Recent Loans Research Articles

The role of loanwords in the intelligibility of written Danish among Swedes

AbstractWe investigated the intelligibility of written Danish for Swedes, and in particular the role of inherited words compared to non-Germanic loanwords. To assess whether shared loanwords are easier to understand than inherited words, we conducted two experiments. First, we tested the intelligibility of isolated Danish words (inherited words and loanwords) among Swedes. Second, we constructed two versions of a reading test, one with a large percentage of loanwords and one with few loanwords. Our results show that it is easier for Swedish listeners to identify and understand Danish cognate loanwords than inherited words and that texts with many loanwords are easier to read than texts with few loanwords. We explain these results by the fact that (recent) loans in Swedish have diverged less and are therefore more similar to the Danish counterparts than inherited words.

ПЛЕЙЛИСТ, ПЛЕЙЛИСТОВЕ OR ПЛЕЙЛИСТА, ПЛЕЙЛИСТИ?

The article discusses formal features of borrowed English compound words with -list (‘a simple series of words’) and suggests synonyms for these. These recent loans are compared with the older лѝста and ранглиста.

Loanword adaption in Persian: A Core-Periphery model approach

This study discusses the adaptation of loanwords in Persian from donor languages of Arabic, French and English. The main claim is that loanwords adapt to the host language phonology based on the duration of the time they have been used in that language (Kemmer 2017). Thus, I propose that Arabic loans which are borrowed earlier are more nativized than recent loans, like Russian, French and English words. Compared to the former studies (Shademan 2002; Perry 2005, 2011; among others), this is the first account that aims to show the hierarchical and gradual nativization process of loans in Persian by use of Core-Periphery model (Itô and Mester 1999). This model categorizes words from core stratum to periphery stratum based on the satisfaction of constraints in the host language as systematic comparison criteria of older loans with recent ones. In this study I show that the Persian lexicon is stratified into three strata: core, middle and periphery. This lexicon stratification reflects the gradual nativization of loanwords where the core stratum includes frequent native items, the middle stratum includes older loans (Arabic) and the periphery stratum includes recent loans (Russian, French and English). Furthermore, this paper shows that highly frequent Arabic loans satisfying all constraints have become completely nativized and thus are categorized as part of the core showing the great influence of the donor language.

A pan-India footprint of over-indebtedness of microfinance borrowers from an exploratory survey

Over-indebtedness of borrowers is a burning issue threatening the social mission of microfinance as a means for financial inclusion of the ‘unbanked’ poor. Action-oriented research is called for owing to rapid changes in the global financial industry. Longitudinal panel studies to track multiple borrowing that often leads to over-indebtedness take time and are costly. This paper presents results from a single household survey that tracked the loan history of the four most recent loans of each household for 1,433 women borrowers across 13 states in India. The analysis shows significant differences by region and age. We suggest that microfinance institutions should not use a one-size-fits-all model for designing products, including setting of interest rates, and that this can contribute to improved financial management and reduced over-indebtedness.

Historische und areale Aspekte der Bodenschatz-Terminologie in den ostkaukasischen Sprachen

The present paper discusses the historical background of selected terms in the world of East Caucasian languages that are related to the domain of metallurgy (copper, iron, tin, plumb, gold, and silver) augmented by terms for ‘coal’ and ‘salt’. A closer inspection of these terms shows that none of them can be reconstructed for Proto-East Caucasian. Rather, we have to deal either with terms that have been coined in the intermediate protolanguages (Nakh, Avar-Andian, Tsezian, Lezgian, Lak, Dargwa, and Khinalug) or with more or less recent loans stemming mainly from the Iranian and Turkic languages. The absence of reconstructable terms for the items under review suggests that the speakers of the East Caucasian proto-language had not been involved expressively in metallurgic traditions (as opposed to farming traditions). Tentatively, these speakers can thus be associated with the early farming culture within the complex of the Kuro-Araxes Culture. Only after the protolanguage disintegrated due to the migration of most of its speakers in the Dagestan and the regions of Chechnya, some societies related to these intermediate proto-languages must have been involved more expressively in metallurgic traditions. The more recent loans, e.g. for copper, gold, and silver, stemming from Iranian (Persian) and Turkic (Kumyk and Azeri) illustrate a shift in conceptualising these objects: They were now interpreted as artifacts (rather than as natural resources) that were associated with the cultures of the dominant ‘Oriental’ societies. The paper can be seen as a preliminary study concerning the areal distribution of lexical patterns in the Eastern Caucasus from a historical perspective.

The subclassification of Songhay and its historical implications

This paper seeks to establish the first cladistic subgrouping of Songhay explicitly based on shared arbitrary innovations, a prerequisite both for distinguishing recent loans from valid extra-Songhay comparanda and for determining how Songhay spread. The results indicate that the Northern Songhay languages of the Sahara form a valid subfamily, even though no known historical records link Tabelbala to the others, and that Northern Songhay and Western Songhay (spoken around Timbuktu and Djenné) together form a valid subfamily, Northwestern Songhay. The speakers of Proto-Northern Songhay practised cultivation and permanent architecture, but were unfamiliar with date palms. Proto-Northwestern Songhay was already in contact with Berber and probably (perhaps indirectly) with Arabic, and was spoken along the Niger River. Proto-Songhay itself appears likely to have been in contact with Gur languages, confirming its relatively southerly location. This result is compatible with two scenarios for the northerly spread of Songhay. On Hypothesis A, Northern Songhay spread out from an oasis north-east of Gao, probably Tadmakkat or Takedda, and Northwestern Songhay had been spoken in areas west of Gao which now speak Eastern Songhay. On Hypothesis B, Northern Songhay spread out from the Timbuktu region, and Western Songhay derives from heavy “de-creolising” influence by Eastern Songhay on an originally Northern Songhay language. To choose between these hypotheses, further fieldwork will be required.

Another Universal Bites the Dust: Northwest Mekeo Lacks Coronal Phonemes

On the basis of cross-linguistic comparison, many universals have been proposed concerning the structure of phonological inventories. One universal of this kind states that every phonological system has coronal phonemes. In this study, Northwest Mekeo, an Oceanic language of Papua New Guinea, is shown to be a counterexample. Northwest Mekeo lacks coronal phonemes, though surface coronals are found as predictable allophones of velar phonemes, and in some recent loans.

Gender and sources of finance in Finnish SMEs: a contextual view

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of gender on the usage of different funding sources in a sample of Finnish small‐ to medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). The aim is also to embed the results into the country‐context, which is characterized by the long history of women's economic activity and bank‐based capital markets.Design/methodology/approachThe database includes variables on terms of credit for the firms' most recent loans and detailed information on the firms' banking relationships. The total number of firm‐year observations in the database is 3,519. The analysis is based on multivariate tests.FindingsThe funding patterns of women‐owned SMEs (WOS) and men‐owned SMEs (MOS) in the data are different: WOS are more likely to use additional equity investments by current owners as a funding source. They do so at least partly because of their positive attitudes towards this funding source. The results also contradict prior studies, which indicate that MOS have easier access to bank lending. The results suggest that there are no gender‐related differences in the use of bank debt. Also in contrast to prior studies, the paper finds no differences in firm size or profitability between WOS and MOS.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of study both confirm and contradict the results of prior research and the paper suggests that this is due to the context‐specific features of the Finnish labour market and the gender system as well as the bank‐centered financial markets.Practical implicationsConcerning the issues of gender and finance, policy makers and financial experts in any country should not uncritically rely on the research results arrived at in other countries.Originality/valueOnly a handful of studies have investigated issues of gender and finance in SMEs embedding the results into the country‐context.

Another Look at Velar Deletion in Turkish, with Special Attention to the Derived Environment Condition

UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report (2009) Another look at velar deletion in Turkish, with special attention to the derived environment condition Sharon Inkelas 1. Introduction Turkish velar deletion applies to /k/ and /g/ at the ends of stems, when rendered intervocalic by the addition of a suffix (e.g. Lewis 1967:10-11, Zimmer & Abbott 1978, Sezer 1981, Goksel & Kerslake 2005:14-17) 1 : ‘baby’ /bebek/ (nominative) Dative /-A/ Genitive /-In/ [be.bek] [be.be.e] [be.be.in] [ka.ta.log] [ka.ta.lo.a] [ka.ta.lo.un] bebek ‘catalog’ /katalog/ katalog bebege kataloga bebegin katalogun ‘mathematics’ /matematik/ [ma.te.ma.tik] [ma.te.ma.ti.e] [ma.te.ma.ti.in] matematik matematige matematigin Deleted velars are represented in the orthography as “ g ”. In some dialects they are pronounced as velar glides. 2 This paper documents the speech represented in TELL (Turkish Electronic Living Lexicon), in which the velars are phonologically and phonetically deleted. This is the pattern reported in Lewis 1967, Zimmer & Abbott 1978 and Sezer 1981, as well. The productivity of velar deletion is evidenced by its applicability to recent loans and confirmed by an experimental study by Zimmer & Abbott (1978), in which subjects were presented with a set of loanwords and asked to use them in an third person singular possessive context; the possessive suffix -/I/ is a velar deletion trigger. Zimmer & Abbott observed a deletion rate of 80-90% in the made-up words meeting the conditions for velar deletion. Velar deletion appears to be a classic derived environment effect. It applies to stem-final consonants when rendered intervocalic by suffixation, as in (1), but not to consonants which are intervocalic within a root morpheme, as in (2). Except where otherwise noted, Turkish data cited in this paper come from TELL (Turkish Electronic Living Lexicon; http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/TELL). I am grateful to Larry Hyman and Aylin Kuntay for comments on the paper, and take responsibility for any errors. 2 Even in standard Istanbul Turkish, “g” is sometimes reported to manifest as a weak labial glide between round vowels or as a weak palatal glide between front vowels (e.g. Lewis 1967:5, Goksel & Kerslake 2005:8). These glides are arguably excrescent, the expected phonetic transitions between vowels rendered adjacent by velar deletion, as in diger [dier] ‘other’.

Innovative /ye/ and /we/ sequences in recent loans in Japanese

The GV sequences /ye/ and /we/ do not occur in Japanese except perhaps in recent loans. Katakana spellings of the relevant loans in authoritative dictionaries are inconsistent, and it is not clear whether native speakers treat them as containing the GV sequences /ye/ and /we/ or as containing the VV sequences /ie/ and /ue/. Native speakers of Japanese with minimal exposure to spoken English were recorded producing some relevant loans in response to picture prompts. The same speakers were also recorded producing some native words containing uncontroversial /ie/ and /ue/ sequences. All the productions are being analyzed acoustically to determine whether they show the expected contrast between GV and VV sequences. A VV sequence is disyllabic (and bimoraic) and should therefore have greater duration and more gradual formant movements than a monosyllabic (and monomoraic) GV sequence. Utterance-initially, a VV sequence should have a LH pitch pattern and should be preceded by a nondistinctive glottal stop, whereas a GV sequence should have a H pitch pattern and should have smooth onset.

Brontë Parsonage Museum: Recent Donations, Loans, and Purchases

(2005). Bronte Parsonage Museum: Recent Donations, Loans, and Purchases. Bronte Studies: Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 75-75.

Brontë Parsonage Museum: Recent Purchases, Donations, and Loans

Brontë Parsonage Museum: Recent Purchases, Donations, and Loans

Some Middle Bulgarian Loan Words in the Volga Kipchak Languages

The author has shortly surveyed the history of the widening of the term “Bulgar-Turkic phonological criteria”. The last summary of the results of research on the Bulgar-Turkic criteria and their chronological validity was made by Lajos Ligeti in his monograph on Turkic-Hungarian linguistic interrelations (1986). In the paper the author has presented several recent Middle Bulgar-Turkic loans of the Volga Kipchak dialects, following Ligeti's criteria: (1) the prothetic y-; (2) the initial s < si/si; (3) Ancient Turkic -n ~ Chuvash -m.

Arawak Grammatical Categories and Translation

O. The purpose of the following notes is to draw attention to some categories of the Arawak language which give rise to problems when we try, for whatever reason, to translate isolated words of or into this language. I have taken Swadesh's 100-word diagnostic list as a guide to my choice of examples, but do not hesitate to go outside it where this seems useful. The phoneme inventory employed is as follows: i ([i], [ij), e, a, o ([o], [u], [w]) and i ([i]) are short vowels, ii, ee, aa, oo and ii are long; the consonants are: m, n, b, d, p, t, k, th and kh (aspirated unit phonemes), f (bilabial), s, h, 1 and r. Also nasalized vowels occur, but alternate, stylistically or otherwise, with nasal consonant plus vowel. In other than word-final and (within the word) preconsonantal positions, they are of comparatively rare occurrence; and since no word other than recent loans ends in a consonant, there can be no opposition between forms in Y and those in VnV or VmV. Here they will be indicated by Vn, as in /daithan/ [daj'th1g (, /daithano/ [daj'thano]) I know it and /th6mban/ ['thQb4]

The Trinity College Collection and Other Recent Loans at the Fitzwilliam Museum

The Trinity College Collection and Other Recent Loans at the Fitzwilliam Museum

Sex Gender in Central American Carib

Previous articleNext article No AccessSex Gender in Central American CaribDouglas TaylorDouglas Taylor Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by International Journal of American Linguistics Volume 17, Number 2Apr., 1951 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/464113 Views: 2Total views on this site Citations: 1Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Jena Barchas-Lichtenstein Garifuna Quantification, (Jan 2012): 165–225.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2681-9_4

Some Recent Loans

Some Recent Loans