Recent Advances In Physics Research Articles

AI meets physics: a comprehensive survey

Uncovering the mechanisms of physics is driving a new paradigm in artificial intelligence (AI) discovery. Today, physics has enabled us to understand the AI paradigm in a wide range of matter, energy, and space-time scales through data, knowledge, priors, and laws. At the same time, the AI paradigm also draws on and introduces the knowledge and laws of physics to promote its own development. Then this new paradigm of using physical science to inspire AI is the physical science of artificial intelligence (PhysicsScience4AI, PS4AI). Although AI has become the driving force for development in various fields, there is still a “black box” phenomenon that is difficult to explain in the field of AI deep learning. This article will briefly review the connection between relevant physics disciplines (classical mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical physics, quantum mechanics) and AI. It will focus on discussing the mechanisms of physics disciplines and how they inspire the AI deep learning paradigm, and briefly introduce some related work on how AI solves physics problems. PS4AI is a new research field. At the end of the article, we summarize the challenges facing the new physics-inspired AI paradigm and look forward to the next generation of artificial intelligence technology. This article aims to provide a brief review of research related to physics-inspired AI deep algorithms and to stimulate future research and exploration by elucidating recent advances in physics.

Mechanical properties of topological metamaterials

Recent advances in physics and engineering have led to the discovery of behavioral correlations between thermal, electromagnetic, optical, quantum and classical mechanical metamaterial systems. Of particular interest for the development of novel metamaterial properties is topological polarization, a new mapping established between quantum mechanical topological insulators and mechanical systems. Although recent research has shown many properties of polarized regions in metamaterials, the relationship between the topological effects, force concentration along domain boundaries, and mechanical properties of polarized lattices has found little attention. Further, current findings are also limited to linear continuous boundary regions. Here, we show how the hexagonal Kagome lattice and square lattice in their polarized state can concentrate axial forces along non-linear boundary regions and how the resulting mechanical properties depend on both the direction of the external loading and the magnitude of the nodal displacements used to polarize the given lattices. The results show that the mechanical properties of polarized lattices are primarily informed by the switch from a stretch-dominated to a bending-dominated state during polarization, but also by the increasing force concentration in the domain boundaries. These findings enable the design of complex topological lattices with predetermined concentration behavior while also accounting for changes in the overall mechanical properties.

New Insights and Latest Developments in Different Disciplines of Physics through Nanotechnology

Recent advances in physics have been made through nanotechnology that employed the nanoparticles and provide the physical and chemical basis studies of various compounds. In this regards, various branches of physical such as atomic, molecular, nuclear, thermodynamics and photonics all also made several recent perspectives in their main areas. Many photonics based objected have been designed through advances in nanotechnology for example, nature of opto-electronics as it now becomes possible to imagine using coherent light produced on a chip to control electronic interactions on the same chip. The new technologies are focusing on the development of quantum physics has applied to the nanoscale systems in order to understand the as quantum sensing. Molecular physics associated with combinations of the nanoparticles intergraded with atoms and hybrid systems that would be helpful for the ultrasensitive sensor devices that are most efficient and no environmental hazards while some of the old and traditionally used devices and machines are poorly understood with noise pollution and no significant in their preparations. As, quantum computing is based on physical materials, the choice of material is important and semiconductor materials. The newly solar cell technology has been also folding the nanoparticles coating to the adhered materials of the solid surfaces for when surface plasmon is located in front of a solar cell. Microwave plasma-enhanced also applied for the different applications of diamond films. X-ray diffraction for thermodynamic based materials also important because of the some phenomenon happening in nature deals with heat, work and temperature, and their relation to energy.

Quality Assessment in FDG-PET/CT Imaging of Head-and-Neck Cancer: One Home Run Is Better Than Two Doubles.

2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) is indicated in head-and-neck cancer for the initial workup when clinically indicated (e. g., large tumors, clinically positive neck, cervical adenopathy from an unknown primary, etc.), for the assessment of treatment response 12 weeks after completion of (chemo)radiotherapy, and during follow-up when there is suspicion of relapse. The successful implementation of FDG-PET/CT in routine clinical practice requires an in-depth understanding of the recent advances in physics and engineering that have significantly improved the imaging capabilities of PET/CT scanners (e.g., digital silicon photomultipliers, point-spread function modeling, and time-of-flight, and Bayesian penalized likelihood reconstruction). Moreover, a coordinated harmonization effort from professional societies (e.g., EANM) and international bodies (e.g., IAEA) has resulted in the creation of quality assurance frameworks (e.g., QUANUM, EARL, GMP) and guidelines that collectively cover the entire spectrum from tracer production, hardware calibration, patient preparation, and scan acquisition, to image interpretation (e.g., PERCIST, Hopkins criteria). The ultimate goal is to standardize the PET/CT technique and to guarantee accurate and reproducible imaging results for every patient. This review summarizes the recent technical breakthroughs in PET/CT scan design and describes the existing quality assessment frameworks with a focus on applications in head-and-neck cancer. Strict adherence to these harmonization efforts will enable leveraging the full potential of PET/CT and translate the proven benefits of this technique into tangible improvements in outcome for patients with head-and-neck cancer in routine clinical care.

Recent advances in physics and technology of ion cyclotron resonance heating in view of future fusion reactors

Ion temperatures of over 100 million degrees need to be reached in future fusion reactors for the deuterium–tritium fusion reaction to work. Ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) is a method that has the capability to directly heat ions to such high temperatures, via a resonant interaction between the plasma ions and radiofrequency waves launched in the plasma. This paper gives an overview of recent developments in this field. In particular a novel and recently developed three-ion heating scenario will be highlighted. It is a flexible scheme with the potential to accelerate heavy ions to high energies in high density plasmas as expected for future fusion reactors. New antenna designs will be needed for next step large future devices like DEMO, to deliver steady-state high power levels, cope with fast variations in coupling due to fast changes in the edge density and to reduce the possibility for impurity production. Such a new design is the traveling wave antenna (TWA) consisting of an array of straps distributed around the circumference of the machine, which is intrinsically resilient to edge density variations and has an optimized power coupling to the plasma. The structure of the paper is as follows: to provide the general reader with a basis for a good understanding of the later sections, an overview is given of wave propagation, coupling and RF power absorption in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies, including a brief summary of the traditionally used heating scenarios. A special highlight is the newly developed three-ion scenario together with its promising applications. A next section discusses recent developments to study edge-wave interaction and reduce impurity influx from ICRH: the dedicated devices IShTAR and Aline, field aligned and three-strap antenna concepts. The principles behind and the use of ICRH as an important option for first wall conditioning in devices with a permanent magnetic field is discussed next. The final section presents ongoing developments for antenna systems in next step devices like ITER and DEMO, with as highlight the TWA concept.

B. P. Chandra (1946–2015)

B. P. Chandra, considered as the Father of Mechanoluminescence Research in India, died on 29 October 2015, while on his way to deliver a lecture 'Recent advances in physics' at SGG Govt PG College, Kurud in Chhattisgarh. He was born on 3 April 1946 in the remote village of Bargaon in Janjgir-Champa district of Chhattisgarh, then part of Central Provinces and Berar under British India.

Neonatal electroencephalography recordings

The growth processes involved early in gestation and further into the intricate signaling networks in the brain form the basis for rapid cortical electrical bursting patterns. This leads to the quantification of cortical activity from the electroencephalogram (EEG) in full-term hypoxic infants and preterm infants. The associated neurological sequelae in both populations are foregrounded by a summary into current epidemiology and common clinical practices. The present review article highlights recent advances in physics and neuroscience, which will help in development of reliable predictors of outcome for full-term and preterm neonates after birth.

Recent Advances in Physics of Fluid Parametric Sloshing and Related Problems

Liquid parametric sloshing, known also as Faraday waves, has been a long standing subject of interest. The development of the theory of Faraday waves has witnessed a number of controversies regarding the analytical treatment of sloshing modal equations and modes competition. One of the significant contributions is that the energy is transferred from lower to higher harmonics and the nonlinear coupling generated static components in the temporal Fourier spectrum, leading to a contribution of a nonoscillating permanent sinusoidal deformed surface state. This article presents an overview of different problems of Faraday waves. These include the boundary value problem of liquid parametric sloshing, the influence of damping and surfactants on the stability and response of the free surface, the weakly nonlinear parametric and autoparametric sloshing dynamics, and breaking waves under high parametric excitation level. An overview of the physics of Faraday wave competition together with pattern formation under single-, two-, three-, and multifrequency parametric excitation will be presented. Significant effort was made in order to understand and predict the pattern selection using analytical and numerical tools. Mechanisms for selecting the main frequency responses that are different from the first subharmonic one were identified in the literature. Nontraditional sources of parametric excitation and Faraday waves of ferromagnetic films and ferrofluids will be briefly discussed. Under random parametric excitation and g-jitter, the behavior of Faraday waves is described in terms of stochastic stability modes and spectral density function.

Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma induces apoptosis in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: Involvement of DNA-damage-triggering sub-G1 arrest via the ATM/p53 pathway

Recent advances in physics have made possible the use of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTP) in cancer research. Although increasing evidence suggests that NTP induces death of various cancer cell types, thus offering a promising alternative treatment, the mechanism of its therapeutic effect is little understood. In this study, we report for the first time that NTP led to apoptotic cell death in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Interestingly, NTP induced a sub-G1 arrest in p53 wild-type OSCCs, but not in p53-mutated OSCCs. In addition, NTP increased the expression levels of ATM, p53 (Ser 15, 20 and 46), p21, and cyclin D1. A comet assay, Western blotting and immunocytochemistry of γH2AX suggested that NTP-induced apoptosis and sub-G1 arrest were associated with DNA damage and the ATM/p53 signaling pathway in SCC25 cells. Moreover, ATM knockdown using siRNA attenuated the effect of NTP on cell death, sub-G1 arrest and related signals. Taken together, these results indicate that NTP induced apoptotic cell death in p53 wild-type OSCCs through a novel mechanism involving DNA damage and triggering of sub-G1 arrest via the ATM/p53 pathway. These findings show the therapeutic potential of NTP in OSCC.

Soil compaction impact and modelling. A review

Compaction of agricultural soils is a concern for many agricultural soil scientists and farmers since soil compaction, due to heavy field traffic, has resulted in yield reduction of most agronomic crops throughout the world. Soil compaction is a physical form of soil degradation that alters soil structure, limits water and air infiltration, and reduces root penetration in the soil. Consequences of soil compaction are still underestimated. A complete understanding of processes involved in soil compaction is necessary to meet the future global challenge of food security. We review here the advances in understanding, quantification, and prediction of the effects of soil compaction. We found the following major points: (1) When a soil is exposed to a vehicular traffic load, soil water contents, soil texture and structure, and soil organic matter are the three main factors which determine the degree of compactness in that soil. (2) Soil compaction has direct effects on soil physical properties such as bulk density, strength, and porosity; therefore, these parameters can be used to quantify the soil compactness. (3) Modified soil physical properties due to soil compaction can alter elements mobility and change nitrogen and carbon cycles in favour of more emissions of greenhouse gases under wet conditions. (4) Severe soil compaction induces root deformation, stunted shoot growth, late germination, low germination rate, and high mortality rate. (5) Soil compaction decreases soil biodiversity by decreasing microbial biomass, enzymatic activity, soil fauna, and ground flora. (6) Boussinesq equations and finite element method models, that predict the effects of the soil compaction, are restricted to elastic domain and do not consider existence of preferential paths of stress propagation and localization of deformation in compacted soils. (7) Recent advances in physics of granular media and soil mechanics relevant to soil compaction should be used to progress in modelling soil compaction.

When Physics is Not "Just Physics": Complexity Science Invites New Measurement Frames for Exploring the Physics of Cognitive and Biological Development

The neurobiological sciences have struggled to resolve the physical foundations for biological and cognitive phenomena with a suspicion that biological and cognitive systems, capable of exhibiting and contributing to structure within themselves and through their contexts, are fundamentally distinct or autonomous from purely physical systems. Complexity science offers new physics-based approaches to explaining biological and cognitive phenomena. In response to controversy over whether complexity science might seek to "explain away" biology and cognition as "just physics," we propose that complexity science serves as an application of recent advances in physics to phenomena in biology and cognition without reducing or undermining the integrity of the phenomena to be explained. We highlight that physics is, like the neurobiological sciences, an evolving field and that the threat of reduction is overstated. We propose that distinctions between biological and cognitive systems from physical systems are pretheoretical and thus optional. We review our own work applying insights from post-classical physics regarding turbulence and fractal fluctuations to the problems of developing cognitive structure. Far from hoping to reduce biology and cognition to "nothing but" physics, we present our view that complexity science offers new explanatory frameworks for considering physical foundations of biological and cognitive phenomena.

Increasing the Sensitivity of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging

Nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance imaging are two of the most important techniques in analytical chemistry and noninvasive medical imaging, respectively. They share a common physical basis, one aspect of which is a low intrinsic sensitivity relative to complementary techniques. Encouragingly, recent advances in physics, chemistry, engineering, and data processing have enabled significant increases in sensitivity, as measured by both increased signal-to-noise and reduced data acquisition times, allowing previously unattainable data to be acquired and also new types of experiments to be designed.

Concept of Fusion Reactor Based on Multiple-Mirror Trap

The paper summarizes recent advances in physics of multiple-mirror confinement. GOL-3 in Novosibirsk is the only existing large-scale device of this type. Achieved plasma parameters are: n ~ 1021 m-3, T ~ 2 keV, τE ~ 1 ms. Intense experimental and theoretical studies revealed several new collective phenomena that radically change plasma behavior in the trap as compared to simple classical theory. These phenomena are intrinsically linked to the second major feature of GOL-3, namely, fast plasma heating by a high-power relativistic electron beam. Collective beam-plasma interaction delivers energy to plasma through strong Langmuir turbulence and changes other plasma properties as well. In particular, the turbulent plasma in GOL-3 features suppressed axial heat transport, fast collective heating of ions, limitation of axial particle loss, and MHD stabilization by a magnetic shear. Mentioned phenomena greatly improve prospects of multiple-mirror confinement for fusion reactor applications. An outlook for possible fusion-scale device is presented.

Parametrically driven surface waves in surfactant–covered liquids

Restricted accessMoreSectionsView PDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Cite this article Kumar Satish and Matar Omar K. 2002Parametrically driven surface waves in surfactant–covered liquidsProc. R. Soc. Lond. A.4582815–2828http://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2002.1017SectionRestricted accessResearch articleParametrically driven surface waves in surfactant–covered liquids Satish Kumar Satish Kumar Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 151 Amundson Hall, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author and Omar K. Matar Omar K. Matar Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2BY, UK Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author Satish Kumar Satish Kumar Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 151 Amundson Hall, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author and Omar K. Matar Omar K. Matar Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2BY, UK Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author Published:08 November 2002https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2002.1017AbstractVertical vibration will excite standing waves on a liquid free surface. We perform a linear–stability analysis for viscous and viscoelastic liquids of arbitrary depth to determine the role that insoluble surfactants play in the formation of these parametrically driven surface waves. We find that in order to obtain time–periodic solutions which involve Marangoni forces in a non–trivial way, it is necessary to consider the high–Peclet number limit of the surfactant transport equation. Floquet theory is applied to the linearized governing equations to obtain a recursion relation for the temporal modes of the free–surface deflection. The recursion relation is then solved numerically to obtain the critical vibration amplitude needed to excite the surface waves, and the corresponding wavenumber. The results show that the presence of surfactants raises or lowers the critical amplitude and wavenumber depending on the spatial phase shift between the surfactant–concentration variations and surface deflections. Previous ArticleNext Article VIEW FULL TEXT DOWNLOAD PDF FiguresRelatedReferencesDetailsCited bySamanta A (2020) Effect of porous layer on the Faraday instability in viscous liquid, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 476:2239, Online publication date: 1-Jul-2020. Jia B, Xie L, Yang L, Fu Q and Cui X (2020) Energy budget of a viscoelastic planar liquid sheet in the presence of gas velocity oscillations, Physics of Fluids, 10.1063/5.0016311, 32:8, (083104), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2020. Zhu Z, Song Y, Liu X, Xiao D, Yang L and Huang L (2019) Observation of alternately localized Faraday waves in a narrow tank, Physical Review Fluids, 10.1103/PhysRevFluids.4.014807, 4:1 Mikishev A, Friedman B and Nepomnyashchy A (2016) Generation of transverse waves in a liquid layer with insoluble surfactant subjected to temperature gradient, Fluid Dynamics Research, 10.1088/0169-5983/48/6/061403, 48:6, (061403), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2016. Ibrahim R (2015) Recent Advances in Physics of Fluid Parametric Sloshing and Related Problems, Journal of Fluids Engineering, 10.1115/1.4029544, 137:9, Online publication date: 1-Sep-2015. Strickland S, Shearer M and Daniels K (2015) Spatiotemporal measurement of surfactant distribution on gravity–capillary waves, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 10.1017/jfm.2015.352, 777, (523-543), Online publication date: 25-Aug-2015. This Issue08 November 2002Volume 458Issue 2027 Article InformationDOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2002.1017Published by:Royal SocietyPrint ISSN:1364-5021Online ISSN:1471-2946History: Published online08/11/2002Published in print08/11/2002 License: Citations and impact Keywordsviscoelasticitywavesinstabilitysurfactantfree surface

Gastrointestinal drug absorption: is it time to consider heterogeneity as well as homogeneity?

The current analysis of gastrointestinal absorption phenomena relies on the concept of homogeneity. However, drug dissolution, transit and uptake in the gastrointestinal tract are heterogeneous processes since they take place at interfaces of different phases under variable stirring conditions. Recent advances in physics and chemistry demonstrate that the geometry of the environment is of major importance for the treatment of heterogeneous processes. In this context, the heterogeneous character of in vivo drug dissolution, transit and uptake is discussed in terms of fractal concepts. Based on this analysis, drugs are classified in accordance with their gastrointestinal absorption characteristics into two broad categories i.e. homogeneous and heterogeneous. The former category includes drugs with satisfactory solubility and permeability which ensure the validity of the homogeneous hypothesis. Drugs with low solubility and permeability are termed heterogeneous since they traverse the entire gastrointestinal tract and therefore are more likely to exhibit heterogeneous dissolution, transit and uptake. The high variability of whole bowel transit and the unpredictability of conventional dissolution tests for heterogeneous drugs are interpreted on the basis of the fractal nature of these processes under in vivo conditions. The implications associated with the use of strict statistical criteria in bioequivalence studies for heterogeneous drugs are also pointed out.

George Green: his life and works (on the occasion of the bicentenary of his birthday)

A biography of George Green (1793–1841), the celebrated English mathematician and physicist, is presented, together with an analysis of all his published works. Green introduced new concepts and principles in his studies, which not only stimulated the progress of physics in the XIXth century, but re-emerged in the middle of the XXth century and have been found very effective in expressing recent advances in physics.

Formation of crystals in solutions

Abstract Growth of high quality crystals has played an important role in sophisticated, modern- day technologies and in recent advances in physics. It has also provided examples in the study of self-organizing dissipative structures. This paper reviews the science of crystal growth and discusses recent data, particularly with regard to kinetics of growth and defects in crystal lattices.

Evoked responses and Fourier transforms.

The work of Schucard (1973), concerning the study of evoked responses and incelligence, has been drawn to my attention. It appears that this paper and one of mine (Bennett, 1972) were in the process of publication at the same time and, as a result, there seems to be a conflict of findings. A careful study of Shucard's paper has been made and it seems that the Fourier transform of aperiodic waveforms may be the source of these conflicting results. The Fourier transform is an extremely useful technique for the analysis of complex waveforms; but, unfortunately, when it is applied to aperiodic waveforms, its resolving power is greatly reduced and the results can be very easily misinterpreted. Ertl (1971) made such a misinterpretation, which was reported in my article (Bennett, 1972) and it seems that Shucard (1973) may have made the same misinterpretation. The rather low resolving power of the Fourier transform creares similar problems in many disciplines. In the case of evoked responses, an invest~gat~on of the present techniques for frequency analysis will indicate that the addition:~l complexity of the process is difficult to justify. Ertl (1973) reached a similar conclusion in his study of large sampling windows for the evaluation of the Fourier transform. However, some recent advances in physics seem to offer a solution. These advances are a modification to the Fourier transform and their application to the study of evoked responses is presently being studied. The preliminary findings have been most promising; but, a full report on the technique will be postponed until it has been tested on a greater number of cases. In view of the many conflicting reports on this subject, it is hoped that this delay will be excused.

The RBE of protons with energy greater than 126 MeV.

Several reports have been published on the RBE protons with energy less than 100 MeV in relation to mortality rate, organ damage and cytological changes in mammals. Recent advances in physics and technology have made it possible to study the RBE of protons with energy greater than 100 MeV. In the present report the RBE protons with energy greater than 126 MeV is estimated on the basis of the experimental data presented by several authors.

Visiting Foreign Staff Project (V.F.S.P.) at Temple University

We describe the National Science Foundation supported V.F.S.P. for institutes for secondary school teachers of science and mathematics, conducted for the first time in the summer of 1959. The need for the program stems both from the international nature of science itself and from the lag in our present secondary school science education. It is emphasized that lectures on recent advances in physics can be made more effective by organized programs such as the V.F.S.P. A briefing session is most important. Highlights of the visits' evaluation are followed by an introduction to the twelve papers constituting the heart of the project report. The fields of physics included are thermodynamics and molecular physics, low and high energy nuclear physics, thermonuclear physics, cosmic rays, three topics in solid state physics and metallurgical physics.