Reassurance Of Worth Research Articles

Examining the Impact of Social Support on Psychological Well-Being Among Canadian Individuals With COPD: Implications for Government Policies.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a significant respiratory disease and is globally ranked as the third leading cause of death. In Canada, the direct healthcare costs associated with COPD are estimated to be $1.5 billion annually. This study utilized quantitative analyses to examine the impact of specific dimensions of social support, namely, guidance, reliable alliance, reassurance of worth, attachment, and social integration within a clinically identified population of individuals with COPD who exhibit symptoms of depression and anxiety. The study was based on the Social Provisions Theory and stress-buffering hypothesis, utilizing large-scale population data from Statistics Canada's 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) Mental Health component. On a national scale, individuals were more likely to report a decreased sense of belonging to a group of friends (social integration) and struggle to depend on others in stressful times (reliable alliance) while experiencing symptoms of anxiety and depression. These findings underscore the potential benefits of integrating peer support, socialization initiatives, and caregiver training into clinical programs designed for individuals with COPD.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Canadian Adults: to what Extent Might Social Support Subdomains and Negative Social Interactions Predict Psychological Distress?

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) may involve persistent and unwarranted anxiety, fear, and rumination, combined with various somatic symptoms (e.g., fatigue, dizziness, muscle tension, and nausea) which may compel many to withdraw socially. While studies report an inverse relationship between social support and psychological distress among adults with GAD, those that assess the distinct influence of negative social relations, particularly by sex are limited. The primary aims of this study were to (a) assess and compare respondents with a lifetime of GAD in terms of levels of perceived social support (using the Social Provisions Scale - 10 Items (SPS-10) Scale), negative social interactions (using the Negative Social Interaction (NSI) Scale) and psychological distress (using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10)), and (b) determine whether SPS-10 subdomains and NSIs predict psychological distress. Compared with a matched sample without GAD, respondents with GAD were more likely to be single, divorced, and have lower incomes. Respondents with GAD also had lower overall SPS-10 scores, and lower scores for each subdomain (i.e., 'guidance', 'reliable alliance', 'reassurance of worth', 'attachment', and 'social integration'), and higher NSI and K10 scores. Although no difference in psychological distress was observed between men and women with GAD, men had lower SPS-10 scores (overall and for each subdomain), while women had higher NSIs scores. A subsequent hierarchical regression for respondents with GAD revealed that 'social integration' and 'reassurance of worth' predicted lower psychological distress, while higher NSI scores predicted higher psychological distress. Finding implications and future research are discussed.

An exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis among Malaysian elderly

Low awareness and underdeveloped instruments evaluating elderly Malaysians’ well-being, social support, and independence necessitate lubben social network scale (LSNS), social provisions scale (SPS), Katz activities of daily living (ADL), and life satisfaction index (LSI) development and evaluation involving 201 60-year-old males and females (purposive samples) in Kuching and Bintulu participated (June to August 2022). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) examined the construct validity of LSNS, SPS, Katz ADL, and LSI, whereas principal axis factoring (paf) and orthogonal (varimax) rotation with Kaiser Normalisation validated their psychometric properties and internal consistency reliability using Cronbach’s alpha. Social integration (0.94), reassurance of worth (0.91), attachment (0.90), sense of reliable alliance (0.78), and guidance (0.74) have eigenvalues >1 in the SPS-10 EFA; good Cronbach’s alpha reliability values. Family (0.77) and friends (0.73) of LSNS-6 factors have eigenvalues >1, good Cronbach’s alpha reliability values. Acceptance-contentment (0.87) and Achievement-fulfilment (0.72) had eigenvalues >1 in the Life Satisfaction Index-Z EFA, good Cronbach’s alpha reliability values. In the EFA of Katz ADL, single items with factor loadings ≥0.5: bathing, dressing, toileting, transferring, and feeding; loadings <0.3: Continence; Cronbach’s alpha reliability value was 0.95. LSNS, SPS, Katz ADL, and LSI were valid and reliable instruments measuring elderly well-being, social support, and independence. Confirmatory factor analyses will revalidate it in different populations.

Cut or Close in? Examining Social Relations from Stakeholders Perspective Towards Family Business Success

Stakeholder social support is integral to the thriving of the succesors in a family business. The paper aims to develop an understanding about the provisions of social nudge that influence the support of stakeholders (viz., life partner, investor, community of entrepreneur, expert, venture partner and employee) towards the role of successor in the family business. Implicit in many discussions of congruence of gender roles and job roles is the idea of perceived incongruity between the female gender role and leadership roles. We address whether this intuition is supported by the empirical data in the context of 218 family businesses i.e., 1,308 stakeholders. The role is understood in terms of the gender role congruity of the successor, in simple words, the effect of the gender of the successor in shaping the social support from stakeholders. Network Relationship Inventory-Social Provisions Version (NRI-SPV) (Furman & Buhrmester, 1985) is used to conceptualize social provisions and thus, is used to measure stakeholders’ social nudge. The results imply that social nudge comprises of antagonism as negative quality and affection, nurturance and reassurance of worth as positive quality. The positive and negative social nudge by the stakeholders along with the gender effect determines the support of stakeholders towards the family business successor. Moderation analysis further reveals that gender influences the stakeholders’ positive and negative qualities.

Peer support in an outpatient clinic for people living with human immunodeficiency virus: a qualitative study of service users\u2019 experiences

BackgroundAlthough human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has become a manageable condition with increasing life expectancy, people living with HIV (PLHIV) are still often isolated from society due to stigma and discrimination. Peer support provides one avenue for increased social support. Given the limited research on peer support from the perspective of PLHIV, this study explored their experiences of peer support organised by healthcare professionals in an outpatient clinical setting.MethodsThe study used a qualitative, descriptive research design for an in-depth understanding of peer support provided to PLHIV in the context of outpatient clinics. Healthcare professionals contributed to the recruitment of 16 participants. We conducted in-depth interviews about participants’ experiences of peer support, and performed a directed content analysis of the data. Further, we sorted the data into pre-determined categories.ResultsThe pre-determined categories constituted attachment, social integration, an opportunity for nurturance, reassurance of worth, reliable alliance, and guidance. The identified themes were: gained emotional support, disclosure behaviour allowed garnering of emotional support, non-disclosure promoted the need to meet a peer, experienced a sense of belonging, activated an opportunity for mutual support, means to re-establish belief in one’s own worth, perceived a positive affirmation of disease management, facilitated dialogue about disease management, the outpatient clinic as a safe place, and a setting for flexible, individualised support.ConclusionsThis study highlights the peer support experiences of PLHIV in the context of outpatient clinics. The participants’ experiences align with previous findings, showing that peer support contributes to mutual emotional support between peers. This is particularly important in cultures of non-disclosure where PLHIV experience intersectional stigma. Additionally, our results show outpatient clinics to be supportive surroundings for facilitating peer support, ensuring confidentiality in peer support outreach. Therefore, peer support contributes positively to individualising outpatient clinic services to meet the changing needs of PLHIV.

Communication in Pharmacy Higher Education to Improve Work-life and Mitigate Burnout

Objective. To identify the content, style, timing, tone, and initiation of communication that best connotes "reassurance of worth" from peers and supervisors in pharmacy academia.Methods. This study employed semi-structured interviews to acquire in-depth information from pharmacy faculty through a purposive sampling process. Academicians who had published in the area of work-life and/or were deemed likely to make substantial contributions to the interview were asked to participate. Participants represented a cross section of pharmacy faculty in terms of discipline, institution, and demographic characteristics. An interview guide was constructed based on motivating language theory and provisions of social relationships theory. Interviews were conducted via Zoom and transcribed verbatim. Themes were gleaned using open coding, then audited and checked.Results. Data saturation occurred after eight interviews. Two primary themes emerged: guidance, particularly related to professional development and tenure; and reassurance of worth through invited participation, praise, and/or rewards. Interviewees highlighted the importance of empathetic yet practical language among peers, and supervisor-initiated, meaning-making language rather than generic platitudes.Conclusion. Empathetic, personal language that provides guidance and reassurance of worth can enhance pharmacy faculty contributions and mitigate burnout. Invitations to collaborate are seen by faculty as collegial and engaging. This study demonstrated the usefulness of motivating language theory and social provisions in guiding communications among pharmacy academicians.

Exploring Social Context and Psychological Distress in Adult Canadians with Cannabis Use Disorder: To What Extent Do Social Isolation and Negative Relationships Predict Mental Health?

The objectives of this study were to explore perceived social support, negative social interactions, and psychological distress in Canadian adults who experience lifetime abuse, or dependence on cannabis (ADC), and to determine whether, and the extent to which variables of interest predict psychological distress. Data were extracted from a cross-sectional, national datafile representing a sample of 1503 individuals who met the criteria for a lifetime prevalence of ADC. Levels of perceived overall social support, and several subtypes were measured using the Social Provisions Scale (SPS), negative social interactions were assessed using the Negative Social Interaction (NSI) scale, and psychological distress was examined using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). It was observed that Canadians with ADC had significantly lower SPS scores (overall, and by subtype) and significantly higher NSI and K10 scores compared with the overall Canadian adult sample. An exploratory stepwise regression revealed that NCI scores were the most significant, positive predictor of psychological distress, which alone accounted for 20 percent of the variance, followed by reassurance of worth, attachment, and social integration which were inversely related to psychological distress. With the recent legalization of cannabis in Canada, the results of this study suggest that abuse may strongly link with negative social consequences that might serve to exacerbate psychological distress. As such, it might be beneficial to clearly understand one’s social context when considering medicinal purposes of cannabis for mental health symptom management. Further, the findings also suggest that patients with cannabis addiction will likely benefit from receiving particular forms of social support. Limitations of this study and future research are considered.

Positive Mental Health in Youth with ADHD: Exploring the Role of Social Support

Positive mental health in youth has important implications for overall well-being. This study examined the extent to which different types of social support are associated with positive mental health among individuals, ages 15–24, diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Compared to respondents without a diagnosis of ADHD, those with a diagnosis had significantly lower scores on measures of positive mental health and on four of five types of social support. Among the five types of social support, social integration and reassurance of worth were found to be significant predictors of positive mental health in respondents diagnosed with ADHD.

Examination of Gender Differences in the Influence of Social Support on Psychological Distress in Canadian Adults with Bipolar Disorder.

The objectives of this study were to determine whether gender differences exist in how social support, and different types of support, impact psychological distress among Canadian adults with bipolar I and bipolar II disorder (BD), to examine whether females and males with BD differ in their perceived levels of support and distress compared to females and males without BD, and to investigate whether females and males with BD perceive different levels of support and distress. Using a cross-sectional, national datafile, 281 females and 282 males (20-64years) who reported being diagnosed with BD were investigated using the Social Provisions Scale (SPS) and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). It was found that females and males with BD had significantly lower SPS scores and significantly higher K10 scores than females and males without BD, females with BD perceive significantly higher overall support, as well as higher attachment and guidance compared to males with BD, and support in the form of social integration and was associated with decreased psychological distress for both males and females with BD. Furthermore, reassurance of worth was an additional predictor of decreased distress for males, while guidance was an additional predictor of decreased distress for females. Despite the limitations, which include self-reported diagnosis of BD and potential exclusion of those who are not diagnosed but have BD, these findings suggest that different types of social support may serve as protective factors for psychological distress among females and males with BD.

Factors associated with secondary traumatic stress and burnout in neonatal care staff: A cross-sectional survey study.

High rates of secondary traumatic stress and burnout have been found across nursing populations. However, few studies have focused on neonatal staff. The objectives of this article are to explore the prevalence and severity of secondary traumatic stress (STS) and burnout in neonatal staff, and identify risk factors and protective factors for STS and burnout within this population with the aim of informing future staff support. A quantitative, cross-sectional study using a survey design was conducted; 246 neonatal staff reported measures of STS, burnout, self-compassion and satisfaction with ward climate. Neonatal staff reported high rates of moderate-severe STS and burnout. STS and burnout were negatively associated with self-compassion and satisfaction with ward climate, suggesting them to be protective factors against STS and burnout. STS was found to be a risk factor for burnout and vice versa. Interventions that increase understanding of STS and burnout, nurture self-compassion, provide support and enhance stress management could help mitigate the impact of STS and burnout amongst neonatal staff.

Can robots tackle late-life loneliness? Scanning of future opportunities and challenges in assisted living facilities

This future-oriented study examines the opportunities and challenges offered by social robots and communication technology when aiming to decrease emotional and social loneliness in older people residing in assisted living (AL). The paper draws on prior literature on loneliness, elder care and social robots. The aim is to scan the futures regarding technology support for the frail older people in future AL. The analytical frame was built on Robert Weiss’ division of relational functions: attachment, social integration, opportunity for nurturance, reassurance of worth, sense of reliable alliance, and guidance in stressful situations, and on a distinction between direct and indirect social robots. Our examinations show that social robots could tackle both emotional and social loneliness in assisted living by empowering people to engage in different forms of social interaction inside and outside the facility. However, ethical concerns of objectification, lack of human contact, and deception need to be thoroughly considered when implementing social robots in care for frail older people.

No Longer an Island: A Social Network Intervention Engaging Black Men Through CBPR.

The aim of this study was to assess outcomes from a multilevel social network intervention to promote the health of Black men. Through a community–academic collaboration and using a participatory research approach, we implemented the intervention over 4 years in a 110-block area of an urban neighborhood. The project aimed to implement a neighborhood peer outreach and leadership network to strengthen social support of Black men and increase community and family engagement. Intervention activities included three 12-month intergenerational peer support groups (N = 46), a door-to-door outreach campaign (N = 186), media and communication efforts, and a community partner network. Primary outcomes for the peer support groups were measured using a pretest/posttest cohort design and included social support, perceived stress, social capital, and global self-esteem. Primary outcomes for the door-to-door outreach campaign were measured using a repeated cross-sectional design and included a sense of community, neighborhood social interaction, perceived neighborhood control, and self-rated health status. Significant findings from the peer support groups included an increase in social support overall (p = .027), driven by improvements in guidance, reliable alliance, and reassurance of worth; and an improvement in perceived stress (p = .047). Significant findings from the door-to-door outreach campaign included increases in neighborhood social interaction (p < .0001) and perceived neighborhood control (p = .036). This project provides evidence that a participatory approach to planning and delivering a health promotion intervention aimed at creating positive social spaces and enhancing social connections can result in significant outcomes and successful engagement of Black men.

Examining the Influence of Social Support on Psychological Distress in a Canadian Population with Symptoms of Mania.

Individuals who experience symptoms of mania in the form of a manic episode (ME) are at a greater risk of experiencing psychological distress. Given thata ME is a period during which one can become extremely socially dysfunctional, the potential influence of social support is especially important to explore. The primary objective of this study was to examine whether perceived social support predicts psychological distress in a sample of Canadian adults who have self-reported ME symptoms within the last 12-months. Using a cross-sectional, national datafile, 220 Canadians between 20 and 64years who met the criteria for a ME within the last 12-months were investigated using the Social Provisions Scale (SPS), and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). Results indicated that the ME sample experienced significantly higher distress and significantly lower perceived social support than the adult Canadian population. Further, social support in the form of reassurance of worth was associated with lower levels of psychological distress, but only for the male ME sample, and the overall (male and female combined) ME sample. Despite some limitations, this study adds to the research on mania as its own experience outside of comorbidities and indicates the important and specific role social support plays in terms of psychological well-being.

School Engagement Predictors for Indonesian Islamic Student

Throughout Indonesia, at all levels of higher education and schools, an increased rate of boredom, dropout risk, decreased involvement and low academic achievement is directly related to low school engagement. The Education of Islamic School (Pesantren) is known as one of the highest risks of disengages. The 2015 PISA study results for engagement and motivation in learning ranked Indonesia in the 62nd position out of a possible 70. Thus, Indonesia is perceived as having a low level of learning engagement. This study examines the effect of self-efficacy, self-concept, and social support regarding school engagement. The study sample included 213 Senior High School students from the Assa'adah Islamic Boarding School (Pesantren). The sample was taken using a simple random sampling technique. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the data. Study results show that there is a significantly positive effect when self-efficacy, self-concept, and social support are able to influence school engagement. The significant variance in the proportion of school engagement was 97.9% for all independent variables and the rest was explained by the residual. The Results for minor hypotheses shows that eight variables significantly affected school engagement namely initiative, persistence, effort, self-evaluation, attachment, guidance, a reassurance of worth and social integration. Other variables had no significant effect on school engagement.

Perceived Social Support and University Adjustment among Spanish College Students

&lt;p style="text-align:justify"&gt;Previous studies have confirmed that perceived social support facilitates university adjustment during emerging adulthood. Less is known, however, about the specific dimensions of social support that foster successful transition to university. This research represents the first attempt to examine the combined effects of social provisions, sense of support and perceived acceptance on each facet of adaptation to higher education. The sample consisted of 198 women and 102 men, of average age 18.03 years (SD = 0.52), enrolled in the first year of different degree courses at a public university. Three measures were used to assess various dimensions of perceived social support: the Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ6), the Perceived Acceptance Scale (PAS) and Social Provisions Scale (SPS). The measures of the various facets of university adjustment were obtained from the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ). Regression analysis indicated that reassurance of worth and perceived acceptance by friends were the dimensions that best predicted all facets of university adjustment. The findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of how perception of social support could be used to develop effective intervention strategies and programmes to prevent failure at university.&lt;/p&gt;

Pengaruh Self Efficacy Dan Dukungan Sosial Terhadap Optimisme Karyawan Kontrak Uin Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

This study was conducted to determine the factors that affect optimism on employee contract, that involved 217 contract employees of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Nonprobability sampling was used as sampling technique. Instruments in this study using an adaptation of optimism scale which is Life Orientation test- revised , and a modified scale of Generl Self Efficacy Scale, and the last one is adaptation of social support scale from Weiss (at Cutrona, 1987). While the method of analysis using multiple regression by SPSS software, Lisrel was used for construct validity testing. The result showed that there was a significant effect of self efficacy variables (innitiative, effort, and persistence) and social support (attachment, social integration, reassurance of worth, reliable alliance, guidance, and opportunity for nurturance) to optimism on contract employees. Although it was found that the results showed from nine independent variables there is only six independent variable that significantly affects the optimism of the contract employees was innitiative, effort, persistence, attachment, social integration and reliable alliance. DOI:10.15408/tazkiya.v22i2.8407

The Impact of Communication Impairments on the Social Relationships of Older Adults: Pathways to Psychological Well-Being.

Purpose Social contact is known to be vital for older adults' mental and physical health but, because communication impairments often co-occur with other types of disability, it is difficult to generalize about the relative impact of a communication impairment on the social relationships of older adults. Specific aims of the study were to examine whether the severity of a communication impairment was associated with a range of social measures and to examine the association between these characteristics and psychological well-being. Method Community-dwelling older adults ranging in age from 65 to 94 were recruited for the study of Communication, Health, Aging, Relationship Types and Support. The sample included 240 participants with communication disorders arising from a variety of etiologies including hearing impairment, voice disorders, head and neck cancer, and neurologic disease, as well as older adults without a communication disorder. Results Communication impairment was a significant independent predictor for key characteristics of social relationships, including the number of friends in the social network, two types of social support, the frequency of social participation, and social self-efficacy. Communication impairment was also a significant predictor for higher levels of loneliness and depression. In addition, two distinct pathways between communication impairment and psychological well-being were identified, with social self-efficacy and reassurance of worth as mediators. Conclusions Even after controlling for age, gender, health, and disability, communication impairment is a significant independent predictor for key aspects of the social function of older adults and demonstrates two distinct pathways to loneliness and depression. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.7250282.

Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of a Home Vegetable Gardening Intervention among Older Cancer Survivors Shows Feasibility, Satisfaction, and Promise in Improving Vegetable and Fruit Consumption, Reassurance of Worth, and the Trajectory of Central Adiposity

BackgroundHolistic approaches are sought to improve lifestyle behaviors and health of cancer survivors long term. ObjectiveOur aim was to explore whether a home-based vegetable gardening intervention is feasible and whether it improves diet and other health-related outcomes among older cancer survivors. DesignWe conducted a feasibility trial in which cancer survivors were randomized to receive a year-long gardening intervention immediately or to a wait-list control arm. Home visits at baseline and 1 year assessed physical performance, anthropometric indices, behavioral and psychosocial outcomes, and biomarkers. Participants/settingParticipants included 46 older (aged 60+ years) survivors of locoregionally staged cancers across Alabama from 2014 to 2016. Forty-two completed 1-year follow-up. InterventionCooperative extension master gardeners delivered guidance to establish three seasonal vegetable gardens at survivors’ homes. Plants, seeds, and gardening supplies were provided. OutcomesPrimary outcomes were feasibility targets of 80% accrual and retention, and an absence of serious adverse events; other outcomes were secondary and explored potential benefits. Statistical analysesBaseline to follow-up changes were assessed within and between arms using paired t, McNemar’s, and χ2 tests. ResultsThis trial proved to be safe and demonstrated 91.3% retention; 70% of intervention participants rated their experience as “excellent,” and 85% would “do it again.” Data suggest significantly increased reassurance of worth (+0.49 vs −0.45) and attenuated increases in waist circumference (+2.30 cm vs +7.96 cm) in the gardening vs control arms (P=0.02). Vegetable and fruit consumption increased by approximately 1 serving/day within the gardening arm from baseline to follow-up (mean [standard error]=1.34 [1.2] to 2.25 [1.9] servings/day; P=0.02)] compared to controls (1.22 [1.1] to 1.12 [0.7]; P=0.77; between-arm P=0.06). ConclusionsThe home vegetable gardening intervention among older cancer survivors was feasible and suggested improvements in vegetable and fruit consumption and reassurance of worth; data also suggest attenuated increases in waist circumference. Continued study of vegetable gardening interventions is warranted to improve health, health behaviors, and well-being of older cancer survivors.

Associations between the dimensions of perceived togetherness, loneliness, and depressive symptoms among older Finnish people

ABSTRACTObjectives: We studied the associations between perceived togetherness, depressive symptoms, and loneliness over a six-month period among 222 people aged 75–79 who reported loneliness or depressive mood at baseline.Method: The present cross-lagged models utilized baseline and six-month follow-up data of a randomized controlled trial that examined the effects of a social intervention on loneliness and depression (ISRCTN78426775). Dimensions of perceived togetherness, i.e. attachment, social integration, guidance, alliance, nurturance, and reassurance of worth, were measured with the Social Provisions Scale, depressive symptoms with a short form of the Geriatric Depression Scale, and loneliness with a single item.Results: After controlling for baseline loneliness and depressive symptoms, baseline higher attachment in all participants and baseline higher opportunity for nurturance in the social intervention group predicted lower depressive mood at follow-up. No cross-lagged associations between the dimensions of perceived togetherness at baseline and loneliness at follow-up were observed. In addition, depressive symptoms and loneliness at baseline tended to negatively predict the dimensions of perceived togetherness at follow-up.Discussion: Depressive symptoms and loneliness appear to be precursor for perceived togetherness, rather than dimensions of perceived togetherness to be antecedents of loneliness and depressiveness among older people.

The effect of depressive symptoms on social support one year following traumatic injury

BackgroundDepression is a common mental health outcome after traumatic injury, negatively impacting physical outcomes and increasing the cost of care. Research shows that the presence and quality of support is a leading protective factor against depression post-injury; however, research is vague on the directional effects of both factors over the course of recovery. Methods130 patients admitted to a Level I Trauma Center were recruited to a prospective study examining overall outcomes one-year after injury. Effects of social support and depression at baseline and 12-months post-injury were examined using correlational and cross-lagged path model analyses. Additional follow-up analyses were conducted for depression on specific types of social support. ResultsFindings replicated previous research suggesting depression and social support were inversely related. Initial depression at time of traumatic injury was predictive of social support 12-months after their injury, but initial social support levels did not significantly predict depression at 12-months. Additionally, initial depression significantly predicted attachment, social integration, reassurance of worth, and guidance 12-months later. LimitationsFindings of the analyses are limited by lack of experimentation and inability to control for other related variables. ConclusionsFindings of the present study support the notion that initial depression predicts poorer social support in recovery, in lieu of prevailing theory (i.e., initial support buffers against later depression) in a sample of trauma patients. These findings highlight the need for medical staff to target specific factors during inpatient stay, such as addressing depressive symptoms and preparing family members and caregivers prior to discharge.