Rechargeable Lead Research Articles

Development of Automatic Fish Feeding Machine for Integrated Floating Cage Aquageoponic System

Aims: The objective of this work was to develop and evaluate the performance of an automatic fish feeder- to enhance aquacultural practices and farmponds
 Place and Duration of Study: The research study was conducted at Madakasira, (Latitude: 13°56ʹ55.96″ N and Longitude: 77°18ʹ45.38″ E) which is located in Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh, India. The mean annual temperature and annual rainfall of the study area are 27.6°C and 532 mm, respectively. Most of the rainfall (~80%) is received during South-West monsoon. The experiment study was conducted from March‒June, 2018.
 Methodology: Automatic fish feeder includes both electrical and mechanical mechanism. The materials includes for the development of the feeder was cone shape hopper, top covering lid, base, 12V DC motor, 12V 7Ah Rechargeable Lead Acid Battery, Arduino Uno, Bluetooth HC-05 module, 5v Relay, DC-DC step-down converter. The developed feeder was operated with the help of mobile app by using Bluetooth HC-05 module. The spreading distance and amount of feed spread, opening angles of the feeder were evaluated during the research period.
 Results: Our results showed that the amount of feed spread was maximum (140 g m-1) with 1.0 m height and was minimum (101 g m-1) at 0.2 m height. This results clearly shows that the fish feeder has to be kept at maximum height so that it covers maximum spreading distance with minimum loss of fish feed by drift. With increase in height of the machine from ground surface, the spreading distance of the fish feed from the feeding machine was also increased.
 Conclusion: Farmers were satisfied with this new technology which helps to avoid manual feeding and provides the clean environment.

Effect of Time Factor on the Battery Voltage State of Charge from Foot Beats Piezoelectric System

Aim: The study examined the effect of time on amount of voltage generated in a foot beat electricity generating system stored in a battery.
 Study Design: A system made of piezoelectric materials was designed such that the foot beats of dancers on a platform would cause a mechanical deformation that would lead to conversion of mechanical energy due to pressure from the foot beats to electrical energy; and can be stored in a rechargeable lead acid battery for future use.
 Place and Duration of Study: Awka Anambra State, Nigeria, between November 2018 and April 2020.
 Methodology: A sheet of plywood measuring 300 mm x 300 mm x 3 mm thick was placed on a hard wooden board of 300 mm x 300 mm x 25 mm thick where twelve piezoelectric sensors were connected in series with foam spring inserted as separators and to aid in returning after deformation. As the dancers step on the platform, multimeter was used to take the voltage and current readings, while Lead acid rechargeable battery could be connected at the output point to store energy generated in the system and or Light Emitting Diodes (LED) and Universal Serial Bus (USB) outputs. A stop clock was also used to take the time.
 Results: The study revealed that it would require 901 seconds for a 50kg dancer to increase a unit voltage state of charge in a battery. It also found that it would require 749 seconds for a 60 kg dancer; and 595 seconds for an 80kg dancer respectively to increase the same 1-unit voltage state of charge in a battery. The study showed that the voltage in the battery would continue to increase until the battery is fully charged at which point it is expected that there would no longer be any increase in charge in the battery irrespective of increase in the number of foot beats or time.
 Conclusion: The result implies that the charge in battery caused by pressure from the foot beats is subject to the maximum voltage capacity of the battery in the system. Likewise, the amount of time and number of foot beats required to add a unit voltage state of charge in a battery in the system is subject to the applied pressure from the foot beats. In view of this, the study craves for popularisation of this technology through large scale research supported by government, corporate organisations or international organisations and institutions that will support new products development in the building and construction industry as it is the case in India and other developed countries.

Comparative Analysis of Voltage, Current and Power Produced in a Piezoelectric System from Human Foot Beats

Aims: This study analysed and compared the amount of voltage, current and power generated in a piezoelectric system from human foot beats.
 Study Design: The study was an experimental study which made use of piezoelectric materials together with human loads (weights) from the foot beats of dancers in a dance club, and connected to a rechargeable battery and multimeter. In this system, mechanical deformation was expected to cause conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy which can be stored in a rechargeable lead acid battery for future use.
 Place and Duration of Study: Awka Anambra State, Nigeria, between November 2018 and February 2020.
 Methodology: A sheet of plywood measuring 300 mm x 300 mm x 3 mm thick was placed on a hard wooden board of 300 mm x 300 mm x 25 mm thickwhere twelve piezoelectric sensors were connected in series with foam spring inserted as separators and to aid in returning after deformation. As the dancers step on the platform, multimetr was used to take the voltage and current readings while at the output point Lead acid rechargeable battery could be connected at the output point to store energy generated in the system and orLight Emitting Diodes (LED) and Universal Serial Bus (USB) outputs.
 Results: The result revealed that the amount of voltage, current and power generated in the system were principally dependent on the load (weight of dancers in kg). In this case, 1 foot beat of an average 50 kg dancer generated an average of 0.555 mV and 0.063 mA respectively. Whereas, 60 kg and 80 kg dancers generated 0.668 mV and 0.838 mV respectively, and 0.081 mA and 0.087 mA respectively. It further showed that at constant number of foot beats, the amount of voltage, current and power increases as the weight of dancer increases and the lesser the weight the more number of foot beats required to generate the same quantity of electricity. In this case, 100 foot beats of a 50 kg, 60 kg and 80 kg dancer generated 55.5 mV, 66.8 mV, and 84,1 mV of voltage; 6.3 mA, 8.2 mA, and 8.8 mA of current and 349.65 mW, 544.42 mW and 740.08 mW of power respectively.
 Conclusion: Implicitly, this system has the potential of alleviating the problem of electricity supply and meeting of vision 2030 Sustainable Development Goals for electricity mix in Nigeria. However, it is mostly required where there are high volumes of human traffic and places that consume minimal amount of electricity, since it usually generates very small amount of energy. In view of this, there is need for a more robust research in this area and increase genuine interest in alternative and sustainable energy research by the Nigerian government.

Electricity Generation from the Foot Beats of Dancers at Club Centres in Awka, Anambra State

The study designed and developed a system of generating electricity through the beats of human feet using piezoelectric materials. The system made use of mechanical deformation occasioned by the foot beats of dancers when stepped on a platform in which piezoelectric materials were installed at dance club centres to cause piezo films to generate electrical density that was stored in a rechargeable lead acid battery for future use. The study shows that human pressure due to human weight when applied in the system could be converted to electrical energy for later use. The study shows that it would require 1802 foot beats for a 50kg dancer to increase a unit voltage in a battery; foot beats for a 60 kg dancer; and 1194 foot beats for an 80kg dancer respectively. The system is suitable where there are high volumes of human traffic such as markets, worship centres, shopping malls, bus stations, and parks. It can also be used in powering small electrical appliances and electronic gadgets such as cell phones, radio stereo, television, fan, and street lights. Based on this, research into this kind of electricity generation should be expanded in large scale and sponsored by the government or corporate organisations. The system should be incorporated in the design and construction of building including new material development as a means of achieving sustainable construction and minimisation of conventional energy consumption in building use.

A versatile integrated rechargeable lead dioxide-polyaniline system with energy storage mechanism transformation

A versatile integrated rechargeable hybrid system by engineering a fibrous polyaniline negative electrode is proposed to essentially solve the existing problems of lead-acid battery, which include the dendrite formation, poor cycle stability, water loss, environmental hazards derived from the electrochemical functionality of negative lead. We demonstrate that polyaniline negative electrode could result into the boosting performance of the integrated system due to the reaction mechanism of polyaniline, which involves the transition of leucoemeraldine/polaronic emeraldine together with the doping/dedoping of dopant. As a result, the integrated system delivers an admirable specific capacity, effectively avoids the sulfuric acid salinization, presents considerable power and energy density, and distinctly enhances the cycle stability. Meanwhile, the reaction kinetics of the hybrid system is also investigated and the controllable mechanism transformation from the pseudo-capacitive to battery-type behavior could be realized by regulating the mass ratio. In addition, low employment of lead substances further increases its ecological acceptability, reflecting a promising prospect of application as an efficient energy storage system in the future. Moreover, the strategy features simple configuration and easy operation without altering the original structure, which could further bridge the gap between lead-acid battery and supercapacitor.

Preparation of Lead, Lead Alloy(S) And Other Salts from Exhausted Rechargeable Lead Batteries

Preparation of Lead, Lead Alloy(S) And Other Salts from Exhausted Rechargeable Lead Batteries

Effect of Flux Salts on the Recovery Extent and Quality of Metal Values from Spent Rechargeable Lead Batteries

Lead–calcium alloy containing up to 0.10% calcium was recovered from spent rechargeable sealed acid–lead batteries. Two techniques were investigated to explore the effect of flux salts on the extent and quality of the recovered alloy: pyrometallurgical and electrochemical methods. About 10 kg of the spent batteries were collected for testing. The sample was washed with hot water and dried. The plastic cases of the batteries were mechanically cut, the contents were dismantled manually, and the plastic containers were shredded for recycling. The electrode plates were freed from the loose powder and placed in SiC crucible and covered with alkali chloride salts. The loaded crucible was heated in an electronically controlled chamber furnace-type NaberthermC3 at temperatures up to 800 °C. The obtained metals were analyzed. The effect of temperature, rate of heating, atmospheric conditions, composition of the flux salts on the extent and quality of the recovered lead–calcium alloy were studied. Results revealed that the spent rechargeable batteries contain three groups of three plates of Pb–Ca grids, each packed with lead oxides. Direct heating of these plates in a silicon carbide crucible under ambient conditions produces lead metal poor in calcium content (0.07%) due to partial oxidation of the alloying calcium element. Rate of temperature increase has a considerable effect on the yield of the lead alloy composition. Thermodynamically, the activation energy of the alloying process amounts to 5366 kJ/mol. Flux sodium salts benefit the recovery process. Sodium salts are more powerful as compared to potassium salts. Lead calcium alloy meeting the standard specification has been successfully recovered from the spent rechargeable acid–lead batteries with a very competitive cost to that of the same alloy prepared from primary resources.

DESIGN A SIMPLE SOLAR TRACKER FOR HYBRID POWER SUPPLY

This paper presents a smart power supply by using solar energy as the sources. It reduces the use of fuel in order to achieve maximize generation of electricity (during day time). The project equipped with solar tracker device which is absorbs the ultraviolet (UV) from the sun in maximum condition. The tracker operates with dual axis rotation where it can be rotating with 360° or which is 180° vertical/horizontals. This circuit is activated when light dependent resistor (LDR) detecting the light where four sensors are placed at east, west, north and south position. The solar panel is embedded with gear system to control the speed of the tracker and also obtain full charge of the 12V rechargeable lead acid battery. The charge controller is used to control the load for operating the system and recharge the battery, it also to protect the battery from over charge.

Development of a Low-Cost Electronic Wheelchair with Obstacle Avoidance Feature

A low-cost electronic wheelchair was designed and developed which can perform the similar functions and features as a commercially available wheelchair. It also provides obstacle avoidance capability as added value. The electronic wheelchair was realized by modification of a lightweight manual wheelchair. It uses two electric motors each of 320 W 24 V DC, 5-24 VDC 6 A H-bride drivers, and a 12 V 17 Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. It equipped with switches, joystick, infrared sensors and ultrasonic sensors. A GizduinoAtMega 328 microcontroller is used to read and interpret commands. User’s acceptance evaluation results shows that the developed low-cost wheelchair is able to receive and interpret commands provided by the joystick, detect if a person is seated on it, navigate to avoid obstacles as well as to detect edge and stairs. Technical evaluation result shows that on a flat surface it could move at the speed of around 39.9 m/minute without load and 32 m/minute with 80 kg load. At 10 degrees inclined surface, the maximum weight limit is 30 kg with the speed of 12 m/minute. At 20 degrees inclined surface, the maximum weight limit is 10 kg with the speed of 3 m/minute. Regarding cost, it is just a fraction of a cost compared to the commercially available model. Therefore, the developed wheelchair offers an option for potential users who cannot afford to buy the commercially available one.

Spectroscopic and electrochemical investigations of lead–lead dioxide glasses and vitroceramics with applications for rechargeable lead–acid batteries

A new class of glass and vitroceramic electrodes with applications for rechargeable batteries was obtained by a melt quenching method. The structural characterization of the samples having the xPb·(100−x)PbO2 composition, where x=0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50mol% Pb, was performed by UV–vis and FTIR spectroscopies investigations.UV–vis and FTIR data reveal that the excess of lead content in the host matrix generates the transformation and/or disintegration of [PbO6] octahedral structural units into [PbO4] structural units or Pb2+ ions and non-bonding oxygen ions centers.The electrochemical performances of the glass and vitroceramics electrodes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The shapes of the cyclic voltammograms and redox peaks depend on the electrolyte solution concentration and the lead content in host matrix. Differences between these waves are determined by the type of electrochemically active species existing in the glass or glass ceramics. The improved performance of the vitroceramic electrodes is attributed to the presence of the lead metallic phase that seems to offer an easier route for the charge process of the electrodes. Thus, the presence of these phases generates more electrochemically active species, inhibits the secondary reactions implying PbO, takes up the ionic conduction of the larger electrolyte solution and increases the charge/discharge rate of the electrochemical processes.

Electrochemical Behavior of Polyaniline Microparticle Suspension as Flowing Anode for Rechargeable Lead Dioxide Flow Battery

A type of redox flow battery, based on lead (II) dissolved in the electrolyte, has emerged as possible system for energy storage. However, the formation of lead dendrite and the evolution of hydrogen in the last stage of charge have limited the application of soluble lead flow batteries. A comparison study on electrochemical behavior of polyaniline (PANI) suspension indicates that the electrochemical response of PANI suspension in flowing mode significantly differs from that in static state, exhibiting good charge transfer property due to continuous renewal of PANI microparticles by the flow of suspension. Therefore, PANI microparticle suspension is used as anode material to fabricate the lead dioxide flow battery. The cycle performance of the lead dioxide flow battery has been improved by replacing the lead electrode with the flowable PANI, and the average of discharge capacity loss is only 0.05% per cycle during 60 cycles. The coulombic efficiency shows no significant change with the number of cycles over the experiment. Furthermore, the working current density of 20 mA cm−2 in the proposed battery system has been achieved, which is greatly enhanced compared with the conventional PANI film batteries.

Development of an autonomous sea ice tethered buoy for the study of ocean-atmosphere-sea ice-snow pack interactions: the O-buoy

Abstract. A buoy based instrument platform (the "O-buoy") was designed, constructed, and field tested for year-round measurement of ozone, bromine monoxide, carbon dioxide, and meteorological variables over Arctic sea ice. The O-buoy operated in an autonomous manner with daily, bi-directional data transmissions using Iridium satellite communication. The O-buoy was equipped with three power sources: primary lithium-ion battery packs, rechargeable lead acid packs, and solar panels that recharge the lead acid packs, and can fully power the O-buoy during summer operation. This system was designed to operate under the harsh conditions present in the Arctic, with minimal direct human interaction, to aid in our understanding of the atmospheric chemistry that occurs in this remote region of the world. The current design requires approximately yearly maintenance limited by the lifetime of the primary power supply. The O-buoy system was field tested in Elson Lagoon, Barrow, Alaska from February to May 2009, and deployed in the Beaufort Sea in October 2009. Here, we describe the design and present preliminary data.