival analysis were used to test for differential patterns of recidivism.Results:The conditional risk of recidivism varied by gang status. Current gang members maintained the greatest risk for all recidivism types. While former gang members were more likely to get arrested than non-gang members, there were no differences in conviction and imprisonment. Official and survey gang measures mostly told the same story, although official measures appeared to be more reliable determinants of recidivism than survey measures.Conclusions:Distinguishing former from current and non-gang members is important for policy, practice, and research. These findings renew calls to understand and respond to social groups and networks like gangs for prisoner reentry.

A 24‐Year Follow‐up Study on Recidivism in Male Mentally Disordered Sexual Offenders With and Without Psychotic Disorders

There is a lack of knowledge on mentally disordered sex offenders (MDSOs) targeting adult victims, especially regarding recidivism patterns and the specific subgroup with psychiatric disorders. This paper presents index offense data, clinical data, and recidivism patterns over up to 24 years in a cohort of 146 MDSOs, with and without psychotic disorders, sentenced in Sweden between 1993 and 1997. At the time of the offense, all offenders were affected by clinical, developmental, and criminal history factors. MDSOs with psychotic disorders only marginally differed from those without, the former being less likely to have been institutionalized during childhood, intoxicated during the index offense, or diagnosed with a personality disorder, substance use disorder, or paraphilic disorder. In the cohort, 3.4% of the MDSOs were reconvicted for a new sex offense over 2 years, 9.6% over 5 years, 13.0% over 10 years, and 17.1% over the entire follow-up period of 24 years. In MDSOs with psychotic disorders, no subjects were reconvicted during the first 2 years, while 2.6% were reconvicted over 5 years, 5.3% over 10 years, and 7.9% over 24 years. Recidivism rates for violent and general reoffenses were 39.0% and 37.7%, respectively, for the cohort of MDSOs, and subjects with psychotic disorders reoffended significantly later in general offenses. In conclusion, MDSOs with psychotic disorders showed the same recidivism pattern as MDSOs without psychotic disorders. Furthermore, recidivism research may preferably focus on follow-up periods of 5-10 years since most offenders appear to recidivate within this timeframe.

Polyvictimization and Girls' Involvement in the Juvenile Justice System: Investigating Gender-Differentiated Patterns of Risk, Recidivism, and Resilience.

A recent dramatic rise in girls' arrests has increased our need to examine whether our models of youth justice system involvement need to be differentiated by gender. Polyvictimization, in particular, has been implicated as a powerful predictor of youth problem behavior. However, recent research suggests that polyvictimization is associated with youth involvement in the justice system in ways that differ for girls at the levels of the independent variables (i.e., the sources of risk), the dependent variables (i.e., youth outcomes), and the mediators of these associations (i.e., the purported mechanisms that account for these relations). The present critique describes growth points in the current research with the goal of suggesting promising directions for future investigations. In particular, gaps are noted regarding our understanding of the specific forms of polyvictimization that affect traumatized girls' development, especially given the highly disproportionate prevalence of sexual abuse among justice-involved girls. In addition, increased attention is needed to gender differences in the timing of victimization and the onset of risky behavior, as well as the nature of trauma-linked youth offenses and recidivism, which research also suggests may differ for boys and girls. Furthermore, a new body of research on psychophysiological reactivity promises to shed light on gender differences in trauma response, resilience, and risk. Finally, the importance acknowledging the intersection of polyvictimization, gender, and race is noted. The article ends with a discussion of the ways in which understanding gender differences and similarities can inform gender-responsive approaches to prevention and intervention efforts.

“It’s hard to reenter when you’ve been locked out”: Keys to offender reintegration

ABSTRACTUsing constructivist grounded theory, we conducted 15 semistructured interviews of men and women with criminal justice backgrounds, and three focus groups to examine group level offender reentry strategies. Participants comprised 20 formerly incarcerated men and women who were incarcerated in a New York state prison or at Rikers Island, New York City’s main jail complex. This study revealed four keys to offender reintegration: (a) linking offenders to society; (b) institutional and community anchors; (c) social supports; and (d) personal epiphany. The keys to offender reintegration provide an opportunity to interrupt patterns of relapse, rearrest, and recidivism.

Criminal Behavior and Self-Control: Using the Dual Component Theory of Inhibition Regulation to Advance Self-Control and Crime Research

Predicting crime remains a central issue for social science research. Perspectives that consider the role of self-control have added greatly to our ability to explain and predict criminal behavior. However, this approach has been narrowly focused on the role of individual differences in trait self-control, limiting the potential of this approach to integrate a range of findings in the literature. To realize the full potential of the self-control construct to explain criminal behavior, we use the Dual Component Theory of Inhibition Regulation (DCTIR). We discuss how the model can account for a number of findings, including patterns of recidivism, age differences, and the role of socioeconomic factors in crime. The DCTIR provides a framework for integrating these findings, generating new predictions, and ultimately better predicting criminal behavior.

Alcohol Relapse After Liver Transplantation: Younger Women Are at Greatest Risk.

BackgroundAlcoholic cirrhosis is an indication for 40% of liver transplantations (LT) in Europe. In most centers, 6 months of abstinence is required before listing. However, alcohol recidivism is quite high after LT, and approximately 20–25% of recipients with ALD resume harmful drinking, resulting in liver insufficiency, which casts doubt on the 6-months rule as a reliable marker of abstinence maintenance after LT.Material/MethodsWe analyzed data on patients who underwent orthotopic LT in Marie Curie Hospital, Szczecin, Poland, from 2000 to 2015 due to alcoholic or cryptogenic cirrhosis. Every ALD patient met the 6-month abstinence requirement. Alcohol recidivism has been studied based on a history of alcohol abuse taken from the patients or from their relatives, and in case of denial, on laboratory tests for alcohol abuse. Five patterns of recidivism were distinguished: death, constant heavy drinking, heavy drinking with abstinence attempts, occasional laps, and a single episode of alcohol intake. The analysis of survival was performed according to the Kaplan-Meier method. Patient survival rates in ALD recipients vs. non-ALD recipients were compared using the log-rank test.ResultsAlcohol recidivism was finally evaluated in 109 patients: 81 males and 28 females, with a median age of 53.3 years (range 30–66). Harmful drinking was discovered in 16 patients (14.7%), including seven deaths due to alcoholic hepatitis. Sporadic or episodic drinking was found in 29 patients (27%). In heavy drinkers, the abstinence period after transplantation was significantly shorter and patients were younger than the average (median age 43.8 years). Women break abstinence faster than men and are at greater risk of liver insufficiency. Five, 10 and 15-year survival in the ALD group was superior in comparison with non-ALD group, but differences did not reach statistical significance (p=0.066, p=0.063, p=0.075, respectively).ConclusionsThe prognostic value of a 6-month abstinence period before transplantation is rather low as it does not predict sobriety after transplantation. However, only a minority of such patients drink harmfully. Survival in ALD recipients tends to be better in comparison with survival in the other etiologies. Younger women dependent on alcohol shortly before LT are at greatest risk of recidivism.

Reshaping the Study of Recidivism: Exploring Variations in the Timing of Recidivism Following Release From Prison

While hazard analyses allow researchers to identify distributional changes over time, this powerful benefit is often underutilized. This article incorporates the shape parameter—in addition to level—into lognormal hazard models to examine recidivism patterns for individuals returning home from prison. Using a sample of adults released in 1994 from 15 state prison facilities, the results indicate that factors influencing the shape are both individual-level (race, age, prior arrest history) and jurisdiction-driven (prison admission type and state). While targeting the highest “risk” individuals is a well-established best practice, the present study suggests that reentry planners may benefit from focusing on groups undergoing change in the postrelease period in addition to those experiencing the highest hazard levels on average. Future research would benefit from incorporating the shape parameter into recidivism studies and including additional factors in shape analyses, such as social indicators, to further contextualize the reentry–recidivism relationship.