Recall Of Names Research Articles

Experimental Study of the Promotional Implications of Proprietary Prescription Drug Names.

The meaning and characteristics embedded in proprietary drug names have the potential to affect name recall, perceptions of drug benefits and risks, and attitudes toward a drug. In this study, we examined: (1) whether names that reference the drug's medical indication affect consumers' and primary care physicians' (PCPs') perceptions of the drug and (2) whether names that overstate the drug's efficacy affect consumers' and PCPs' perceptions of the drug. We conducted an online experiment with 455 PCPs and 450 consumers to test the effects of fictitious proprietary prescription drug names. Participants were randomized to view one neutral drug name, one name that overstated the drug's efficacy, and five names that referenced the drug's medical indication. Names that referenced the drug's medical indication and names that overstated the drug's benefit both influenced perceptions of efficacy and risk compared to neutral names. For several outcomes, names evoking medical indications had similar effects to those designed to overstate the drug's efficacy. The patterns of effects were similar for PCPs and consumers. Findings suggest drug names alone can be sufficient to produce attitudes and risk and benefit perceptions about drugs, even in the absence of any information beyond the drug's medical indication.

Face naming and recollection represent key memory deficits in developmental prosopagnosia

Previous studies have found that face perception deficits do not fully account for the severity of face recognition deficits in developmental prosopagnosia (DP). Researchers have begun identifying deficient memory mechanisms such as impaired face recollection, but these findings require replication, and further characterization of additional memory deficits is necessary. Our goals were to replicate prior findings of face recollection impairment in DP and extend these findings to assess different types of face associative memory. We had 69 DPs and 99 controls perform a face perception battery as well as three face memory tasks: 1) Old/New task with confidence ratings to calculate recollection and familiarity using ROC analysis, 2) Face/Scene task to examine remember-know judgments and contextual memory for faces, and 3) Face-Name/Occupation task to assess the ability to learn semantic associations with faces. Compared to controls, DPs showed poorer recollection and familiarity across both Old/New and Face/Scene tasks as well as reduced scene accuracy for correct faces. Of these differences, only Old/New recollection remained significant after controlling for group differences in face perception abilities. In the Face-Name/Occupation task, after controlling for face perception, DPs showed poorer recall of names than controls but performed similarly in recalling occupations. Finally, we found that DPs with major, mild, and no face perception deficits showed consistent impairments in Old/New recollection and face-naming, and larger perceptual deficits were associated with larger memory deficits. Together, these results provide several mechanistic insights into the nature of memory deficits in DPs and have diagnostic and treatment implications.

Evolution of a late Quaternary succession by interpretation of high‐resolution seismic and bathymetric data, Adriatic Sea

AbstractThis paper presents the results of the interpretation of a set of high‐resolution seismic lines integrated with multibeam echosounder data acquired in a coastal area in the Northern Adriatic Sea. The aim of the study was to reconstruct the stratigraphic evolution of a late Quaternary sedimentary succession offshore the town of Bibione, North‐Eastern Italy, by recognising the key unconformities, identifying the main depositional units, dating them and reconstructing the depositional environments in relation to relative sea‐level variations. Specifically, four sedimentary units, separated by erosional unconformities associated with the development of deep channels, were identified and dated based on literature information. By interpreting the seismic data, sedimentary dynamics were reconstructed and palaeoenvironments identified. The lower unit corresponds to a paludal environment, showing abundant gas seeps and accumulations (bright spots); the two intermediate units correspond to fluvial deposits, filling the deep incisions that characterise the bounding surfaces. Finally, the shallowest unit, bounded by a wave‐ravinement surface incised by tidal currents, corresponds to the Holocenic progradation of the coastal wedge. In addition, several vertical gas chimneys were identified, ranging in width from a few metres to 20–30 m. These were present in all units, often reaching the sea floor. Finally, elongated mounds, about 300 m wide, at the sea floor were recognised. The bathymetric and seismic characteristics of these elongated bodies and their relationship to adjacent sedimentary bodies suggest that they are probably methane‐derived carbonate formations known as ‘Trezze’ or ‘Tegnùe’. These names recall the fact that the trawls of the local fishermen were often hindered (‘tegnù’ in the Venetian language) or even cut off by these formations.

A hybrid artificial intelligence framework for enhancing digital forensic investigations of infotainment systems

Infotainment systems in vehicles have become important sources of digital evidence in forensic investigations. Analyzing data from these systems can provide valuable insights into a suspect's activities and interactions. In this paper, we propose a hybrid artificial intelligence (AI) framework that combines unsupervised learning using K-means clustering and language model analysis to enhance the forensic analysis process. The proposed methodology was applied to two distinct datasets from Hyundai and Mitsubishi infotainment systems. In the Hyundai dataset, the recall for contact names and phone numbers improved by 18% and 3% respectively when compared to clustering alone. Similarly, in the Mitsubishi dataset, the recall of song names improved by 2%. In addition, this hybrid approach enabled the discovery of more forms of forensically-relevant data stored in the infotainment systems, such as geographical locations and connected devices, that would have been infeasible to find with either manual analysis or clustering alone. Despite the presence of some hallucinations, the combination of these techniques resulted in improved ease of analysis and increased recall, demonstrating the potential of this hybrid approach in forensic investigations.

THE USE OF THE “TIME TRAVEL” PARADIGM OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE FOR FAMILY CARE PARTNER EMPOWERMENT

Abstract This study describes how family carers are taught the Time Travel model of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). As persons with AD experience cognitive, emotional, social, physical and functional time travel, families can learn to join them on their journey. Stage models (e.g., Reisberg and associates FAST and GDS) of AD clarify how changes through time occur using stage markers. Yet the disease is non-linear. Persons with AD don’t travel neatly in stages but fluctuate in recall of names, faces and events. They migrate in a non-linear downward spiral fluctuating back and forth through time, revisiting people, places, events and traumas of their distant past. Time Travel apps and other life history data are available to provide real person-centered care that’s time appropriate. Families are trained to connect in the approximate time frame in which the person has traveled. Hence, care partners are taught time appropriate communication and interventions (e.g., activities, pictures, music etc.) to respond to challenging behaviors. The Models use with family carers empowers them to validate their loved ones’ approximate time frame they are in. Family carers are inspired to become “best friends” of AD persons by understanding how this cognitive disability works. When a lady with travels to age 20 in her mind but sees an 80-year-old face in the mirror, she demands the person leave the bathroom. This behavior is puzzling to families. Time Travel model explains how this works driving care planning, redesigns (e.g., mirrors) and activities, and supports validation therapy, “Best Friends” and other pedagogy.

Associations between recall of proper names in story recall and CSF amyloid and tau in adults without cognitive impairment

Neuropsychological measures sensitive to decline in the preclinical phase of Alzheimer’s disease are needed. We previously demonstrated that higher amyloid-beta (Aβ) assessed by positron emission tomography in adults without cognitive impairment was associated with recall of fewer proper names in Logical Memory story recall. The current study investigated the association between proper names and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers (Aβ42/40, phosphorylated tau181 [pTau181], neurofilament light) in 223 participants from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer’s Prevention. We assessed associations between biomarkers and delayed Logical Memory total score and proper names using binary logistic regressions. Sensitivity analyses used multinomial logistic regression and stratified biomarker groups. Lower Logical Memory total score and proper names scores from the most recent visit were associated with biomarker positivity. Relatedly, there was a 27% decreased risk of being classified Aβ42/40+/pTau181+ for each additional proper name recalled. A linear mixed effects model found that longitudinal change in proper names recall was predicted by biomarker status. These results demonstrate a novel relationship between proper names and Alzheimer’s disease-cerebrospinal fluid pathology.

Extended FNAME performance is preserved in subjective cognitive decline but highly affected in amnestic mild cognitive impairment.

The cognitive characterization of Alzheimer's disease risk states, such as amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and subjective cognitive decline (SCD), is fundamental for timely diagnosis and interventions. The Face Name Associative Memory Exam (FNAME) is sensitive to early Alzheimer's disease brain changes, and an extended version captures a fuller range of associative memory abilities. We aimed to assess group effects in the extended FNAME in older adults with SCD, aMCI, and older adult controls (CON). Two concurrently created versions of the extended FNAME were used to test three groups of older adults (CON = 35, SCD = 37, aMCI = 31) at two sites (Mexico = 59, Netherlands = 44). Extended FNAME memory abilities were analyzed in five analyses of variance. Group and site were considered as independent variables. For the recall ability, subtest levels were entered as a within-subject variable. The remaining abilities (Face Recognition, Name Recognition, Spontaneous Name Recall, and Face-Name Matching) were analyzed in independent models. In all models, the main effect for group was significant with large effect sizes, driven by a worse performance of aMCI participants. No significant differences were found between SCD and CON. The main effect for site was only significant in Face Recognition. The worse performance of aMCI in the extended FNAME implies an impairment in associative memory abilities beyond recall. The similar performance of CON and SCD might be explained by the recruitment of SCD participants that did not spontaneously seek help for memory decline. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Identifying the loci of lexical semantic breakdown in aphasia and the choice of therapy techniques

Word finding would be more challenging in a person with aphasia because of a breakdown in lexical semantics. Words may be difficult to locate if they are not stored appropriately or readily available. In addition, the inability to access language could be the result of a weakness in either the lemma node, leading to verbal paraphasia, or the phoneme retrieval, leading to phonemic paraphasia. Commonly used to avoid this lexical semantic gap, cueing allows for clearer communication. SFA and PCA methods are also used to aid in the search for appropriate words. The study was carried out on persons with anomic aphasia. After determining the source of the lexical semantic breakdown, the goal of this research was to determine an appropriate therapeutic strategy. There were 12 people with anomic aphasia who participated in the research. Tasks tapping phoneme judgment and semantic judgment were given to the participants. Two individuals withdrew out of the study, while four subjects fared poorly on PCA (group 1). Six subjects performed poorly on the semantic judgment test (group 2). Training for Group 1 used PCA, while training for Group 2 used SFA. After training, participants' ability to recall names and verbs was evaluated using the Boston Naming Test and the Action Naming Test. After training, participants in both groups showed considerable improvement on the retests of the naming and judgment tasks.

Image Clarity Affects Tip-of-the-Tongue Rates for Faces.

Tip-of-the-tongue states are subjective experiences that unrecalled target words will be remembered. This study investigates if the visual fluency of familiar faces affects the likelihood of tip-of-the-tongue experiences (TOTs) as well as name recall and name recognition. To manipulate visual fluency, three levels of clarity for 396 celebrity faces were set: high, medium, and low clarity. Four hundred and twenty-nine participants were asked to recall the last names of the celebrities for all clarity levels, and, if they did not recall, to indicate if they experienced a TOT. Following the TOT question, they performed a name recognition test. Results showed that higher-clarity faces resulted in higher TOT rates than lower-clarity faces for unrecalled faces. Name recall was also higher for clearer faces. However, clarity level did not affect the correct answer rate on the name recognition test. These results support the view that perceptual cue-based factors influence TOT experiences.

A direct replication and extension of Popp and Serra (2016, experiment 1): better free recall and worse cued recall of animal names than object names, accounting for semantic similarity.

Free recall tends to be better for names of animate concepts such as animals than for names of inanimate objects. In Popp and Serra's 2016 article, the authors replicated this "animacy effect" in free recall but when participants studied words in pairs (animate-animate pairs intermixed with inanimate-inanimate pairs) and were tested with cued recall, performance was better for inanimate-inanimate pairs than for animate-animate pairs ("reverse animacy"). We tested the replicability of this surprising effect and one possible explanation for the effect (semantic similarity). Our Experiment 1 was a preregistered direct replication (N = 101) of Popp and Serra's Experiment 1 (mixed-lists condition). In a second preregistered experiment conducted in four different samples (undergraduate N = 153, undergraduate N = 143, online Prolific N = 101, online Prolific/English-as-a-first-language N = 150), we manipulated the within-category semantic similarity of animal and object wordlists. AIn Experiment 1, just as in Popp and Serra, we observed an animacy effect for free recall and a reverse animacy effect for cued recall. Unlike Popp and Serra, we found that controlling for interference effects rendered the reverse animacy effect non-significant. We took this as evidence that characteristics of the stimulus sets (e.g., category structure, within-category similarity) may play a role in animacy and reverse animacy effects. In Experiment 2, in three out of our four samples, we observed reverse animacy effects when within-category similarity was higher for animals and when within-category similarity was equated for animals and objects. Our results suggest that the reverse animacy effect observed in Popp and Serra's 2016 article is a robust and replicable effect, but that semantic similarity alone cannot explain the effect.

Comparison of Cognitive and Emotional Deficiencies Between Parents of Children with Special Needs and Parents of Typically Developing Children

Purpose: Parenting a child with special needs poses unique challenges that can significantly impact the cognitive and emotional well-being of parents. This study aims to compare cognitive and emotional deficiencies between parents of children with special needs and parents of typically developing children to understand the extent of these challenges and inform targeted interventions. Methodology: This descriptive, causal-comparative study included 120 parents, divided into two groups: 60 parents of children with special needs and 60 parents of typically developing children, all from Kashan, Iran. Participants completed the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS). Data analysis involved descriptive statistics and inferential statistics using ANOVA to compare cognitive and emotional deficiencies between the groups. Findings: The study found that parents of children with special needs had significantly higher levels of cognitive deficiencies, including distraction, memory-related problems, inadvertent errors, and failure to recall names, compared to parents of typically developing children. Additionally, these parents exhibited greater emotional deficiencies, such as difficulty identifying and describing feelings and externally oriented thinking. Conclusion: Parents of children with special needs experience substantial cognitive and emotional challenges, likely due to the increased caregiving demands and chronic stress. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions, such as emotional regulation training and enhanced social support, to improve the well-being of these parents and their ability to care for their children effectively.

The value of using popular music and performers on brand and message recall in television advertising jingles

ABSTRACTThis study offers insights into two critical decisions in jingle-based advertising. How much more could the producer pay to buy the rights to popular music to add to advertising jingles? And how much more could they pay a popular performer to sing the jingle? Will doing so enhance the brand or message recall to justify the investment? Based on 300 interviews that measured unaided and aided day-after recall of five jingle ads concurrently aired on television, popular music and performers increased unaided and aided recall of brand name and ad message. Compared to the base case, a popular performer can increase the brand and message recall by two-and-half folds, and a popular performer and popular music can increase the brand and message recall by six-folds compared to the base case.

Subjective reports of problems remembering names reflect performance on neuropsychological tests for recalling proper names.

AbstractBackgroundSubjective memory complaints (SMC) are common in middle‐aged adults. Associations between SMC and cognitive ability have been inconsistent perhaps because SMC measures rarely specifically match measured cognitive domains. We examined the relationship between objective and subjective evaluations of participants’ ability to recall proper names.Method N = 1254 participants enrolled in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer’s Prevention (WRAP), who were cognitively unimpaired at baseline and had paired SMC and proper noun recall for 1–7 visits were included in these analyses (median visits = 4. A proper name (PN) delayed recall score (0‐9) was created from item‐level data from the Wechsler Memory Scale‐Revised Logical Memory II subtest. Participants also completed the Memory Functioning Questionnaire (MFQ), a 17 item self‐appraisal (1‐ major problems to 7‐ no problems) of frequency of forgetting. We examined the association between the MFQ item “frequency of forgetting names” (FFN, M = 4.0 [1.3]) with PN score (M = 4.3 [2.2]) at most recent visit using OLS linear regression. Age, sex, years of education, APOE risk score, and number of visits (i.e practice effects) were included as covariates. We also examined a baseline FFN*age at visit interaction to characterize changes in PN score over time (linear mixed effects models; random intercepts).ResultSample characteristics are shown in Table 1. For participants with multiple visits, PN score was fairly stable between baseline and most recent visit (r = 0.54), as was FFN (r = 0.61). FFN was significantly associated with concurrent PN score (b = 0.14 [beta = 0.09], p = <.001, see Table 2, Figure 1). Excluding 82 participants who converted to cognitively impaired at their last visit did not change these results (beta = 0.10, p <.001). In longitudinal analyses, the baseline FFN*age interaction was not significant (estimate = .01, p = .26), although PN score declined slightly with age (estimate = ‐0.07, p <.001).ConclusionMeasures of SMC tend to focus on broad ratings (e.g., how would you rate your memory), and often do not correlate with objective measures among unimpaired people. These results demonstrate a significant association between subjective appraisal of and objective performance on name recall.

P107 Cost, Control, Compromise: Exploring the lived experience of narcolepsy in Australia

Abstract Introduction Persons with narcolepsy wrote of dissatisfaction with healthcare and unmet psychosocial needs in submissions made to the 2019 parliamentary inquiry on sleep. This study aimed to explore the needs, concerns, and barriers faced by Australians living with narcolepsy. Methods 126 self-reported persons with narcolepsy were recruited from support groups, with one-on-one interviews randomly conducted until saturation (n=24). Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using the framework approach by a multidisciplinary team of five researchers. Results Preliminary analysis highlighted a large psychosocial burden that affected the daily life of those with narcolepsy. Participants described the pervasiveness of symptoms and daily unpredictability of not knowing when symptoms would occur. Subsequent behavioral changes related to self-preservation were identified, including avoidance and self-management of care to exert control. Self-perception and adjustment to living with narcolepsy were informed by external opinions (e.g. societal/workplace expectations, family/friend opinion). Management of narcolepsy involves daytime naps; however, participants feared being negatively judged and perceived as lazy/unproductive if they napped. This led to an unwillingness to disclose/seek accommodations post-diagnosis. Executive dysfunction was frequently described, including impaired ability to recall names, times/dates, and appointments that contributed to school/workplace disruption. Discussion Participants living with narcolepsy spoke of a complex and burdensome condition requiring multidisciplinary management. Significant functional/psychosocial impairment was described, yet participants were not able to access NDIS support. Despite being known for its sleep-related symptoms, participants highlighted cognitive impairment and the subsequent impact on daily function as a concern that many felt was inadequately addressed.

Lose Your Father

Lose Your Father

564-P: Depressive Symptoms Mediate the Relationship between Diabetes and Cognitive Performance in a Community-Based Sample of Older Adults

Objective: To evaluate whether diabetes and prediabetes are associated with reduced cognitive performance among older adults and whether depressive symptoms mediate the association. Methods: We used cross-sectional data from the Einstein Aging Study, a systematically recruited community-based cohort study of diverse older adults (N=794; Mean Age (SD) =78.9 (5.3) years; 64.4% Non-Hispanic White, 28.7% Non-Hispanic Black, 5.7% Hispanic) . Participants were categorized as having diabetes if they reported a history of diabetes, were prescribed a diabetes medication, or had a fasting blood sugar of >126 mg/dL. Those not categorized as having diabetes were identified as having prediabetes if their fasting blood sugar level was 100 to125 mg/dL. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale. Cognitive tests include Digit Symbol, Trails-B, Free Recall, Category Fluency, Boston Naming, and Block Design. Linear regression and mediation analyses using the product of coefficients were applied with no diabetes as the comparison group. Results: Compared to those without diabetes, diabetes was associated with worse performance on all cognitive tests (ps<0.05) , except Trails-B (p=0.53) , and increased depressive symptoms (p<0.01) . Prediabetes was not associated with worse cognitive performance or depressive symptoms. For diabetes, evidence of mediation via increased depressive symptoms was observed for Free Recall (p=0.044) , Category Fluency (p=0.033) , and Boston Naming (p=0.048) . Conclusions: Diabetes was consistently associated with worse cognitive performance and depressive symptoms among this older cohort, while prediabetes was not. Mediation results suggest that depressive symptoms may be a biobehavioral pathway linking diabetes and cognition, though the temporal sequence is unclear. Nevertheless, addressing both diabetes and depressive symptoms among older adults may protect cognitive function. Disclosure C.J.Hoogendoorn: None. J.Qin: None. C.Wang: None. N.A.Roque: None. J.Laurenceau: None. M.Katz: None. C.A.Derby: None. R.B.Lipton: Advisory Panel; AbbVie Inc., Biohaven, Eli Lilly and Company, Lundbeck, Consultant; AbbVie Inc., Amgen Inc., Biohaven, Eli Lilly and Company, GlaxoSmithKline plc., Grifols, S.A., Lundbeck, Merck & Co., Inc., Satsuma, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Vedanta, Other Relationship; Wiley-Blackwell, Research Support; AbbVie Inc., Amgen Inc., Axsome, Charleston Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Gammacore, National Institutes of Health, Satsuma, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Veterans Administration, Stock/Shareholder; Biohaven, CtrlM Health. J.S.Gonzalez: Consultant; Virta Health Corp. Funding This study was supported by grant NIA-P01AG003949 from the National Institutes of Health, the Sylvia and Leonard Marx Foundation and the Hollander Fund. This study was also partially supported by the Einstein–Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (P30 DK020541) and the New York Regional Center for Diabetes Translation Research (P30 DK111022) . Dr. Hoogendoorn is also supported by the Drs. David and Jane Willner Bloomgarden Family Fellowship Fund. Dr. Gonzalez is supported by grants RDK104845, RDK121298, RDK121896 and R18 DK098742 from the National Institutes of Health.

Brief Strategy Training in Aging: Near Transfer Effects and Mediation of Gains by Improved Self-Regulation.

A common approach to cognitive intervention for adults is memory strategy training, but limited work of this type has examined intervention effects in relation to self-regulation (e.g., strategy usage, memory beliefs) and few have established near transfer (training-related performance gain on untrained tasks related to the target task). The present research, Everyday Memory Clinic—Revised (EMC-R), examined whether relatively brief face-name association training, offering elements focused on self-regulation, can improve name recall, enhance memory self-regulation, and lead to near transfer. Participants were 122 healthy, well-educated middle-aged and older adults (51–90 years old) randomly assigned to a strategy training program (SO), a comparable program with a theoretical self-regulatory boost (SB), or a waitlist control group. Compared to the waitlist group, both groups of trainees demonstrated higher pretest-posttest improvements in name recall (target task), memory self-efficacy, and effective strategy use, as well as the near transfer of gains to nontrained associative tasks, a rare finding in strategy training research. Furthermore, changes in memory self-efficacy and strategy use fully mediated the effect of training on name recall. This innovative approach for brief memory intervention offers a model for successful training that can be easily disseminated via community centers and lifelong learning programs.

Rhyme over time: Vocabulary learning through daily reading aloud at home with children

There is robust evidence that reading aloud with young children can help them learn new vocabulary. Building upon prior research, this study tested the effects of both book text features and readers’ spontaneous extra-textual word-highlighting strategies on 3- to 4-year-olds’ vocabulary retention from repeated read alouds of a story in their own homes. Parent–child dyads ( n = 30) were provided with either a rhymed or unrhymed version of the same story featuring novel names and illustrations of eight imaginary monsters, along with an audio recorder to take home. Parents recorded reading the book aloud with their child daily for five consecutive days, then children were tested on their monster name recall. Recordings of each dyad’s five progressive read alouds were transcribed, and coded for conversational elements and novel word-highlighting strategies. Findings indicate that children retained the novel monster names with equal success from rhymed and unrhymed books. While individual variation among dyads in their extra-textual commentary was high, each tended to adopt a consistent amount while reading the book across days in both rhymed and unrhymed formats, even as they became more familiar. The one extra-textual vocabulary highlighting behavior during readings that was most predictive of children’s later monster name recall was their own frequency of making guesses of the monster names before they were heard during the read alouds. A close look at the interactions between book format, book familiarity, and the extra-textual commentary around a storybook, and the implications of these interactions for vocabulary building are discussed.

Differences in Odor Identification in Early-Onset and Late-Onset Depression.

(1) Background: Odor identification (OI) dysfunction is a potential predictor of developing dementia in late life depression (LLD). However, it is not clear whether patients with early onset depression (EOD) and late onset depression (LOD) may exhibit different OI dysfunctions. The aim of this study was to compare OI between EOD patients and LOD patients and its relationship with cognitive function. (2) Methods: A total of 179 patients with LLD and 189 normal controls were recruited. Participants underwent clinical assessment, olfactory testing, and comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. The OI scores of EOD patients and LOD patients were compared, and correlation analyses and mediation analyses were used to explore the relationship between OI and cognition. (3) Result: LOD patients exhibited lower OI scores than EOD patients and normal controls (NCs). Additionally, the LOD patients exhibited a higher percentage of OI dysfunction than the EOD patients. Moreover, OI scores were associated with global cognition, memory, language, and visuospatial ability in the EOD group (p < 0.05) but were not associated with any cognitive score in the LOD patients (p > 0.05). Finally, the scores of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test Immediate recall and Boston Naming Test exhibited a partially mediating effect on the difference in OI scores between the EOD and LOD patients. (4) Conclusions: LOD patients exhibited worse OI than EOD patients, and their difference in OI was mediated by their memory and language function.

Targeted memory reactivation of face-name learning depends on ample and undisturbed slow-wave sleep

Face memory, including the ability to recall a person’s name, is of major importance in social contexts. Like many other memory functions, it may rely on sleep. We investigated whether targeted memory reactivation during sleep could improve associative and perceptual aspects of face memory. Participants studied 80 face-name pairs, and then a subset of spoken names with associated background music was presented unobtrusively during a daytime nap. This manipulation preferentially improved name recall and face recognition for those reactivated face-name pairs, as modulated by two factors related to sleep quality; memory benefits were positively correlated with the duration of stage N3 sleep (slow-wave sleep) and negatively correlated with measures of sleep disruption. We conclude that (a) reactivation of specific face-name memories during sleep can strengthen these associations and the constituent memories, and that (b) the effectiveness of this reactivation depends on uninterrupted N3 sleep.