Recent Changes In Classification Research Articles

Pediatric Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Rare Malignancies with Incredible Variability.

Simple SummaryNeuroendocrine neoplasms are increasing in incidence at a remarkable rate meaning more providers are encountering them in both adult and pediatric patients. This classification of neoplasm encompasses a wide range of different malignancies with a variety of symptoms at presentation and each treated differently. Additionally, over the past few years there has been a change in classification of these neoplasms and a variety of changes and advances in how they are treated. Given this and their rarity in pediatric patients, healthcare providers may not be familiar with these changes. Our goal with this review was to provide an overview of all the most commonly encountered forms of neuroendocrine neoplasms in pediatric patients with up to date recommendations so any healthcare provider can quickly and accurately acclimate themselves.Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) encompass a variety of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) which can arise anywhere in the body. While relatively rare in the pediatric population, the incidence of NENs has increased in the past few decades. These neoplasms can be devastating if not diagnosed and treated early, however, symptoms are variable and can be indolent for many years. There is a reported median of 10 years from the appearance of the first symptoms to time of diagnosis. Considering some of these neoplasms have a mortality rate as high as 90%, it is crucial healthcare providers are aware of NENs and remain vigilant. With better provider education and easily accessible resources for information about these neoplasms, awareness can be improved leading to earlier disease recognition and diagnosis. This manuscript aims to provide an overview of both the most common NENs as well as the rarer NENs with high lethality in the pediatric population. This review provides up to date evidence and recommendations, encompassing recent changes in classification and advances in treatment modalities, including recently completed and ongoing clinical trials.

Classification changes in para swimming and their impact on the Czech Para Swimming Team

This aim of this article is to describe up-to-date polices and main classification issues in Paralympic sport with focus on Paralympic swimming. Using narrative review, it determines the influence of recent classification changes by reviewing available research data on how the classification system works and what direction it has taken after January 2018 when the new Classification Manual for swimming was published. It analyzes those changes in Czech Para Swimming Team during 4-year-period leading up to Tokyo Paralympic Games 2020 including 3 major swimming competetions and Paralympic Games itself. The results show the changes directly influenced the performance of Czech para swimmers in mentioned major competetions in a positive way. Czech Para Swimming Team added two more medals and gained more spots for both men and women for Tokyo Paralympic Games 2020 effectively extending relatively small Czech Paralympic Team in Tokyo.

A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Dirt Ants, Basiceros (Formicidae: Myrmicinae): Inferring Life Histories Through Morphological Convergence

Abstract Ants of the genus Basiceros Schulz, 1906 are elusive species known only from Neotropical rainforests. Little information is available regarding their natural history, and nothing is known about the phylogenetic relationships among species within the genus. The genus has been the subject of some controversy regarding generic delimitation but is currently a member of the ‘Basiceros-genus group’ following recent classification changes. For mouthparts, labral and mandibular morphologies present considerable variation in the Basiceros-genus group, likely a result of adaptive evolution. In Basiceros, those differences can be observed in the labrum shape and the various degrees of development of the labral cleft and the clypeomandibular space. Here, in an attempt to illuminate the evolution of the group, species boundaries are tested for Basiceros. The evolutionary relationships of its species are investigated using molecular and morphological data. Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses of a molecular dataset consisting of up to nine genes (three mitochondrial, six nuclear) and including samples from multiple populations of all known Basiceros taxa recovered the monophyly of the genus and of its species, with two well-resolved internal clades: the singularis clade and the disciger clade. Focusing on the female castes of Basiceros, an ancestral state reconstruction is presented for mandibles and labrum morphology. The results suggest that the labrum and clypeomandibular morphologies are highly labile, although phylogenetically important characters in the genus. Mouthpart traits indicate a strong correlated evolutionary history potentially associated with specialized feeding habits.

Recent Changes of Classification for Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions of the Head and Neck.

- Interpretation of atypical squamous lesions of the head and neck has always been a nettlesome task for pathologists. Moreover, many different grading systems for squamous intraepithelial lesions have been proposed in past decades. The recent World Health Organization 2017 classification presents 2 types of 2-tier systems for laryngeal and oral precursor lesions. - To review the recent changes in classification and the clinical significance for squamous intraepithelial lesions of the head and neck. - Personal experience and data from the literature. - The 2-tier grading system for laryngeal dysplasia, presented by World Health Organization in 2017, is expected to improve diagnostic reproducibility and clinical implication. However, the diagnostic criteria for low-grade dysplasia do not distinguish it clearly from basal cell hyperplasia. The World Health Organization 2017 classification of oral epithelial dysplasia remains unclear, and complicated and variable grading systems still make head and neck intraepithelial lesions difficult to interpret.

Clinical update on central hypersomnias.

The central hypersomnias encompass a range of conditions causing persisting or intermittent excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). These conditions therefore present not infrequently in general clinical sleep practice, and remain in the differential for patients presenting with sleepiness. Our understanding of the pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of these conditions has progressed significantly over recent years, and in this article we review this group of disorders, focussing in particular on recent changes in classification and diagnosis, pathophysiological advances, and novel treatment options.

A phylogenetic re-analysis of groupers with applications for ciguatera fish poisoning.

BackgroundCiguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a significant public health problem due to dinoflagellates. It is responsible for one of the highest reported incidence of seafood-borne illness and Groupers are commonly reported as a source of CFP due to their position in the food chain. With the role of recent climate change on harmful algal blooms, CFP cases might become more frequent and more geographically widespread. Since there is no appropriate treatment for CFP, the most efficient solution is to regulate fish consumption. Such a strategy can only work if the fish sold are correctly identified, and it has been repeatedly shown that misidentifications and species substitutions occur in fish markets.MethodsWe provide here both a DNA-barcoding reference for groupers, and a new phylogenetic reconstruction based on five genes and a comprehensive taxonomical sampling. We analyse the correlation between geographic range of species and their susceptibility to ciguatera accumulation, and the co-occurrence of ciguatoxins in closely related species, using both character mapping and statistical methods.ResultsMisidentifications were encountered in public databases, precluding accurate species identifications. Epinephelinae now includes only twelve genera (vs. 15 previously). Comparisons with the ciguatera incidences show that in some genera most species are ciguateric, but statistical tests display only a moderate correlation with the phylogeny. Atlantic species were rarely contaminated, with ciguatera occurrences being restricted to the South Pacific.ConclusionsThe recent changes in classification based on the reanalyses of the relationships within Epinephelidae have an impact on the interpretation of the ciguatera distribution in the genera. In this context and to improve the monitoring of fish trade and safety, we need to obtain extensive data on contamination at the species level. Accurate species identifications through DNA barcoding are thus an essential tool in controlling CFP since meal remnants in CFP cases can be easily identified with molecular tools.

A survey of current taxonomy of common foodborne bacteria

Recent changes in classification of the four major groups of cultivable bacteria commonly encountered in foods are reviewed. Newly described species and genera as well as reassignment of former taxa belonging to Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria are considered. Taxonomic changes are derived from results of 16S rRNA gene analysis confirmed by other molecular techniques and traditional methods. The review is aimed to update relevant taxonomic information for those not directly involved in taxonomy, however, this kind of information will have significance in understanding the microbial ecology of food systems and promote improvement of preservation methods, fermentation technologies as well as enhance the safety of products.

Current taxonomy of common foodborne bacteria

Recent changes in classification of the four major groups of cultivable bacteria commonly encountered in foods are reviewed. Newly described species and genera as well as reassignment of former taxa belonging to Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria are considered. Taxonomic changes are surveyed derived from results of 16S rRNA gene analysis confirmed by other molecular techniques and traditional methods. The review is aimed to update relevant taxonomic information for those not directly involved in taxonomy, however, this kind of information will have significance in understanding the microbial ecology of food systems and promote improvement of preservation methods, fermentation technologies as well as enhance the safety of products.

Taxonomy—General Comments and Update on Taxonomy of Clostridia and Anaerobic cocci

Since such things as sites of normal carriage, type and severity of infections produced, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns may vary according to the particular species involved, accurate taxonomy for differentiation of species is important. For example, reclassification of the ‘ Bacteroides gracilis group’ revealed that Sutterella wadsworthensis is actually responsible for the antimicrobial resistance seen in that group. With clostridia and anaerobic cocci, as with other taxa, there have been a number of recent changes in classification of existing taxa as well as description of novel taxa. It is important that both clinicians and microbiologists adapt quickly to new classification schemes and new taxa as soon as they are validated. For example, Peptostreptococcus is now restricted to the species P. anaerobius and five new genera have been created. There has also been significant reclassification of clostridia and new species of clostridia have also been described.

Ocular manifestations of genetic and developmental diseases.

Although ophthalmic involvement in developmental and genetic abnormalities has been recognized for centuries, it is only recently, due to new discoveries in molecular biology, that our classification and pathophysiology of congenital eye diseases have been advanced. In the next few years these advances will increasingly influence aspects of diagnosis classification, and therapy in ophthalmology. Tests for acquired and inherited diseases in opthalmology are being revolutionized by biotechnical innovations. The molecular genetics of ocular diseases is currently undergoing changes in classification due to intense investigations using advanced biotechnology. The potential for new treatment modalities, such as gene therapy, for molecular eye diseases, once thought to be pure fiction, is now a reality. This paper will outline recent changes in classification, organization, and general knowledge regarding inherited eye diseases.

A revision of the genus Tyrophagus, with a discussion on its Taxonomic position in the Acarina.

Tyrophagus is considered as a world-wide genus. Its complex history is traced and its position in the Acarina is re-examined against the background of recent classification changes. Eleven species of Tyrophagus are recognized and keyed. Neotypes are designated and described for putrescentiae Schrank, 1781, and longior Gervais, 1844, and a case is made for declaring dimidiatus Hermann, 1804, a species name brought into the group by A. C. Oudemans, to be a nomen dubium. Lectotypes are indicated for australasiae Oudemans, 1916, javensis Oudemans, 1916, vanheurni Oudemans, 1924, deliensis Oudemans, 1923, and muris Oudemans, 1924. Of these, the last two are treated as uncertain species, while vanheurni is judged to have no status. T. palmarum Oudemans, 1924, and T. perniciosus Zakhvatkin, 1941, are redescribed, and three species are described as new.

A Preliminary Study of the Araneae Theraphosae of California.

Introduction: Work done, in North America, north of Mexico; authors of species; published lists of North American forms, Marx’, Simon’s, Banks’, Comstoek’s; list of Californian species; classification followed; recent changes in classification affecting forms discussed herein.