Reasons For Exercise Inventory Research Articles

Tele-Exercise During COVID-19: Effectiveness of an Adaptive Seated Intervention for Adults With Chronic Neurological Impairments

<h3>Research Objectives</h3> To investigate the effect of a novel home-based tele-exercise program on personal engagement, quality of life, and physical wellness in adults with chronic neurological impairments. <h3>Design</h3> A randomized controlled trial. <h3>Setting</h3> Virtual study: participants exercise at home with guided feedback from an adaptive fitness instructor. <h3>Participants</h3> 63 adults with chronic neurological impairments (49 Multiple Sclerosis, 4 Spinal cord injury, 3 Friedreich's Ataxia, 3 Transverse myelitis, 2 Neuromyelitis Optica, 1 Myotonic Dystrophy) across U.S., Canada, and Europe participated in the entirely virtual study. <h3>Interventions</h3> All participants received the home-based seated exercise program that included power posture, boxing, and high intensity interval training for 45 minutes, 3 times per week for 3 months. The synchronous group (n=33) exercised with the fitness instructor at the scheduled time using a web-based video chat conference platform. The asynchronous group (n=30) received video recordings of the exercise sessions each week. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), Reasons for Exercise Inventory (REI), Physical health (SF-36), and Perceived Wellness Scale (PWS) were measured at baseline, mid-study, end of study, and one month follow up. All assessments were completed online on REDCap. <h3>Results</h3> Within groups, the synchronous group demonstrated a statistically significant result in PACES (p< 0.01) and physical health (p=0.02). The -asynchronous group significantly improved in motivation over time (p=0.03). The remaining assessments in both groups were not significant over time. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The COVID pandemic has influenced in-person physical, social, and emotional engagement for all populations across the lifespan. Individuals with CNI who require regular exercise and physical activity may demonstrate benefits from guided virtual exercise programs that foster social interaction, personal engagement and physical well-being. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

The role of depression, eating disorder symptoms, and exercise in young adults' quality of life

ObjectiveEating disorder (ED) symptoms are negatively associated with quality of life (QOL), while exercise is typically positively associated with QOL. Past studies have not examined the relative contribution of depression to this outcome. This study examined the influence of ED symptoms, exercise frequency, and exercise motivation on global QOL in undergraduates while accounting for the shared relationship between ED symptoms and depression. MethodStudents (N = 851) completed the EDE-Q, Reasons for Exercise Inventory, BDI-II, Quality of Life Inventory, and a 1-month exercise timeline followback calendar. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to examine the relative contributions of ED symptoms, depression, and exercise variables to QOL. ResultsShape concern and BDI-II scores accounted for significant variance in QOL scores. Depressive symptoms, however, accounted for 9.55% of the unique variance in QOL, while shape concern accounted for only 0.77%. Exercise frequency did not explain significant variance in QOL. The motivations of exercising for mood improvement and for enjoyment explained significant variance in QOL. No interactions between exercise frequency and exercise motivations were significant. In the final model, identifying as a woman was associated with decreased QOL. DiscussionResults suggest that studies examining the impact of disordered eating and exercise on QOL should account for depression due to depression's high comorbidity with EDs and its influence on exercise behavior and motivation. Additionally, results support findings that factors such as exercise motivation may better account for differences in QOL than exercise frequency.

Validity of Exercise Measures in Adults with Anorexia Nervosa: The EDE, Compulsive Exercise Test and Other Self‐Report Scales

Compulsive exercise is a prominent feature for the majority of patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN), but there is a dearth of research evaluating assessment instruments. This study assessed the concurrent validity of the exercise items of the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) and Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q), with the Compulsive Exercise Test (CET) and other self-report exercise measures in patients with AN. We also aimed to perform validation of the CET in an adult clinical sample. The sample consisted of 78 adults with AN, recruited for the randomized controlled trial "Taking a LEAP forward in the treatment of anorexia nervosa." At baseline, participants completed the EDE, EDE-Q, CET, Reasons for Exercise Inventory (REI), Commitment to Exercise Scale (CES) and Exercise Beliefs Questionnaire (EBQ). Correlational and regression analyses were performed. EDE exercise days and exercise time per day were positively correlated with each other and with all CET subscales (except Lack of exercise enjoyment), CES mean, EBQ total and REI total. Exercise time per day was associated with a higher EDE global score. The CET demonstrated good concurrent validity with the CES, the REI and the EBQ. Of the self-reports, the CET explained the greatest variance in eating disorder psychopathology and demonstrated good to excellent reliability in this sample. The EDE and EDE-Q demonstrated good concurrent validity with the CET. Further research is required to evaluate the CET's factor structure in a large clinical sample. However, the CET has demonstrated strong clinical utility in adult patients with AN. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:533-541).

Exercise dependence score in patients with longstanding eating disorders and controls: The importance of affect regulation and physical activity intensity

To examine associations among exercise dependence score, amount of physical activity and eating disorder (ED) symptoms in patients with longstanding ED and non-clinical controls. Adult female inpatients (n = 59) and 53 age-matched controls participated in this cross sectional study. Assessments included the eating disorders examination, eating disorders inventory, exercise dependence scale, reasons for exercise inventory, and MTI Actigraph accelerometer. Positive associations were found among vigorous, not moderate, physical activity, exercise dependence score and ED symptoms in patients. In the controls, ED symptoms were negatively associated with vigorous physical activity and not correlated with exercise dependence score. Exercise for negative affect regulation, not weight/appearance, and amount of vigorous physical activity were explanatory variables for exercise dependence score in both groups. The positive associations among exercise dependence score, vigorous physical activity and ED symptoms need proper attention in the treatment of longstanding ED.

Physical activity and exercise dependence during inpatient treatment of longstanding eating disorders: An exploratory study of excessive and non‐excessive exercisers

To describe changes in physical activity (PA) and exercise dependence score during treatment of eating disorders (ED), and to explore correlations among changes in PA, exercise motivation, exercise dependence score and ED psychopathology in excessive and non-excessive exercisers. Thirty-eight adult females receiving inpatient treatment for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or ED not otherwise specified participated in this prospective study. Assessments included accelerometer assessed PA, Exercise Dependence Scale, Reasons for Exercise Inventory, ED Examination, and ED Inventory. Amount of PA was significantly reduced in non-excessive exercisers during treatment, in excessive exercisers there was a trend towards reduced amount of PA from admission to discharge. In excessive exercisers, reduced ED psychopathology was correlated with reduction in exercise dependence score and perceived importance of exercise to regulate negative affects, but not with importance of exercise for weight/appearance. These associations were not found in non-excessive exercisers. Excessive exercise is an important issue in longstanding ED, and the excessive exercising patients need help to develop alternative strategies to regulate negative affects.

“I'm not physically active ‐ I only go for walks”: Physical activity in patients with longstanding eating disorders

To examine self reported versus objectively assessed moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and different reasons for exercise, in patients with longstanding eating disorders (ED) when compared with controls. Inpatient females (n = 59, mean 30.1 years) and nonclinical age matched controls (n = 53, mean 31.3 years) accepted participation in this cross sectional study. Instruments included accelerometer ActiGraph, physical activity diary, Reasons for Exercise Inventory, and Eating Disorders Examination interview. Self reported and objectively assessed MVPA were higher across all ED diagnoses when compared with controls. The patients' self reported MVPA was lower than the objectively assessed MVPA; no difference was found in controls. Regulation of negative affects, not weight/appearance, was a more important, whereas fitness/health was a less important reason for exercise in patients than controls. The underreporting of MVPA in some patients with ED may warrant clinical attention.

RELATIONSHIPS AMONG BMI, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AND REASONS FOR EXERCISE IN MALE AND FEMALE COLLEGE STUDENTS

Knowing what motivates individuals to exercise is important in selecting appropriate intervention strategies to increase regular activity. PURPOSE: To assess relationships among body mass index (BMI), reasons for exercise, and exercise patterns. METHODS: Subjects (108 women & 53 men, 18–33 y) were surveyed as a part of an extra credit opportunity in an introductory psychology class. Students completed the Silberstein Reasons for Exercise Inventory (REI), a physical activity survey (PAS), and a demographic data sheet for determination of age, gender, weight, and height. Seven REI subscales (exercising for weight control, fitness, mood, attractiveness, health, enjoyment and toning) were used. The PAS applied CDC definitions for regular, moderate-intensity, and vigorous-intensity activity in the assessment of exercise 6 months earlier, during the past month, and planned for 6 months in the future. RESULTS: Gender analyses revealed significant differences in REI and BMI but not PAS. Males had significantly higher BMI (25.3 + 5.3 kg/m2) and were more likely to report exercising for enjoyment (4.8 + 1.5) than were females (BMI = 22.2 + 3.4 kg/m2, enjoyment = 4.0 + 1.6; p < .05 for all analyses). Yet, females were more likely to exercise for weight control (5.0 + 1.2) and to improve tone (4.6 + 1.4) than were males (weight control = 3.8 + 1.4; tone = 3.9 + 1.5, p < .05 for all analyses). Given the gender differences, relationships between BMI and REI were determined for males and females separately. While a significant relationship between BMI and exercise for weight control was observed for males (r = .284, p < .05), no significant relationships were observed for females. Overall, a significant inverse relationship was found between BMI and frequency of past (r = −.216), present (r = −.257) and future (r = −.165) moderate intensity activity (p < .05). CONCLUSION: Moderate-intensity activity was related to lower BMI in both sexes, but the sexes differed in motivation to exercise for weight loss and in how that desire related to BMI.

Motivations to exercise as a function of personality characteristics, age, and gender

The purpose of this study was to investigate the simultaneous influence of age, gender, physical-activity level, and personality factors on the reasons that individuals participate in leisure-time physical activity. In previous research only a few studies have considered potentially influential factors besides gender. Preliminary factor analytic procedures tested the independence of the seven original subscales of the Reasons for Exercise Inventory (REI). Since the fit of the initial model to the data was poor, modifications were made. Regression analyses indicated few age or gender differences in the reasons reported for exercising. Extraversion and neuroticism were, however, positively correlated with several of the REI scales—findings that can be explained theoretically. Results underscore the importance of taking account of individual differences in efforts to understand what motivates individuals to engage in exercise activities.