Rechargeable Alkaline Batteries Research Articles

Decoupling Electrolytic Water Splitting by an Oxygen-Mediating Process.

Decoupled water electrolysis systems, incorporating a reversible redox mediator that allows for the construction of membrane-free electrolyzers, have emerged as a promising approach to produce high-purity hydrogen with remarkable flexibility. The key factor crucial for practical applications lies in the development of mediator electrodes that possess suitable redox potential, high redox capacity, excellent cycling reversibility and stability. Herein, we introduce a novel concept of oxygen-mediating redox mediators (ORMs) employing Bi2O3 as an example material, which are capable of sequestering oxygen during the hydrogen evolution reaction and subsequently releasing it to generate oxygen gas under alkaline conditions. Thanks to its remarkable reversible redox activity and specific capacity, the Bi2O3 electrode boasts an impressive reversible specific capacity of 300.8 mA h g-1 and delivers outstanding cycling performance for >1000 cycles at a current density of 2.0 A g-1. Furthermore, the implementation of such a decoupled alkaline water electrolysis system can be integrated with a Bi2O3-Zn battery, enabling both power-to-fuel (hydrogen production) and chemical-to-power (rechargeable Bi2O3-Zn battery) conversion. With many oxygen-carrier materials readily available and the potential integration with rechargeable alkaline batteries, this study provides an alternative competitive route for membrane-free decoupled water splitting through the oxygen-mediating mechanism with combined energy transformation and storage.

Crystalline/Amorphous Co2P2O7 cathode with outstanding areal capacity for High-Performance Zinc-Cobalt battery

It is still a challenge to develop aqueous rechargeable Zn-based alkaline batteries with high energy density, power density and excellent stability. Herein, a crystalline/amorphous Co2P2O7 self-supporting on the Ni foam is fabricated as a cathode material of aqueous Zn-based alkaline batteries. The unique crystalline/amorphous structure endows the electrode material with more exposed active sites, higher redox species coverage, larger electrochemical surface area (ECSA), smaller charge-transfer resistance, lower reaction energy barriers and faster electrochemical reaction kinetics process, which clarifies an explicit structure–property relationship simultaneously. As a result, the crystalline/amorphous Co2P2O7 (CP-P-450) electrode assembled as CP-P-450//Zn battery achieves an extraordinary areal capacity of 2.49 mAh cm−2 at 5 mA cm−2, satisfactory rate performance, excellent cyclic durability (96.6 % retention after 4000 cycles) and impressive energy density (4.16 mAh cm−2) and peak power density (115.94 mW cm−2). The quasi-solid CP-P-450//Zn battery can drive a variety of electrical appliances working well even under abuse tests, demonstrating excellent safety and application potential. This study provides an effective strategy towards excellent comprehensive energy storage performance of aqueous Zn-based alkaline batteries through structuring the crystalline/amorphous phase in cathodes.

Alkali-etching Bi-MOF to create oxygen-deficient α-Bi2O3 nanobelt as high-capacity Ni-Bi battery anode

Bi2O3 has been recognized as a promising anode of aqueous secondary battery because of the high capacity, but the application is greatly hindered by the poor conductivity and limited actual capacity. Herein, for the first time, one dimensional (1D) α-Bi2O3 nanobelt is fabricated via alkali etching strategy using rod-shaped Bi-MOF (CAU-17) as the self-sacrificial template. Specifically, high-crystalline and oxygen-deficient α-Bi2O3 nanobelt with length and width of 6 μm and 300 nm are identified. The electrochemical results demonstrate the high specific capacity (247 mAh g−1@1 A g−1) and acceptable stability of α-Bi2O3 nanobelt. Such superior capacity is derived from the exposed electrochemical active sites, fast charge transfer and efficient ion diffusion in 1D high-crystalline and oxygen-vacancies enriched structure. The assembled Ni-Bi battery displays high capacity (78.3 mAh g−1) and high energy density of 100.2 Wh kg−1 (at power density of 2829.8 W kg−1). Our work provides rational guidance for architecting 1D high-capacitive electrodes for aqueous rechargeable alkaline battery.

(Invited) Development of Mildly Acidic Aqueous Zinc Batteries: Anode, Cathode, and Electrolyte

Aqueous zinc batteries use earth abundant materials and has stable supply chains, making them one of the promising battery technologies for grid-scale energy storage applications. However, the limited cycle life because of the dendrite formation of zinc anodes, poor reversibility of cathodes, and consumption of electrolyte has greatly hampered its practical application. Recently, extensive research effort has been made on the development of rechargeable alkaline batteries and mildly acidic zinc ion batteries. Novel structured zinc anodes, intercalation cathode materials and new electrolytes have been developed to improve the performance. Here, we would like to present our effort towards aqueous zinc batteries under practical conditions. Zinc alloy anodes, organic cathode materials, and the use of new binders and electrolyte additives will be discussed.

Synergistic structural engineering of 3D printed matchable electrodes for long-life rechargeable nickel–bismuth batteries

Aqueous rechargeable alkaline batteries have attracted increasing attention due to their reliable safety, low cost and high electrochemical potential. However, it remains challenging to construct remarkable rechargeable batteries with desirable electrode architectures and optimized electrochemical mechanisms. Herein, 3D printed high-loading bismuth-based anodes with synergistic enhancement of three-dimensional interconnection network structure and oxygen vacancies is achieved, for which intrinsic battery charge storage mechanism is in-depth unveiled. The synergistic structural engineering significantly enhances the overall charge carrier transport of 3D printed nickel-bismuth batteries, as evidenced by the conductivity of a single-wired electrode, enabling nickel-bismuth batteries to achieve a high areal capacity of 0.17 mA h cm−2 at 6 mA cm−2, a high energy density of 97.92 μWh cm−2 and a power density of 6.41 mW cm−2. Moreover, superior cycling stability is obtained. Ex situ characterization results reveal that Bi2O2.33 undergoes a phase transition after the initial charge and discharge, while the subsequent cycles rely on the reversible phase transition mechanism between Bi and Bi2O3 for basic charge storage. The exceptional performance and revealed mechanism of 3D printed batteries offer novel ideas and understanding for constructing future rechargeable nickel-bismuth batteries with state-of-the-art behaviors.

Approaching Theoretical Capacity: 0D/2D Amorphous/Crystalline Bi‐Based Heterostructures Anode for Aqueous Alkaline Rechargeable Batteries

AbstractAlthough various bismuth (Bi) electrode materials are reported to assemble aqueous alkaline rechargeable batteries (AARBs) owing to desirable potential window and high theoretical capacity, the Bi‐based electrode materials are still confronted with by their “death space” and poor stability. Herein, a zero‐dimensional/two‐dimensional (0D/2D) amorphous/crystalline BiOx‐Bi heterostructure is successfully synthesized by a one‐step reduction method for achieving nearly theoretical capacity. Under proper NaBHNaBH4 content, the Bi33+ is reduced to form ultra‐thin 2D metallic bismuth nanoflakes (Bi‐nf), and incompletely reduced amorphous 0D BiOx nanodots are embedded in Bi‐nf to form the target BiOx/Bi‐nf heterostructure. The embedded 0D nanodots inhibit the aggregation of 2D Bi‐nf, accelerate the mass transport rate with more oxygen vacancies and pores at heterogeneous interface, and the active centers of amorphous nanodots and ultrathin nanoflakes are recognized as completely accessible which is benefit for up to theoretical capacity. Accordingly, the optimized 0D/2D amorphous/crystalline BiOx‐Bi‐nf heterostructure electrode presents an admirable capacity of 350 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 and outstanding capacity retention of 79.9% at 20 A g‐1. Moreover, the assembled BCNP (basic cobalt/nickel phosphate)//BiOx/Bi‐nf battery exhibits exceptional energy density of 191.64 Wh kg‐1 at 1.28 kW kg‐1 power density and durable stability (80% after 14000 cycles).

Potassium-Hydrogen Hybrid Ion Alkaline Battery: A New Rechargeable Aqueous Battery Combined a K+ Storage Cathode and an Electrochemical Hydrogen Storage Anode.

A rechargeable aqueous hybrid ion alkaline battery, using a proton and a potassium ion as charge carriers for the anode and cathode, respectively, is proposed in this study by using well-developed potassium nickel hexacyanoferrate as the cathode material and mesoporous carbon sheets as the anode material, respectively. The constructed battery operates in a concentrated KOH solution, in which the energy storage mechanism for potassium nickel hexacyanoferrate involves the redox reaction of Fe2+/Fe3+ associated with potassium ion insertion/extraction and the redox reaction of Ni(OH)2/NiOOH. The mechanism for the carbon anode is electrochemical hydrogen storage. The cathode made of potassium nickel hexacyanoferrate exhibits both an ultrahigh capacity of 232.7 mAh g-1 under 100 mA g-1 and a consistent performance of 214 mAh g-1 at 2000 mA g-1 (with a capacity retention of 92.8% after 200 cycles). The mesoporous carbon sheet anode exhibits a capacity of 87.6 mAh·g-1 at 100 mA g-1 with a good rate and cyclic performance. The full cell provides an operational voltage of 1.55 V, a capacity of 93.6 mAh g-1 at 100 mA g-1, and 82.4% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 2000 mA g-1 along with a low self-discharge rate. The investigation and discussion about the energy storage mechanisms for both electrode materials are also provided.

A general separator modification tactic enables long-term stable cycling of small organic molecule electrodes in aqueous alkaline batteries

Rechargeable aqueous alkaline batteries based on small organic molecule anodes are a promising solution for large-scale energy storage due to their environmental friendliness and high energy efficiency. However, its development is limited by the poor cycling stability caused by the shuttling of soluble organic molecules between electrodes. Here, we propose a cell separator modified by metal organic framework (MOF) grown on the surface of graphene oxide (GO) to inhibit the shuttling of small organic molecules. It is demonstrated that the MOF@GO modified separator acts as an ion sieve in aqueous alkaline cells to effectively hold up small organic molecules without affecting the movement of metal ions. With the protection of the MOF@GO separator, soluble small molecules such as indanthrone (IDT) exhibit an amazing stability in alkaline electrolytes (a high reversible capacity of 137.0 mA h g−1 and a good capacity retention of 95.8% after 1000 cycles at 1 A g−1). It is the first report that employs carbonyl-containing small molecules as the electrodes for stable rechargeable aqueous alkaline batteries. Additionally, this strategy is also proved available to enhance the capacity and cycling stability of other active conjugated small molecules, such as PTCDI and 6CN-DQPZ, which will pave the way for the use of small organic molecules in aqueous alkaline batteries.

(Invited) A Sustainable and Reliable Electrolyte Toward Safe Zn-MnO2 Alkaline Rechargeable Batteries

Zinc-Manganese Dioxide (Zn-MnO2) rechargeable batteries has spurred interest due to lower cost, high specific capacity, increased safety while using in small electronic devices and wearable technology. Zn-MnO2 alkaline batteries form inactive compounds during charging and discharging that hinder their ability to be utilized in rechargeable settings. Design and development of functional electrolyte to replace traditional electrolyte have become an effective way to inhibit irreversible compound formations and Zn dendrite growth, avoid leakage issues and metallic packaging. However, many challenges such as reliable and reproducible ionic conductivity and ion transference number of free-standing electrolyte films at lower thickness (150 µm), and interfacial contact resistance between electrolyte and electrode layer still exist. Our assumption is producing reliable and consistent ionic conductivity and ion transference number of electrolytes at lower thickness (150 µm) will help in providing the faster redox reaction kinetics at electrolyte-electrode interface. Moreover, by reducing the interfacial contact resistance between electrolyte and electrode interface will help in reducing the charge transfer resistance and zincate ion movements and results in improving the reversible life cycle of batteries. Many electrolytes fabricated utilize two different solutions that are mixed separately, forming either a liquid or a solid electrolyte after curing. Due to separate mixing, both solutions are never fully incorporated into one another, causing discrepancies in the consistency of the electrolyte. Here, we propose to use sustainable chitosan, which utilized 5:1 ratio of naturally occurring Chitosan (Chi) and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) respectively. The Chi and PVA solution were premixed using ultrasonic bath and vacuum suction was used to remove extra bubbles formation due to mixing of Chi and PVA. This new process of electrolyte formation was compared between different thickness (120 µm, 150 µm, and 250µm), and the best electrolyte was then compared to the old process of mixing the solutions separately for electrolyte formation. The different thickness electrolytes were soaked into Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) and compared on their Ionic Conductivity, Ionic Conductance, Ion Transference Number, PH, and Swelling Ratio. To reduce the interfacial contact resistance between electrolyte and electrode, free standing electrolyte layer will be dipped into Chi solution and then put in contact with electrodes. These electrolytes were then used in the fabrication of Zn-MnO2 batteries and measure their performance using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge.

High-performance aqueous rechargeable NiCo//Zn battery with molybdate anion intercalated CoNi-LDH@CP bilayered cathode

Seeking cathode materials with high areal capacity and excellent cycling tolerance is a key step to develop aqueous rechargeable zinc-based alkaline batteries with high energy density, power density and excellent stability. Here, the bilayered cathode composite (MCN-LDH@CP) of molybdate intercalated cobalt–nickel layered hydroxide nanosheets (MCN-LDH) grown on cobalt phosphate octahydrate microsheet (CP) was prepared by a two-step hydrothermal process. Molybdate intercalation significantly reduces the thickness of cobalt–nickel layered hydroxide, greatly increases its specific surface area, regulates its pore distribution, increases the crystal plane spacing, promotes the diffusion rate of hydroxide in it, and increases its specific capacity. Meanwhile, the bilayered MCN-LDH@CP electrode significantly improved the areal energy density (2.89 mWh/cm2) and peak power density (111.22 mW/cm2) and cycle stability (97.8 % after 7000 cycles) of the CoNi//Zn battery. The excellent stability is mainly due to the fact that the MCN-LDH overlay inhibits the loss of P element of CP and improves the structural stability of the sample. The quasi-solid-state MCN-LDH@CP//Zn battery can still charge a mobile phone even when hammered and pierced, showing excellent safety and reliability. This work opens a new avenue to develop CoNi//Zn batteries with high energy density, power density and excellent tolerance.

Hybrid Nano-Phase Ion/Electron Dual Pathways of Nickel/Cobalt–Boride Cathodes Boosting Intercalation Kinetics for Alkaline Batteries

Nickel-based hydroxides and their derivatives exhibit relatively low capacities and unsatisfactory durability as cathode materials for rechargeable alkaline batteries. In this work, a hybrid NiCo-B nanosheet cathode, integrating electrolyte ion-shuttling channels and electron-transferring networks into a metal-organic framework (MOF), was devised delicately. In the structure, the hybrid ion/electron dual pathways were constructed by NiCo-MOF frameworks and NiCo-B interpenetration networks. It revealed that nano-phase electron-transferring pathways in the MOF obviously boosted ion intercalation kinetics. The as-obtained hybrid NiCo-B nanosheets as cathode materials exhibited reversible capacity as high as 280 mA h g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1 and excellent rate capability with a capacity retention of 78% from 1 to 10 A g-1. After 2000 charge/discharge cycles at 4 A g-1, the capacity still remained at 94% of the initial one. A full battery assembled with a hybrid NiCo-B cathode and a Fe2O3 anode showed a high capacity of 250 mA h g-1 and a considerable stability of 89% after 1000 cycles. Ragone plots indicated the highest energy density of 409 W h kg-1 and the lowest power density of 1.5 kW kg-1, outperforming other aqueous batteries. It revealed that a syngenetic structure of ion/electron hybrid dual pathways integrated into an MOF could be a potential strategy to optimize ion intercalation electrode materials for alkaline batteries.

Achieving desirable charge transport by porous frame engineering for superior 3D printed rechargeable Ni-Zn alkaline batteries.

Rechargeable 3D printed batteries with extraordinary electrochemical potential are typical contenders as one of the promising energy storage systems. Low-cost, high-safety, and excellent rechargeable aqueous alkaline batteries have drawn extensive interest. But their practical applications are severely hampered by poor charge carrier transfer and limited electrochemical activity at high loading. Herein, we report a unique structure-based engineering strategy in 3D porous frames using a feasible 3D printing technique and achieve 3D printed full battery devices with outstanding electrochemical performance. By offering a 3D porous network to provide prominently stereoscopic support and optimize the pore structure of electrodes, the overall charge carrier transport of engineered 3D printed Ni-Zn alkaline batteries (E3DP-NZABs) is greatly enhanced, which is directly demonstrated through a single-wired characterization platform. The obtained E3DP-NZABs deliver a high areal capacity of 0.34 mA h cm-2 at 1.2 mA cm-2, and an outstanding capacity retention of 96.2% after 1500 cycles is also exhibited with an optimal electrode design. Particularly, parameter changes such as a decrease in pore sizes and an increase in 3D network thickness are favorable to resultant electrochemical performance. This work may represent a vital step to promote the practical application progress of alkaline batteries.

Direct Ink Writing of 3D Zn Structures as High‐Capacity Anodes for Rechargeable Alkaline Batteries

The relationship between structure and performance in alkaline Zn batteries is undeniable, where anode utilization, dendrite formation, shape change, and passivation issues are all addressable through anode morphology. While tailoring 3D hosts can improve the electrode performance, these practices are inherently limited by scaffolds that increase the mass or volume. Herein, a direct write strategy for producing template‐free metallic 3D Zn electrode architectures is discussed. Concentrated inks are customized to build designs with low electrical resistivity (5 × 10−4 Ω cm), submillimeter sizes (200 μm filaments), and high mechanical stability (Young's modulus of 0.1–0.5 GPa at relative densities of 0.28–0.46). A printed Zn lattice anode versus NiOOH cathode with an alkaline polymer gel electrolyte is then demonstrated. This Zn||NiOOH cell operates for over 650 cycles at high rates of 25 mA cm−2 with an average areal capacity of 11.89 mAh cm−2, a cumulative capacity of 7.8 Ah cm−2, and a volumetric capacity of 23.78 mAh cm−3. A thicker Zn anode achieves an ultrahigh areal capacity of 85.45 mAh cm−2 and a volumetric capacity of 81.45 mAh cm−3 without significant microstructural changes after 50 cycles.

Highly reversible anode with Bi and ZnO dual chemistry for aqueous alkaline battery

Zn has been recognized as a promising anode material for aqueous alkaline rechargeable batteries (AARBs). However, the further development of Zn anodes suffers from uncontrollable dendrite growth, Zn corrosion and passivation in alkaline electrolyte. To address these issues, we demonstrate a Bi–ZnO hybrid composite as a stable and high-capacity anode for high-energy AARBs. The integration of Bi and ZnO can not only inherit the high capacity and suitable redox potential from ZnO, but also ensure good cycling stability by lowering the Zn nucleation overpotential and boosting the reversibility of Zn plating/stripping. Benefiting from these advantages, the Bi–ZnO anode presents higher Coulombic efficiency than ZnO anode. When employed in AARB, the Bi–ZnO anode also shows impressive durability with 101.6% capacity retention after 2000 cycles, superior to ZnO anode (20.1%). Besides, the Bi–ZnO anode exhibits a high capacity (238 mAh g−1) and energy density (214 Wh kg−1). Moreover, the reaction mechanism of Bi–ZnO anode is proved to be Bi/Bi3+ redox reaction and Zn/Zn2+ stripping/plating reaction.

High areal energy density and super durable aqueous rechargeable NiCo//Zn battery with hierarchical structural cobalt–nickel phosphate octahydrate as binder-free cathode

Aqueous rechargeable Zn-based alkaline batteries combine the advantages of battery-level energy density and capacitance-level power density, showing bright prospects.However, their energy density and cycling life were restricted by the low areal capacity and poor cycling tolerance of cathodes. Herein, bimetallic cobalt–nickel phosphate octahydrate (NCP) with hierarchical structure was prepared in situ on nickel foam by a simple one-step hydrothermal method. The NCP cathode achieved an ultrahigh areal capacity (3.2 mAh/cm2), which was far more than twice that of the single metallic cobalt/nickel phosphate octahydrate due to its larger surface area, smaller electrode/electrolyte interface resistance, higher electrochemical reaction activity and kinetics process. The NCP//Zn battery showed much higher areal energy density of 5.42 mWh/cm2 and peak power density of 129.68 mW/cm2 than most aqueous Zn-based batteries currently reported. The cycling durability of NCP//Zn battery increased from 58.59% to 98.31% after 2000 cycles by coating carbon material on electrode and adding potassium phosphate buffer salt into electrolyte. Quasi-solid NCP-C//Zn batteries can still charge a mobile phone even under hammer strokes, demonstrating excellent safety and promising energy storage applications. This work might shed light on the construction of phosphate based energy storage devices with high energy density, power density and long life.

Bi2O2S nanosheets anchored on reduced graphene oxides as superior anodes for aqueous rechargeable alkaline batteries

To achieve high-performance aqueous rechargeable alkaline batteries (ARABs), durable and high-rate anode materials should be developed. Bi-based materials have always been considered as promising anodes due to their enormous capacity, adequate negative operating voltage range, and three-electron redox characteristics. Nonetheless, the poor kinetics and low cycling stability of bi-based materials have severely limited their applications for ARABs. Here inspired by the unique structural characteristic of two-dimensional (2D) materials with a fast ion diffusion channel and relatively robust structure, 2D/2D Bi2O2S@rGO nanosheets were synthesized using a one-step hydrothermal process as the anode material for ARABs. At a current density of 1 A g−1, the as-optimized anodes exhibit a high specific capacity of 250.51 mAh g−1. Using Bi2O2S@rGO NSs as the anode and (NiCo)9S8 as the cathode, the full cell exhibit a high energy density of 82.91 W h kg−1, a high power density of 7.59 kW kg−1, and excellent cycling stability, with a capacity retention rate of 92.74% after 5,000 cycles. This work could open up a way for environmentally friendly and high-performance anode materials.

(Invited, Digital Presentation) Zinc-Based Energy Storage System Deployments and Developments for Transition to a Clean Energy Future

Rechargeable zinc-based alkaline batteries are an attractive electrochemical energy storage option with zinc anode costs of $3/kWh at full (theoretical) 2 electron capacity. When paired with high-capacity, inexpensive cathodes like manganese dioxide, and accounting for incomplete utilization of the active materials capacities, inactive materials costs (like for current collectors etc.) and manufacturing costs, rechargeable zinc-manganese dioxide batteries costing about $20-30/kWh appear to be within reach. The challenges to meeting these cost targets, and the current status of such rechargeable zinc alkaline batteries will be discussed. The first generation of rechargeable zinc-manganese dioxide batteries are now being deployed in residential, commercial, and utility-scale energy storage applications. In some cases, the applications require several thousand cells to meet the power and capacity requirements. Even such large systems do not require battery management systems at the cell level, being remarkably resilient to overcharging, without flammability and thermal runaway issues, and passing UL 9540A certification requirements without any protective measures being necessary. However, operation of these early deployments, indicate that to optimize systems performance and durability, energy management systems to manage overall systems charge-discharge protocols, taking the specific cell electrochemical characteristics, are desirable. The lessons learned and desirable innovations in designing and managing such large assemblies of cells will also be discussed.

(Digital Presentation) Electrochemical Synthesis of Highly Crystalline γ-NiOOH and Its Bifunctional Electrocatalytic Activity Towards Oxygen Evolution and Reduction Reactions in Alkaline Solutions

Nickel (oxy)hydroxides are widely used as cathode materials in alkaline rechargeable batteries, including NiOOH-Cd, NiOOH-Zn and Ni-metal hydride batteries. NiOOH is a 2D-layered compound, known to exist in three different polymorphs α, β and γ. Compared with β-NiOOH, γ-NiOOH has a higher theoretical specific capacity and a lower self-discharge rate. However, when using a battery-grade Ni(OH)2, the β-NiOOH is mainly formed, which may transform to γ-NiOOH in the long run. Batteries based on β-NiOOH have poor life cycling and suffer from volume expansion. Therefore, γ-NiOOH is a desirable electrode material which can also be used in the next-generation high-capacity metal-air batteries due to its excellent electrocatalytic activity towards oxygen evolution reaction (OER).In this presentation, we will report a new synthesis method of γ-NiOOH, in which only γ-phase is formed. The method is based on in-situ electrochemical transformation of a two-dimensional nickel chelate polymer in a carbon matrix in an alkaline electrolyte. γ-NiOOH prepared in this way is highly crystalline and has an excellent catalytic activity towards OER with overpotential of 390 mV at 12 mA/cm2. In addition, it can also catalyze oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), with an onset potential of 0.81 V vs. RHE in 1 M KOH.AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to thank Japan Society for Promotion of Science under the JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP 20K05689 for financial supports.

USE OF TRANSITIONAL MOUNTING FOR THE USE OF ALKALINE BATTERY

It is offered to use nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries in aviation equipment. Taking in consideration the positive experience of replacement of lead-acid batteries with nickel-cadmium batteries in aircrafts such as Su-24, Su- 25, Su-27 and due to the ban on the purchase of Russian-made goods for the needs of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, there was an urgent need to equip the transitional mounting aircraft L-39M1 for the use of alkaline battery NCSP B 25150 RM with better performance.
 The aim is:
 
 verification of compliance with the performance characteristics and the possibility of using the alkaline battery 20FP25H1C-R on the aircraft type L-39 with transitional mounting;
 obtaining materials to clarify the flight manual and operating documentation of the aircraft type L-39 while using the battery NCSP B 25150 RM with transitional mounting;
 determining the peculiarities of operation of the aircraft type L-39 with battery 20FP25H1C-R with transitional
 
 The object of experimental research was the L-39M1 aircraft, equipped with a transitional mount for the use of serial alkaline battery NCSP B 25150 RM manufactured by HBL (India) instead of the acid battery 12CAM-28P.
 Transitional mount for the use of alkaline batteries NCSP B 25150 RM on aircraft type L-39 is made in accordance with the design documentation of the state enterprise “Odessa Aviation Plant” (hereinafter – SE “OAP”) to order of the Air Force Command of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.
 Transitional mount is designed to mount the NCSP B 25150 RM battery on L-39 aircraft in a designated location.
 Alkaline rechargeable battery (nickel-cadmium flameless spread) NCSP B 25150 RM is an emergency source of direct current electricity and is designed to provide short-term electricity to vital consumers in flight in the event of failure of the main and spare generators.
 During the tests, the ground part, in the amount of 3 inspections and the flight part in the amount of 2 test flights were performed.
 During the ground part of the tests, we tested the possibility of starting the engine AI-25TLSH from the emergency power supply, ensuring the work of consumers of the 1st category (when performing the task day and night) from the emergency power supply (rechargeable battery NCSP B 25150 RM).
 During the flight part of the tests, the strength characteristics and properties of the transition mount were tested.
 Alkaline rechargeable battery NCSP B 25150 RM confirmed its performance. The possibility of using the transitional mounting of the alkaline battery NCSP B 25150 on the aircraft type L-39 is provided.
 The materials obtained during the tests are sufficient to clarify the operational documentation of the aircraft type L-39 while using the battery NCSP B 25150 RM with transitional mounting.
 Features in the operation of the aircraft type L-39 with a battery type NCSP B 25150 RM with transitional mounting are missing.
 An L-39 aircraft equipped with an NCSP B 25150 RM alkaline battery with transitional mounting may be approved for operation in the State Aviation of Ukraine.

A significantly improved polymer||Ni(OH)2 alkaline rechargeable battery using anthraquinone-based conjugated microporous polymer anode

Alkaline rechargeable batteries (ARBs) are predicted to be an attractive solution for large-scale electrochemical energy storage applications. However, their advancement is greatly hindered by the lack of high-performance and sustainable anode that can stably operate in less-corroding, low electrolyte concentration. Herein, we report the first example of polymer ARB able to operate in low concentrate electrolyte (1м potassium hydroxide [KOH]) due to the employment of a robust anthraquinone-based conjugated microporous polymer (IEP-11) as anode. The assembled IEP-11||Ni(OH)2 achieves high cell voltage (0.98 V), high gravimetric/areal capacities (150 mAh/g/7.2 mAh/cm2 at 3.5 and 65 mg/cm2, respectively), long cycle life (22,730 cycles, 960 h, 75% capacity retention at 20C), excellent rate performance (75 mAh/g at 50C) and low temperature operativity (75 mAh/g at −10 °C). Furthermore, rate capability, low-temperature performance and ability to prepare high mass loading anodes, along with low self-discharge is improved compared to conventional linear poly (anthraquinone sulfide) (PAQS) in commonly used 10 м KOH. This overall performance for IEP-11||Ni(OH)2 is not only far superior to that of PAQS||Ni(OH)2 owing to porous polymer's high specific surface area, combined micro-/mesoporosity and robust and mechanically stable three-dimensional (3D) architecture compared to the linear PAQS, but also surpass most of the reported organic||nickel [Ni]/cobalt [Co]/manganese [Mn] alkaline rechargeable batteries (ARBs).