Recent Developments In Nanomaterials Research Articles

Therapeutic Potential of Nanomaterial-based Drug Delivery

The medical market for sophisticated therapeutic medicine delivery systems is growing at a breakneck pace. There are many benefits to using nanotechnology and nanomaterials in treating chronic human illnesses, such as the ability to target the delivery of drugs to particular areas. Improving the therapeutic effectiveness of current and future medications might be as simple as creating new drug delivery methods. The prime applications related to nanomaterial drug delivery include immunotherapeutic agents, diagnostic testing, cancer therapy and nutraceutical delivery. Nanotechnology has the capacity to collaborate with physics, biologists, chemists and pharmaceutics to form a multidisciplinary contribution in the rise of novel diagnostic and therapeutic technology. Nanomaterials can be used in specific sites targeted by drugs for brain illnesses. These nanodrugs can cause lesser immune response and maintain low inflammatory conditions compared to heavy drug particles. Along with this, nanodrugs can cause damage at the genetic level, create oxidative stress and inhibit cell death according to their particle size, shape, surface and its composition. In this current review various applications, current trends and recent developments in nanomaterials are elucidated. The detailed mechanism and cutting edge nanomaterial based drug delivery were explained along with this.

Nanomaterial Application for Healthy Environment

Nanotechnology is very effective at removing pollutants in the field of air, water, and wastewater. The techniques for treating pollution detection that have been created using nanotechnology include nanoadsorbents, nanofiltration, nanocatalysts, nanoparticles, and nanosensors. Nanoparticles can be used to synthesize several types of nanomaterials with a range of benefits. Nanomaterials applications have advanced significantly as a result of the disciplines of materials in explosive expansion. Novel nanomaterials can be designed and synthesized to provide improved performance in applications related to the environment. The intensified human activities are shaking the environment balance and human health by nourishing with large quantities of anthropogenic unsafe toxic elements which pollute water, atmosphere, and soil and subsequently intimidate public health of human beings. Therefore, nanostructured materials can be used to handle any environmental issue, such as extremes in temperature or high wear, severe corrosive conditions, and environmental pollution. In order to handle the most recent developments in nanomaterials and their applications, knowledge distribution is crucial.

Structural and optical characteristics of Sb doped SnO2 nanoparticles and their boosted photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation

Recent developments in nanomaterials have shown that multifunctionality in materials can be best achieved by using doping techniques. In this work, a simple sol-gel approach is employed to successfully prepare Sb-doped SnO2 nanoparticles. XRD, FESEM, UV–Vis spectra, Pl, and XPS were used to observe the imprints of Sb doping on the structural and optical features of SnO2 and the photocatalytic capabilities of prepared nanoparticles. The prepared SnO2 has a tetragonal rutile-type structure, and the crystallite size was found to decrease with an increase in Sb doping from ATO-0 to ATO-4 and then increase with further increment in Sb doping for ATO-6. Band gap energies of 3.5 eV, 3.67 eV, 3.71 eV, and 3.73 eV were observed for ATO-0, ATO-2, ATO-4, and ATO-6, respectively, using UV–Vis spectroscopy. Band gap changes, owing to Sb doping, in the prepared samples, which enhances the absorption in the visible light range. The inherent property of the sample to degrade the methylene orange solution was used to measure the higher photoactive response of the doped sample; this is ascribed to the enhanced efficiency with which photogenerated electron-hole pairs get separated. There is a pronounced effect on the photocatalytic activity of catalysts with antimony doping. Using a Sb–SnO2 catalyst, the photocatalytic degradation of methylene orange is studied in depth. The improved ability to catalyse a chemical reaction using light has been observed in materials that have been intentionally modified by the introduction of impurities or doping.

Palladium Nanocapsules for Photothermal Therapy in the Near-Infrared II Biological Window.

Recent developments in nanomaterials with programmable optical responses and their capacity to modulate the photothermal effect induced by an extrinsic source of light have elevated plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) to the status of a favored treatment for a variety of malignancies. However, the low penetration depth of near-infrared-I (NIR-I) lights and the need to expose the human body to a high laser power density in PPTT have restricted its clinical translation for cancer therapy. Most nanostructures reported to date exhibit limited performance due to (i) activity only in the NIR-I region, (ii) the use of intense laser, (iii) need of large concentration of nanomaterials, or (iv) prolonged exposure times to achieve the optimal hyperthermia state for cancer phototherapy. To overcome these shortcomings in plasmonic nanomaterials, we report a bimetallic palladium nanocapsule (Pd Ncap)─with a solid gold bead as its core and a thin, perforated palladium shell─with extinction both in the NIR-I as well as the NIR-II region for PPTT applications toward cancer therapy. The Pd Ncap demonstrated exceptional photothermal stability with a photothermal conversion efficiency of ∼49% at the NIR-II (1064 nm) wavelength region at a very low laser power density of 0.5 W/cm2. The nanocapsules were further surface-functionalized with Herceptin (Pd Ncap-Her) to target the breast cancer cell line SK-BR-3 and exploited for in vitro PPTT applications using NIR-II light. Pd Ncap-Her caused more than 98% cell death at a concentration of just 50 μg/mL and a laser power density of 0.5 W/cm2 with an output power of only 100 mW. Flow cytometric and microscopic analyses revealed that Pd Ncap-Her-induced apoptosis in the treated cancer cells during PPTT. Additionally, Pd Ncaps were found to have reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging ability, which can potentially reduce the damage to cells or tissues from ROS produced during PPTT. Also, Pd Ncap demonstrated excellent in vivo biocompatibility and was highly efficient in photothermally ablating tumors in mice. With a high photothermal conversion and killing efficiency at very low nanoparticle concentrations and laser power densities, the current nanostructure can operate as an effective phototherapeutic agent for the treatment of different cancers with ROS-protecting ability.

Recent developments in nanomaterials for upgrading treatment of orthopedics diseases.

Nanotechnology has changed science in the last three decades. Recent applications of nanotechnology in the disciplines of medicine and biology have enhanced medical diagnostics, manufacturing, and drug delivery. The latest studies have demonstrated this modern technology's potential for developing novel methods of disease detection and treatment, particularly in orthopedics. According to recent developments in bone tissue engineering, implantable substances, diagnostics and treatment, and surface adhesives, nanomedicine has revolutionized orthopedics. Numerous nanomaterials with distinctive chemical, physical, and biological properties have been engineered to generate innovative medication delivery methods for the local, sustained, and targeted delivery of drugs with enhanced therapeutic efficacy and minimal or no toxicity, indicating a very promising strategy for effectively controlling illnesses. Extensive study has been carried out on the applications of nanotechnology, particularly in orthopedics. Nanotechnology can revolutionize orthopedics cure, diagnosis, and research. Drug delivery precision employing nanotechnology using gold and liposome nanoparticles has shown especially encouraging results. Moreover, the delivery of drugs and biologics for osteosarcoma is actively investigated. Different kind of biosensors and nanoparticles has been used in the diagnosis of bone disorders, for example, renal osteodystrophy, Paget's disease, and osteoporosis. The major hurdles to the commercialization of nanotechnology-based composite are eventually examined, thus helping in eliminating the limits in connection to some pre-existing biomaterials for orthopedics, important variables like implant life, quality, cure cost, and pain and relief from pain. The potential for nanotechnology in orthopedics is tremendous, and most of it looks to remain unexplored, but not without challenges. This review aims to highlight the up tp date developments in nanotechnology for boosting the treatment modalities for orthopedic ailments. Moreover, we also highlighted unmet requirements and present barriers to the practical adoption of biomimetic nanotechnology-based orthopedic treatments.

Nanomaterials for Disease Treatment by Modulating the Pyroptosis Pathway.

Pyroptosis differs significantly from apoptosis and cell necrosis as an alternative mode of programmed cell death. Its occurrence is mediated by the gasdermin protein, leading to characteristic outcomes including cell swelling, membrane perforation, and release of cell contents. Research underscores the role of pyroptosis in the etiology and progression of many diseases, making it a focus of research intervention as scientists explore ways to regulate pyroptosis pathways in disease management. Despite numerous reviews detailing the relationship between pyroptosis and disease mechanisms, few delve into recent advancements in nanomaterials as a mechanism for modulating the pyroptosis pathway to mitigate disease effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need to fill this gap and elucidate the path for the use of this promising technology in the field of disease treatment. This review article delves into recent developments in nanomaterials for disease management through pyroptosis modulation, details the mechanisms by which drugs interact with pyroptosis pathways, and highlights the promise that nanomaterial research holds in driving forward disease treatment.

Recent Developments in Nanomaterials Based Adsorbents for Water Purification Techniques

Currently, most advanced technologies employ nanomaterials due to the modern tailor-made properties these materials exhibit compared to their bulk counterparts. Nanomaterials have attracted researchers around the globe in the last few decades due to their unusual properties due to the presence of a greater number of carriers at the surface, which affects the chemical and physical properties of these materials. Ensuring pure drinking water for domestic purposes is the biggest challenge in current times. Industrialization is increasing with time due to human needs. The extensive use of fertilizers to enhance agricultural productivity has hazardous effects on the ecosystem. Water pollution will significantly impact living beings on the land and aquatic beings, followed by terrestrial, aerial flora, and fauna. In a world full of technologies, there are many methods to purify water (water filters, RO purifiers, etc.). Still, nanotechnology plays a vital part in purifying water on a large scale. Nanotechnology methods came up with new materials and analytical techniques that can treat the by-products that are toxic to the environment. Heterogeneous photocatalysis used with metal oxide nanostructures causes no harm to the ecosystem. Nanomembranes and Nanostructures will play an active role by acting as a trap for many Nano pollutants. This review presents nano cellulose, nanocarbon tubes, and nanomembranes used in water purification and analytical techniques by addressing the current economic water purification techniques.

Efficient isotropic water desalination in anisotropic lamellar nano-channels formed by layered black phosphorus membrane

Recent developments in nanomaterials have greatly advanced the design and fabrication of water filtration membranes and hopefully alleviate the deteriorating freshwater scarcity. In this work, we demonstrated that lamellar stacking of layered black phosphorus (BP) can serve as an efficient membrane for seawater desalination. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we show that the nano-channels inside BP membranes can effectively block ionic passage while maintaining high water flux (~ 30 L/cm2/day/MPa) at a large range of interlayer spacing (9 Å to 12 Å). Despite the in-plane anisotropy of the BP membrane, the filtration performance of the nano-channels is barely affected by the orientation of the adjacent BP layers. Quantitative potential of mean force analysis indicates that the excellent water filtration performance is attributed to the high energy barriers (>15 kJ/mol) for ions versus the low energy barrier (~ 2 kJ/mol) for water to enter the nano-channels. Moreover, the effect of defects presented in the BP membrane to water filtration has been addressed which is found to hardly affect the filtration performance, indicating the robustness of the BP-based nano-channels. Therefore, the results presented in this study offer a competitive membrane for seawater desalination which is also expected to guide the future design of membrane materials.

Incorporation of Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complexes into Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis.

Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes are compounds of great interest in cancer therapy due to their unique photophysical, photochemical, and biological properties. For effective treatment, they must be able to penetrate tumor cells effectively and selectively. The development of nanoscale carriers capable of delivering Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes has the potential to passively or selectively enhance their cellular uptake in tumor cells. Many different strategies have been explored to incorporate Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes into a variety of nanosized constructs, ranging from organic to inorganic materials. Herein, recent developments in nanomaterials loaded with Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes are highlighted. Their rational design, preparation, and physicochemical properties are described, and their potential applications in cancer therapy are eventually discussed.

Recent Advances in Aflatoxins Detection Based on Nanomaterials

Aflatoxins are the secondary metabolites of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus and are highly toxic and carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic. Ingestion of crops and food contaminated by aflatoxins causes extremely serious harm to human and animal health. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a selective, sensitive and simple method for the determination of aflatoxins. Due to their high performance and multipurpose characteristics, nanomaterials have been developed and applied to the monitoring of various targets, overcoming the limitations of traditional methods, which include process complexity, time-consuming and laborious methodologies and the need for expensive instruments. At the same time, nanomaterials provide general promise for the detection of aflatoxins with high sensitivity, selectivity and simplicity. This review provides an overview of recent developments in nanomaterials employed for the detection of aflatoxins. The basic aspects of aflatoxin toxicity and the significance of aflatoxin detection are also reviewed. In addition, the development of different biosensors and nanomaterials for aflatoxin detection is introduced. The current capabilities and limitations and future challenges in aflatoxin detection and analysis are also addressed.

Recent Developments in Nanomaterials for Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering

Nanotechnology has provided enormous benefits to the industrial and developed world. Most fields of knowledge have been tapping, using, and applying the advantages of nanotechnology to improve systems and living standards. This cannot be said for civil engineering and construction particularly geotechnical engineering. Actually, soil mechanics have been involved with nano scale dimensions and materials for a very long time, i.e. before the term nanotechnology and nanomaterials were coined. From the basic clay structure and the water molecules which give rise to soil plasticity/cohesiveness, geotechnical engineers were exposed to these phenomena since the early days of the subject. Currently, developments in nanotechnology and nanomaterials in geotechnical engineering has been limited to its use as an improvement and clean-up materials. Recent results have shown that the use of a small amount of nanomaterials (<1% of dry weight of the original soil) have resulted in significant change and improvement in soil properties. This is important since efficient use of materials is one of the facets of sustainability related to prolonging the life of our depleting natural resources. Experiences with nano-soil, nano-clay, nano-silica, nano-alumina, nano-magnesium, carbon nanotube and nanofibers, and nano-lime will all be discussed with respect to its use in soil improvement and soil remediation.

Recent Developments in Nanomaterials for Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering

Nanotechnology has provided enormous benefits to the industrial and developed world. Most fields of knowledge have been tapping, using, and applying the advantages of nanotechnology to improve systems and living standards. This cannot be said for civil engineering and construction particularly geotechnical engineering. Actually, soil mechanics have been involved with nano scale dimensions and materials for a very long time, i.e. before the term nanotechnology and nanomaterials were coined. From the basic clay structure and the water molecules which give rise to soil plasticity/cohesiveness, geotechnical engineers were exposed to these phenomena since the early days of the subject. Currently, developments in nanotechnology and nanomaterials in geotechnical engineering has been limited to its use as an improvement and clean-up materials. Recent results have shown that the use of a small amount of nanomaterials (<1% of dry weight of the original soil) have resulted in significant change and improvement in soil properties. This is important since efficient use of materials is one of the facets of sustainability related to prolonging the life of our depleting natural resources. Experiences with nano-soil, nano-clay, nano-silica, nano-alumina, nano-magnesium, carbon nanotube and nanofibers, and nano-lime will all be discussed with respect to its use in soil improvement and soil remediation.

Recent progress in flexible and wearable bio-electronics based on nanomaterials

Flexible and stretchable biosensors that can monitor and quantify the electrical or chemical signals generated by specific microenvironments have attracted a great deal of attention. Wearable biosensors that can be intimately attached to skin or tissue provide a new opportunity for medical diagnostics and therapy. In recent years, there has been enormous progress in device integration and the design of materials and manufacturing processes for flexible and stretchable systems. Here, we describe the most recent developments in nanomaterials employed in flexible and stretchable biosensors. We review successful examples of such biosensors used for the detection of vital physiological and biological markers such as gas released from organisms. Furthermore, we provide a detailed overview of recent achievements regarding integrated platforms that include multifunctional nanomaterials. The issues and challenges related to the effective integration of multifunctional nanomaterials in bio-electronics are also discussed.

Multi‐scale modelling on PM2.5 encapsulation inside doubly‐layered graphene

PM2.5 is classified as particles with radii <;2.5 μm. It is evident that the continuous inhalation of such particles results in respiratory diseases such as lung cancer. Therefore, more effective adsorption of PM2.5 becomes crucial to comb the problem and the recent development of nanomaterials could provide a means to absorb and store PM2.5. In this reported work, a multi-scale modelling is used to investigate the storage of PM2.5, in particular carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) and nitrogen monoxide (NO) inside doubly-layered graphene sheets. While the molecular adsorption is modelled by a modified equation of states in the adsorption regime, the interactions between molecules are captured using a mean field theory. The maximum gravimetric uptake for CO, SO 2 and NO between the graphene of separation 20 A is shown to be 19.45, 26.64 and 24.32 wt%, respectively, where the validity of the current model is confirmed by the case of hydrogen molecules with other experimental and simulations results. For higher temperatures, stronger pressure is needed to reach the same maximum uptakes as given at T = 77 K. The current model possesses the merit of rapid computational speed and is ready to be applied for other nanomaterials without conceptual difficulties. This graphene could be incorporated into an air purification system so as to raise the system's capacity in PM2.5 adsorption.

Nanomaterial applications in multiple sclerosis inflamed brain.

In the last years scientific progress in nanomaterials, where size and shape make the difference, has increased their utilization in medicine with the development of a promising new translational science: nanomedicine. Due to their surface and core biophysical properties, nanomaterials hold the promise for medical applications in central nervous system (CNS) diseases: inflammatory, degenerative and tumors. The present review is focused on nanomaterials at the neuro-immune interface, evaluating two aspects: the possible CNS inflammatory response induced by nanomaterials and the developments of nanomaterials to improve treatment and diagnosis of neuroinflammatory diseases, with a focus on multiple sclerosis (MS). Indeed, nanomedicine allows projecting new ways of drug delivery and novel techniques for CNS imaging. Despite the wide field of application in neurological diseases of nanomaterials, our topic here is to review the more recent development of nanomaterials that cross blood brain barrier (BBB) and reach specific target during CNS inflammatory diseases, a crucial strategy for CNS early diagnosis and drug delivery, indeed the main challenges of nanomedicine.

Nanomedicine: From Lab to Industry

has become a booming industry where more than 1000 companies and 130 nanotech-based drugs worldwide have propped up. It is anticipated that a minimum of $4 billion is being invested every year in this sector. As the industry continues to boom, it is expected to have a deep impact on the economy. Keeping up with this trend, research in nanomedicine has been moving ahead with tremendous pace. Each year, our inventory of materials for nanomedicine has been increasing enormously with a lot of work being published from different labs across the globe. Despite the many interesting results reported in the literature, there still exists a big void that prevents many of these nanomaterials to be translated from mere lab studies to industrial production. The problem mainly lies with scalability. It is at times not feasible to scale up the production of many of these nanocrystals with controlled morphology and sizes by simply increasing the size and amount of the reactors and reagents, respectively. Even if this scalability issue is addressed, maintaining the high quality of the desired products at low cost becomes a challenge. No doubt the issues related to toxicity and environmental impact of nanoscale materials needs to be also taken into consideration. But these challenges have not stopped researchers from functionalizing nanomaterials with biomolecules or structures making it useful for both in vivo and in vitro biomedical applications. This integration materialscience with biology at nanoscale has led to the development of diagnostic tools, imaging kits, biomarkers, analytical tools, etc. The national nanotechnology initiatives taken up worldwide expectto drive these new commercial applications in the pharmaceutical sector. As our capabilities for fabricating nanomaterials progressively continues, we should always try to channelize our efforts into commercial applications. The purpose of “Journal of Nanomedicine Research” is to present a series of articles and reviews by the leading experts worldwide who can provide insights on the recent developments in nanomaterials. The idea is to the acquaint readers with the multiple facets of nanomaterials in medicine and biomedical related areas. We hope that all readers will find that the work presented in the journal beneficial to their existing research and will begin to explore into this exciting field of nanomedicine if they have not already done so. Editorial

Probing the interaction of lysozyme with ciprofloxacin in the presence of different-sized Ag nano-particles by multispectroscopic techniques and isothermal titration calorimetry

The binding of ciprofloxacin to lysozyme in the presence of three Ag nano-particles of varying sizes was for the first time investigated by multispectroscopic and isothermal titration calorimetry techniques at pH 7.4. The results indicated that ciprofloxacin quenched the fluorescence intensity of lysozyme through a static mechanism but in the presence of size-II Ag nano-particles, there were two kinds of interaction behaviors. The interaction between ciprofloxacin and lysozyme occurred via a second type of binding site, whereas in the presence of the Ag nano-particles, some changes occurred. The secondary structure of lysozyme–ciprofloxacin in the presence of Ag nano-particles was determined by circular dichroism. The thermodynamic parameters of the interaction between ciprofloxacin and lysozyme in the presence of Ag nano-particles were measured according to the van’t Hoff equation. The enthalpy (ΔH○) and entropy (ΔS○) changes were calculated to be −49.7 (kJ mol−1) and −20.1 (J mol−1 K−1), respectively, which indicated that the interaction of ciprofloxacin with lysozyme was driven mainly by van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding. In the presence of the three different-sized Ag nano-particles, the enthalpic and the entropic changes were both negative which indicated that hydrogen bonding with van der Waals forces played major roles in the binding between ciprofloxacin and lysozyme. Recent developments in nano-materials offer new pathways for controlling the protein behavior through surface interactions. These data indicate that the recent research on nano-particle/protein interactions will emphasize the importance of such interactions in biological systems with applications including the diagnosis and treatment of human diseases.

Nanoscale materials and devices for future communication networks

New discoveries in materials on the nanometer- length scale are expected to play an important role in addressing ongoing and future challenges in the field of communication. Devices and systems for ultra-high-speed short- and long-range communication links, portable and power-efficient computing devices, high-density memory and logics, ultra-fast interconnects, and autonomous and robust energy scavenging devices for accessing ambient intelligence and needed information will critically depend on the success of next-generation emerging nanomaterials and devices. This article presents some exciting recent developments in nanomaterials that have the potential to play a critical role in the development and transformation of future intelligent communication networks.

Electrochemical biosensors based on advanced bioimmobilization matrices

Biosensors have experienced rapid, extensive development. To maintain the bioactivity of biomolecules and to give the electrochemical output signal required, appropriate bioimmobilization matrices for biomolecules are critical. In this review, we describe some advanced membrane materials (including hydrogels, sol-gel-derived organic-inorganic composites and lipid membranes), introduce electrochemical biosensors based on bioimmobilization materials and describe their performance. Biosensors operating in extreme conditions and displaying direct electron transfer with electrodes based on these advanced membrane materials are attractive. Recent developments in nanomaterials include biosensors, so we emphasize the intersection of nanomaterials with advanced membrane materials in biosensors.

Nanotech materials and how they can revolutionize underwater sensor coatings

Most of the materials presently used to coat or encapsulate underwater acoustic sensors have been around for decades. The performance of these materials from a variety of perspectives can be characterized as barely adequate. Thus, these limitations have forced design engineers to accept many performance versus cost and/or service lifetime compromises. These compromises now threaten the viability of some of the U. S. Navy’s most cherished future hardware concepts, such as miniaturized, distributed sensors, large-area sensors/smart skins, and high-powered acoustic sources. Recent developments in nanomaterials and polymer nanocomposite technology suggest that a major advance in marine coatings and encapsulation technology would enable many of these concepts and initiatives to reach fruition. Because of the enormous surface area that a dispersion of such particulates possesses, relatively small loadings (typically a few weight percent) in a suitable polymer matrix may exhibit orders of magnitude-scale improvements in certain physical properties by influencing the structure of the polymer matrix in ways not possible to achieve with conventional technology. This presentation will review ongoing nanotech composite research at NAVSEA division Newport, and discuss the potential for nanotechnology to trigger a revolution in naval coatings and encapsulation technology in the next 3–5 years.