Reception Range Research Articles

Enhancing sensitivity in fluorescence measurements across an ultra-wide concentration range through optimizing combined-segments strategy

Fluorescence measurement technology is crucial in analytical instrumentation. However, when applied in fields such as environmental science and medical research for quantification purposes, it requires prior estimation of sample concentration and sample dilution to ensure measurement precision. This requirement presents challenge for its broader application in online fluorescence sensing. This study addresses the challenge of achieving high-precision measurements across an ultra-wide concentration range, which is critical for applications ranging from environmental monitoring to clinical diagnostics. The binary segmentation method can initially achieve the goal of ultra-wide range fluorescence measurement, but it fails to maintain sensitivity and precision across the entire range, with relative errors exceeding ±15%. Therefore, we propose an optimizing combined-segments strategy, which examines the effects of adjusting the fluorescence reception position, range, and region interval parameters of the fluorescence reception probes on measurement sensitivity limits. This strategy aims to find the optimal measurement sensitivity limit (lmopt) and the best combined-segments configuration based on more than one quantitative relationship curves. Experimental results demonstrate that within a concentration range 20 times broader than the linear range, it can effectively maintain relative errors within ±5%. This enhances the applicability of fluorescence sensing techniques in various practical settings and advances online and direct fluorescence measurement technologies across an ultra-wide concentration range.

Comparative Study and Design of High Performance Mixer

In recent time the use of RF mixer has been increased greatly. Gilbert cell is widely used as core of the mixer because it provides high conversion gain, good port-to-port isolation and low even-order distortion. It is found that the linearity of mixer is very good for Multi-Tanh technique by incorporating multiple differential trans-conductance stage but it reaches to very low conversion gain whereas, use of current bleeding technique increase linearity and conversion gain of the mixer by adding current source to increase the bias current at the expense of power consumption. Since, CMOS technology has become dominant because of its several advantages such as low cost, low static power dissipation and low area, the design of low noise amplifier using CMOS technology was top choice for design of Low Noise Amplifier. The single ended and differential LNA was designed to operate in a WCDMA reception range using a BSIM3V2 model (Level 49) CMOS UMC 0.18μm technology in Xcircuit Open source EDA tool. The key issues in the design, gain, noise and linearity were considered. The LNA’s was designed to provide high gain, matching to 50Ω RF system, good linearity.

GPS-Free Wireless Precise Positioning System for Automatic Flying and Landing Application of Shipborne Unmanned Aerial Vehicle.

This research is dedicated to developing an automatic landing system for shipborne unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) based on wireless precise positioning technology. The application scenario is practical for specific challenging and complex environmental conditions, such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) being disabled during wartime. The primary objective is to establish a precise and real-time dynamic wireless positioning system, ensuring that the UAV can autonomously land on the shipborne platform without relying on GPS. This work addresses several key aspects, including the implementation of an ultra-wideband (UWB) circuit module with a specific antenna design and RF front-end chip to enhance wireless signal reception. These modules play a crucial role in achieving accurate positioning, mitigating the limitations caused by GPS inaccuracy, thereby enhancing the overall performance and reception range of the system. Additionally, the study develops a wireless positioning algorithm to validate the effectiveness of automatic landing on the shipborne platform. The platform's wave vibration is considered to provide a realistic landing system for shipborne UAVs. The UWB modules are practically installed on the shipborne platform, and the UAV and the autonomous three-body vessel are tested simultaneously in the outdoor open water space to verify the functionality, precision, and adaptability of the proposed UAV landing system. Results demonstrate that the UAV can autonomously fly from 200 m, approach, and automatically land on the moving shipborne platform without relying on GPS.

DESIGN AND REALIZATION OF DIRECTIONAL BIQUAD AND OMNIDIRECTIONAL BIQUAD ANTENNAS AS FIRST PERSON VIEW (FPV) RECEIVER ANTENNAS

UAV is an unmanned aerial vehicle controlled remotely by a pilot or automatically by pre-programmed instructions. UAVs are equipped with First Person View (FPV) technology, which facilitates user monitoring. FPV monitoring can be done using with goggles and a monitor screen. The monitor screens available in the market typically use dipole antennas as their default antennas. However, the drawback of the default monitor screen antenna is its limited range, typically only reaching up to 200-300 meters. This research focuses on the design and implementation of biquad antennas for FPV receivers in UAV systems operating at a frequency of 5.8 GHz. The aim is to create antennas with a larger reception range from the transmitter compared to the default FPV monitor screen antenna. Simulation results from CST Studio show that the directional biquad antenna has a VSWR value of 1.508, a return loss of -13.867 dB, and a gain of 3.416 dBi. On the other hand, the omnidirectional biquad antenna with 4 lobes has a VSWR value of 1.7065, a return loss of -11.666 dB, and a gain of 1.973 dBi. Meanwhile, the omnidirectional biquad antenna with 6 lobes has a VSWR value of 1.226, a return loss of -19.863 dB, and a gain of 1.865 dBi. In practical testing on the FPV monitor screen, all three types of antennas were successfully realized and able to capture real-time images from the UAV transmitter. The maximum distances achieved are 634 meters for the directional biquad antenna, 352 meters for the omnidirectional biquad 4 lobes antenna, and 545 meters for the omnidirectional biquad 6 lobes antenna.

A Hybrid Power-Rate Management Strategy in Distributed Congestion Control for 5G-NR-V2X Sidelink Communications.

The accelerated growth of 5G technology has facilitated substantial progress in the realm of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications. Consequently, achieving optimal network performance and addressing congestion-related challenges have become paramount. This research proposes a unique hybrid power and rate control management strategy for distributed congestion control (HPR-DCC) focusing on 5G-NR-V2X sidelink communications. The primary objective of this strategy is to enhance network performance while simultaneously preventing congestion. By implementing the HPR-DCC strategy, a more fine-grained and adaptive control over the transmit power and transmission rate can be achieved. This enables efficient control by dynamically adjusting transmission parameters based on the network conditions. This study outlines the system model and methodology used to develop the HPR-DCC algorithm and investigates its characteristics of stability and convergence. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method effectively controls the maximum CBR value at 64% during high congestion scenarios, which leads to a 6% performance improvement over the conventional DCC approach. Furthermore, this approach enhances the signal reception range by 20 m, while maintaining the 90% packet reception ratio (PRR). The proposed HPR-DCC contributes to optimizing the quality and reliability of 5G-NR-V2X sidelink communication and holds great promise for advancing V2X applications in intelligent transportation systems.

Efficient Deployment of UWB Anchors for Wide-Area Positioning Coverage Using Bipartite Graph

Indoor mobile robots have been developed rigorously, with more diversified functions and wide applications. The research of indoor robot positioning systems is increasingly critical, and UWB is one of the most accurate methods. However, due to its short reception range, current UWB systems are limited to small activity spaces. Two important questions must be answered to enable UWB systems to be used in a wider area. How many anchors does it need? Where to deploy these anchors? For the first time, this study converts the problem of deploying anchors into finding an ensemble of bipartite graphs. The problem is an np-hard problem, which will be addressed in the study. Nevertheless, the study presents a systematic approach to efficiently solving the number and placement of UWB anchors. The generalized method applies to all places where UWB anchors can be deployed, regardless of spatial shape or size constraints. Moreover, a systematic approach can be used when the total number of UWB anchors is limited; the process can find where to place the anchors so that the robot can be positioned within the maximum range. This method enables the UWB indoor positioning system to be widely and efficiently applied in more fields. Experiments were also conducted to verify the feasibility of this method.

A 10+10+30 radio campaign is associated with increased infant vaccination and decreased morbidity in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia: A prospective, quasi-experimental trial.

Mass media interventions have the potential to reach large audiences and influence health behaviours and outcomes. To date, no study has evaluated the effect of a radio-only campaign on infant vaccination coverage, timeliness, and related morbidity in a low-income country. We implemented the "10+10+30" radio campaign involving broadcasting a weekly 10-minute radio drama series on vaccination, followed by a 10-minute discussion by community health workers, and then a 30-minute listener phone-in segment in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia for three months. To assess the impact of 10+10+30, which was aired on a community radio station, we recruited mothers of infants up to 5 weeks old in intervention district clusters that were inside the radio station's reception range (n = 328 dyads) and control district clusters that were outside of the range (n = 332 dyads). Intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses, adjusted for pre-intervention differences between the districts, were conducted to examine the co-primary outcome of Penta-3 vaccination coverage and timeliness as well as those of other vaccines and outcomes related to infant morbidity. Both intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses revealed higher vaccine coverage (p<0.001) and more timely vaccine administration (p<0.001) in the intervention district relative to the control district, with infants in the intervention district being 39% more likely to receive a Penta 3 vaccination (adjusted RR: 1.39, p<0.001). In addition, adjusted regression analyses of maternal retrospective reports over a two-week period revealed 80% less infant diarrhoea (RR: 0.20, p<0.001), 40% less fever (RR: 0.60, p<0.001) and 58% less cough (RR: 0.42, p<0.001) in the intervention district relative to the control district. This study provides compelling initial evidence that a radio drama integrated with discussion and phone-in components may improve infant vaccination coverage and timeliness, and may reduce infant morbidity. Randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm and extend these findings with other samples.

Design and performance research of a new non-tracking low concentrating with lens for photovoltaic systems

Concentrating PV requires expensive solar tracking equipment, and the uneven flux distribution related to the angle of incidence can be detrimental to the cells. This paper proposes a non-tracking, low-concentrating, photovoltaic system with a lens. Unlike the composite paraboloidal concentrator, the new concentrator achieves a larger light reception range, and its mounting angle can be adjusted only four times per year to concentrate light efficiently and uniformly on the cell surface for 5 h a day, with an average optical efficiency and uniformity of heat flow distribution of 0.77 and 0.75, respectively. FLUENT is used to simulate the temperature of the concentrator. The shadow area on the cell surface of the composite paraboloidal concentrator results in the maximum temperature discrepancy of 68.53 °C. As a result of the large temperature difference, air diffuses more quickly in the cavity, further exacerbating the inhomogeneity of the surface temperature distribution, which stands at 0.34 at this point. The maximum temperature discrepancy on the cell surface of the new concentrator is only 18.93 °C and it achieves the uniformity of temperature distribution above 0.89. The results show that the comprehensive performance of this new concentrator is better than that of the composite paraboloidal concentrator.

БАГАТОКАНАЛЬНИЙ РАДІОПРИЙМАЛЬНИЙ ПРИСТРІЙ ІЗ РОЗШИРЕНИМ ЧАСТОТНИМ ДІАПАЗОНОМ ПРИЙМАННЯ

In the context of the crisis situation on the territory of Ukraine in the eastern regions of the country, monitoring the situation and its changes is of key importance. As a result, monitoring systems and tools are subject to new requirements for speed and efficiency. Currently, in the field of development and design of modern radio receivers there is a rapid increase in requirements for their speed, cost, power supply and spectral efficiency [1]. In the practice of radio monitoring, there is a contradiction between the need to ensure strict requirements for the power consumption of the radio receiver and the expansion of the frequency reception range. The use of tunable digital-to-digital converters (ADCs) with a maximum sampling rate insufficient to accommodate the entire center frequency range of the main reception channel in the zero band of Nyquist [2]. Changing the sampling rate according to the frequency of the main reception channel functionally limits the multichannel reception path due to the need to use different sampling frequencies for reception at different frequencies. Most of the requirements for radio monitoring systems and means are met by radio receiving paths based on SDR technology [3], which is based on digitization of the radio signal in the time scale close to real and further digital signal processing (DOS) software or hardware digital - digital digital signal processors or specialized systems on the chip. This technology allows you to replace the huge variety of existing and developed designs of radios and transceivers, both serial and, above all, amateur, built on a complex superheterodyne scheme, a limited number of available hardware units operating under control. This will simplify and reduce the cost of design, significantly improve performance, support all kinds of modulation, the emergence of a large number of service functions, as well as speed up development. SDR technology can be used in radio frequency recognition (RFID) systems that operate at different frequencies and use different protocols. The article considers the method of reception and processing of radio signals to ensure the effective cost and power consumption of multi-channel radio communication in the extended frequency range. The effectiveness of such an approach is substantiated. The block diagram that implements the proposed method is presented.

A review on information systems engineering using vsat networks and their development directions

Modern satellite VSAT networks can be applied not only to provide satellite radio and television broadcasting, but also to other domains, such as a two-way Internet access. For this objective it has become necessary to develop appropriate standards and data transmission techniques. An unquestionable advantage of satellite systems is reception range, which translates into possibility of building networks in almost any place on Earth. Depending on the application, such networks can use many topologies. The aim of the article is to review distributed information in this area, as well as to determine the directions of development of the next generation VSAT networks. For this purpose, the literature review has been provided, with due regard to the IEEE Xplore digital library databases, and supported by practical examples.

A Survey of Indoor Localization Systems and Technologies

Indoor localization has recently witnessed an increase in interest, due to the potential wide range of services it can provide by leveraging Internet of Things (IoT), and ubiquitous connectivity. Different techniques, wireless technologies and mechanisms have been proposed in the literature to provide indoor localization services in order to improve the services provided to the users. However, there is a lack of an up-to-date survey paper that incorporates some of the recently proposed accurate and reliable localization systems. In this paper, we aim to provide a detailed survey of different indoor localization techniques, such as angle of arrival (AoA), time of flight (ToF), return time of flight (RTOF), and received signal strength (RSS); based on technologies, such as WiFi, radio frequency identification device (RFID), ultra wideband (UWB), Bluetooth, and systems that have been proposed in the literature. This paper primarily discusses localization and positioning of human users and their devices. We highlight the strengths of the existing systems proposed in the literature. In contrast with the existing surveys, we also evaluate different systems from the perspective of energy efficiency, availability, cost, reception range, latency, scalability, and tracking accuracy. Rather than comparing the technologies or techniques, we compare the localization systems and summarize their working principle. We also discuss remaining challenges to accurate indoor localization.

Microlocation for Smart Buildings in the Era of the Internet of Things: A Survey of Technologies, Techniques, and Approaches

Microlocation plays a key role in the transformation of traditional buildings into smart infrastructure. Microlocation is the process of locating any entity with a very high accuracy, possibly in centimeters. Such technologies require high detection accuracy, energy efficiency, wide reception range, low cost, and availability. In this article, we provide insights into various microlocation-enabling technologies, techniques, and services and discuss how they can accelerate the incorporation of the Internet of Things (IoT) in smart buildings. We cover the challenges and examine some signal processing filtering techniques such that microlocation-enabling technologies and services can be thoroughly integrated with an IoT-equipped smart building. An experiment with Bluetooth Low-Energy (BLE) beacons used for microlocation is also presented.

Motes enhance data recovery from satellite-relayed biologgers and can facilitate collaborative research into marine habitat utilization

BackgroundThe fields of biologging and telemetry have triggered significant advances in the understanding of animal behavior, physiological ecology and habitat utilization. Biologging devices (“tags”) can also measure aspects of the physical and biological characteristics of the animals’ environment. As marine ecosystems are less accessible than terrestrial ones and marine animals more elusive and difficult to study, data collected by tags attached to marine animals often have to be relayed via satellite. However, satellite availability is not continuous and decreases with decreasing latitude. Consequently, collection of sufficient data is even more challenging in the tropics and mid-latitudes than at the poles. To overcome this limitation and increase data throughput from biologgers, new land-based receiving stations (called Motes) that can receive, log and relay messages from devices transmitting on the Argos satellite frequency have been developed.MethodsWe investigated the performance of Motes as enhancers of recovery of signals transmitted by tags normally destined for satellite relay. We quantified Mote reception range, coverage area, data throughput and data corruption rates and examined factors that might impact these parameters. To do so, we used all signals detected by two arrays of Motes installed in the Hawaiian Islands and in Southern California between latitudes 22 and 33°N. Second, using data from 12 sharks and 12 whales tagged near the two Mote arrays, we assessed how increased data recovery translated into improved ability to interpret the behavior of the tagged animals.ResultsMotes were capable of receiving up to 100% of messages transmitted within their reception range and overall presented a ~three- to fivefold increase in data message recovery compared to satellites alone. Message reception performance of Motes depended on their coverage area which in turn was affected by station elevation, the presence or not of obstacles within their line of sight, and the directionality of antennas.ConclusionsThe increased quantity of data enabled improved biological interpretation of the animals studied. As such, Motes can improve our knowledge of marine animals’ ecology in relation to their physical and biological environments. Large-scale Mote arrays could potentially facilitate collaborative multi-disciplinary research projects, resulting in better ecosystem conservation and management.

Energy Efficient Dynamic Node Localization Technique in Wireless Sensor Networks

Objective: This paper represents an energy efficient algorithm for localization of nodes in wireless sensor network by the help of a small number of anchor nodes (mobile). It calculates the node distance and node location. Method/Statistical Analysis: A small group of mobile dynamic anchor node is being associated with a powerful GPS receiver, Radio frequency and ultrasonic device. Location information is broadcasted periodically by the mobile anchor node and by trilateration/ multilateration technique, the static node location is calculated. To calculate the approximate position of a sensor node it takes three rounds. Findings: The technique is evaluated with the matlab and result compared with chord selection approach. The simulation result shows that the proposed localization method performs better and efficient than the other localization algorithms. Application/Improvement: The proposed algorithm adopts distance measurement as TDOA technique and static sensor node can localize when it comes into the reception range. The method is applicable location computation based routing, sensing nodes, node signal processing, and for node localization.

Enhanced AIS receiver design for satellite reception

The possibility to detect Automatic Identification System (AIS) messages from low earth orbit (LEO) satellites paves the road for a plurality of new and unexplored services. Besides worldwide tracking of vessels, maritime traffic monitoring, analysis of vessel routes employing big data, and oceans monitoring are just few of the fields, where satellite-aided AIS is beneficial. Designed for ship-to-ship communication and collision avoidance, AIS satellite reception performs poorly in regions with a high density of vessels. This calls for the development of advanced satellite AIS receivers able to improve the decoding capabilities. In this context, our contribution focuses on the introduction of a new enhanced AIS receiver design and its performance evaluation. The enhanced receiver makes use of a coherent receiver for the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region, while for medium to high SNRs, a differential Viterbi receiver is used. Additional novelty of our work is in the exploitation of previously decoded packets from one vessel that is still under the LEO reception range, to improve the vessel detection probability. The assessment of the performance against a common receiver is done making the use of a simple and tight model of the medium access (MAC) layer and the multi-packet reception (MPR) matrix for physical layer (PHY) representation. Performance results show the benefits of such enhanced receiver, especially when it is bundled with successive interference cancellation (SIC).

A novel method for restoring the trajectory of the inland waterway ship by using AIS data

The trajectory of the inland waterway ship is important and useful in analysing the features of the ship behaviour and simulating traffic flows. In the proposed research, a method is designed to restore the trajectory of an inland waterway ship based on the Automatic Identification System (AIS) data. Firstly, three rules are developed to identify and remove the inaccurate data, based on the reception range of the received AIS data and the manoeuvring characteristics of the inland waterway ship. Secondly, the method of restoring the full trajectory incorporating navigational features of the inland waterway ship is proposed to model the ship trajectory. The trajectory is characterised by three types (line, curve and arc) and five steps (line, curve, arc, curve and line) during the turning section. In order to validate the proposed method, the AIS data of two inland waterway ships collected from three AIS-base-stations is selected for the analysis, all inaccurate AIS data is identified and removed by the use of three cleansing rules. The results show that the three developed rules can effectively identify the inaccurate AIS data. The AIS data collected by an AIS-shipboard-unit is then used to: (1) restore the ship trajectory, and (2) validate the proposed method by comparing the reconstituted trajectories with the actual trajectory. This actual trajectory is determined from intermediate higher frequency Global Positioning System (GPS) data and collected from the AIS-shipboard-unit. The residual errors are calculated as the differences between the estimated latitude values of the restored trajectory functions and the real latitude values of the GPS data. Three alternative methods of trajectory restoring are also evaluated. The results show that the proposed method can be used to restore the full trajectory in an effective manner by using AIS data.

Bryde's whale calls recorded in the Gulf of Mexico

Bryde's whale calls recorded in the Gulf of Mexico

Analysis and Comparison of Distance Vector,DSDV and AODV Protocol of MANET

In MANET, mobile nodes communicate with each other using wireless channels, without any existing infrastructure. Transmission of all kinds of data will takes place with the help of multiple hops across the network, because the transmission as well as reception range of wireless network is limited. Therefore, routing protocol plays a vital role to facilitate communication within network and is also used to discover proper route between nodes. AODV, DSDV, DSR etc. are the most popular routing protocol for MANET which are used to established correct and efficient path between nodes. This paper examines working of two routing protocols for MANET– the Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) which is a proactive protocol depending on routing tables which are maintained at each node and Ad hoc On- Demand Distance Vector routing (AODV) which find route to a destination on demand, whenever communication is needed and their comparison based on certain parameters.

Extrinsic Channel-Like Fingerprint Embedding for Authenticating MIMO Systems

A framework for introducing an extrinsic fingerprint signal to space-time coded transmissions at the physical layer is presented, where the fingerprint signal conveys a low capacity cryptographically secure authentication message of arbitrary length. The multi-bit digital fingerprint message conveyed by the fingerprint signal is available to all users within reception range and is used to authenticate the fingerprinted transmission. A novel approach is discussed where the fingerprint signaling mechanism mimics distortions similar to time-varying channel effects. Specifically, the fingerprint is detectable to receivers considering previous channel state information, but will be ignored by receivers equalizing according to current channel state information. Two example fingerprint signaling mechanisms and detection rules are presented based on pulse-amplitude keying and phase-shift keying approaches. The methods for obtaining the real (intrinsic) channel estimate, the extrinsic fingerprint message, and the primary transmission are analytically demonstrated using general pilot embedding schemes. The worst-case distortions caused by non-ideal equalization of a fingerprinted message are derived using the 2×2 Alamouti code. Simulation results including bit error rate (BER) and model mismatch error using a maximum-likelihood (ML) receiver are presented for both the primary and fingerprint signal, while authentication signal BERs lower than the primary signal are demonstrated.

Stochastic Modeling of Hello Flooding in Slotted CSMA/CA Wireless Sensor Networks

Broadcasting a request or challenge is a classic method of collecting local information in distributed wireless networks. Neighbor discovery is known to be a fundamental element in ad hoc and sensor networks topology formation, which takes advantage of such methods. Most of the current neighbor discovery protocols rely on a challenge or request broadcast by the discovering node called “Hello.” Hello flooding attack was specifically designed to exploit the broadcasting nature of these protocols in order to convince a large group of nodes that the sender is their neighbor by using very high transmission power. Several studies have been done to mitigate the effectiveness of the flooding threats but little effort has been made in modeling and analyzing this problem. Arguing that random channel access protocols must be inevitably employed in neighbor discovery, we propose an analytical approach for stochastic modeling of the challenge-broadcasting scenarios in networks using slotted carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocols. We model the nonstationary channel right after issuance of the request by a recursive method and then put forward an approach to find the broadcaster's approximate payoff. The model also supports the cases where the broadcaster is a malicious node with an abnormally high transmission and reception range, which is found in severe flooding attacks. We investigate the applications of the model in finding the optimal attack range for the flooding adversaries and deriving a flood-resilient medium access control (MAC) protocol design framework to increase the security of challenge-response protocols. The latter one is especially relevant to mobile networks as it provides a low-cost solution. This paper describes the detailed analysis of the proposed theoretical framework as well as the comprehensive evaluations that have been carried out via simulations.