Reasonable Layout Research Articles

Failure characteristics and stress field distribution law of roadway in downward mining of deep close distance coal seam

Deep close distance coal seam mining is affected by the goaf of upper coal and remaining coal pillar, and the roadway of lower coal is difficult to maintain stability. By means of theoretical analysis, physical simulation test and numerical simulation, this paper analyzes the failure characteristics of roadway in deep close distance coal seam and the evolution law of stress field, and optimizes the reasonable layout of lower coal roadway. The results show that: (1) The analytical formula of the evolution of the floor principal stress difference with depth is derived theoretically, and the distribution law of the shear stress of the rock mass in the floor of the coal seam is obtained. (2) The airway below the goaf can maintain good stability. High stress accumulation phenomenon occurs in the transport roadway below the coal pillar, which can not keep stable. (3) Due to the stress difference under the goaf and the coal pillar, the shear stress increases and the rock mass is damaged, and the left gang of the transport roadway is prone to instability destruction. (4) By comparing the distribution characteristics of plastic zones of transport roadway at different locations, it is determined that the transport roadway is more appropriate to be arranged 45 m below the coal pillar from the goaf.

Research on the Influencing Factors of Art Intervention in the Environmental Graphics of Rural Cultural Tourism Space

In the development of rural revitalization, the art intervention in rural cultural tourism has become a hot topic recently. With the advent of the new media era, it is particularly important to study the factors that affect the artistic value of environmental graphic design. This study proposes six dimensions of environmental graphic design for rural cultural tourism through literature analysis and experience summary, which are refined into 21 impact indicators. It is based on the case of the environmental graphic publicity of cultural tourism in Chongqing Nanshan Cattle Village, using the SBE beauty evaluation method to evaluate the influencing factors, while using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to measure each indicator. The consistency of the two evaluation methods verifies the feasibility of the influencing factors, and this study found the influence of visuality, cultural nature, artistic nature, interactivity, spatiality, and communicativeness on aesthetic value. Moreover, the core of environmental graphic design lies in information transmission, in which artistic nature occupies an important position, while cultural nature, although it has a relatively small weight in aesthetic value, cannot be ignored in social media communication. In terms of visual design, a reasonable layout of equipment significantly enhances visual appeal, while spatial adaptability is considered a key factor. This paper emphasizes the integration of art principles into design to promote sustainable development, while also pointing out that the identification of rural cultural symbols can enhance visitors’ cultural experience. In terms of interactivity, it is crucial to encourage visitors to actively participate and share their experiences, while communication emphasizes the important impact of exposure to rural scenes on brand communication. This research provides systematic theoretical support and practical guidance for the environmental graphic design of rural cultural tourism.

Reasonable layout range of lower mining roadways in the close and variable interval coal seams mining: a case study.

In the context of close-distance coal seam mining, the stress transfer mechanism following the extraction of the upper coal seam is crucial for the layout of roadways in the lower coal seam. This study utilizes ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to analyze the stability and plastic zone extent of residual coal pillars after upper seam extraction. A theoretical model for the stress distribution of multiple goaves and coal pillars was established. Based on a case study with variable inter-seam spacing, the stress distribution and transfer mechanisms of the floor were analyzed. The results indicate that during the transition from the center of the coal pillar to the goaf, stress concentration initially decreases significantly and then gradually returns to the original rock stress, forming a distinct stress gradient distribution. As the depth of the floor strata increases, the weight of the overlying strata is more evidently transferred through the coal pillars to the goaf. Finally, a reasonable layout range for the lower seam mining roadways under different inter-seam spacings is proposed, providing a reference for optimizing roadway layout in similar geological conditions.

Rescue guiders layout study based on a two-layer optimization framework

In an emergency evacuation, the free evacuation of pedestrians can make the entire evacuation process slow and dangerous. To limit the free behavior of pedestrians and reduce the interaction between pedestrians, a reasonable layout of the guider can improve the efficiency and safety of evacuation. How to set the number, location, and exit allocation of guiders requires further investigation. In the current study, we transform the evacuation into a multi-objective optimization problem. A two-layer optimization framework is developed. In the upper level, the improved NSGA-II multi-objective algorithm is introduced to generate the favorable guider layout, and a chromosome fragment deletion operator is added to improve the optimization efficiency. In the lower layer, the agent movement simulation model is used to simulate the evacuation dynamic of crowd under the favorable guider layout. The variables of this multi-objective solution model in the upper layer are the number and location of the guiders. The evacuation time and agent movement cost are calculated by the lower layer simulation as the objective values of the solution sample, and guide the iterative search process to obtain more reasonable optimization results. The developed model is verified and then applied to a fictional scenario. The number, initial position and exit allocation of guiders are obtained by optimizing the iterative process. The results show that the near optimal solution can be applied in various visibility conditions, and the evacuation efficiency is much higher than that of unguided evacuation. This optimization framework can provide theoretical and methodological support for emergency evacuation planning.

Built-in electric field mediated S-scheme high-quality charge separation in BiVO4/NiAl-LDH heterojunction for highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics

As an up and coming technology for antibiotics removal from water, photocatalysis required well-pleasing charge isolation, migration, and utilization efficiency to come true an efficaciously photocatalytic performance, but developing affordable and high-efficiency photocatalyst remains a great challenging. Herein, an emerging S-scheme BiVO4/NiAl-LDH heterojunction was ingeniously fabricated by mulberry-like BiVO4 microrods immobilized onto the surfaces of flower-like NiAl-LDH microspheres. The physicochemical properties of the BiVO4/NiAl-LDH heterojunctions were analyzed by multiple techniques. Expectedly, the manufactured BiVO4/NiAl-LDH heterojunction endowed a significantly strengthened removal rate of tetracycline compared to mono-component BiVO4 and NiAl-LDH under visible light. Specifically, the optimized BVO-NAL-3 manifested the exceptional tetracycline removal efficiency with an apparent rate constant of up to 0.0409 min−1, which was close to 34.1 and 4.4 times more rapid than those of neat NiAl-LDH and BiVO4, severally. This signal enhancement was centrally related to the creation of S-scheme heterojunction, which accelerated high-quality charge separation and strengthened redox capacity under the force of created a built-in electric field, which was corroborated by experiments results together with density functional theory calculations. Besides, the generation of superoxide radicals and photogenerated holes played an imperative role in the tetracycline degradation over BVO-NAL-3. Noteworthily, BVO-NAL-3 expressed the satisfactory stability and exceptional resistance to environmental interferences. More amazingly, other refractory antibiotics including ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and amoxicillin were also efficaciously eliminated by BVO-NAL-3. Ultimately, the possible degradation mechanism and pathways of tetracycline were logically inferred. This work unveils a valuable afflatus for the reasonable layout and establishment of S-scheme heterojunction with high-quality charge separation for the eradication of antibiotics.

Investigating the Satisfaction of Residents in the Historic Center of Macau and the Characteristics of the Townscape: A Decision Tree Approach to Machine Learning

The historic city of Macau is China’s 31st world heritage site, and its residents have actively contributed to preserving its heritage and will continue to reside there for the foreseeable future. Residents’ satisfaction with the current urban environment is closely related to the landscape characteristics of the towns surrounding the historic center of Macau. This study aims to analyze the relationship between landscape characteristics and residents’ satisfaction, determine the key factors affecting their satisfaction and how they are combined, and provide a scientific basis for urban planning. This study used a decision tree machine learning model to analyze 524 questionnaire survey responses that addressed five aspects of the historic town’s landscape: the architectural, Largo Square, street, mountain and sea, and commercial landscapes. The data-driven approach helped find the best decision path. The results indicate that (1) the layout of Largo Square, the commercial colors and materials, the location of the former humanities and religion center, and the commercial signage system are the primary factors influencing residents’ satisfaction. (2) Incorporating decision tree parameters with information entropy as the splitting criterion and a minimum sample split number of two (with no maximum depth) led to the best performance when investigating residents’ satisfaction with Macau’s historic town landscape characteristics. (3) A reasonable layout for Largo Square (satisfaction > 3.50), prominent and harmonious commercial colors and materials (satisfaction > 3.50), rich cultural and religious elements (satisfaction > 4.50), and an excellent commercial signage system (satisfaction > 4.00) can significantly improve residents’ satisfaction. This provides important empirical support and a reference for urban planning and landscape design in Macau and other historical and cultural cities.

Research on Evaluation of City–Industry Integration in Industrial Parks

The original meaning of city–industry integration should be understood as the coordination, balance, reasonable layout, and mutual support between urban production functional areas and service functional areas, which both have urban populations as their core element. The evaluation of city–industry integration in industrial parks can be carried out from two aspects: land–industry integration and residence–industry integration. The secondary indexes of the former mainly include industrial land efficiency and service sector land efficiency, while the secondary indicators of the latter mainly include supporting rail transit and the matching degree between residence and environment. The output value, land use structure, enterprise profile, employment rates, investments, air quality, rail transit system and other data points regarding sample industrial parks were collected by means of geofencing as well as through the creation of an enterprise credit information database and development area yearbook. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) combined with expert scoring was used to determine the index weights and implement the evaluation of city–industry integration. This study found that city–industry integration in Beijing and the Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zones is at the forefront of sample industrial parks, and the entropy weight evaluation method verified this evaluation result. The analysis of the benchmark development zone of city–industry integration shows that the Chengdu model and the Beijing model are worthy of reference for growing and mature industrial parks when promoting city–industry integration.

Evaluation of the Spatial Pattern of Fitness and Leisure Venues at the City Scale

Reasonable layout of fitness and leisure places is an important part of the implementation of the national fitness strategy. The analysis of the spatial pattern and influence mechanism of fitness and leisure places from the perspective of city has certain guiding significance for optimizing urban planning and construction and rationally allocating sports resources. This paper uses kernel density, buffer zone, inverse distance interpolation, Kriging interpolation, geographical detector and other geographical spatial analysis methods to analyze the spatial distribution pattern and distribution causes of five types of fitness and leisure places in counties (cities, districts) under the jurisdiction of Jinhua City. It is found that the overall spatial distribution characteristics of fitness and leisure places in Jinhua City are ' core-periphery ', and different forms of fitness and leisure places show different distribution characteristics. The spatial pattern of fitness and leisure places in Jinhua City has the characteristics of relying on traffic arteries and high-density population areas, and has a positive correlation with the spatial layout of housing prices. Jinhua fitness and leisure places generally have good traffic accessibility.

Framework for analyzing the relationship between supply, demand, and flow of recreational services in urban park green spaces

Regular recreational activities in urban park green spaces are beneficial to the physical and mental health of residents. The supply capacity of, the residents’ demand for, and the actual flow of recreational services must be distinguished and evaluated to promote the fair and reasonable layout of urban park green spaces. However, the unit dimensions of the supply, demand, and flow indexes of recreational services are often inconsistent or only in simple semiquantitative forms, which cannot be directly compared and analyzed. Thus, this study constructed a research framework of “potential supply/demand–pressure/accessibility–actual supply/demand” for recreational services, and the framework was tested using the central urban area of Xuchang as the experimental area. Results show the following: (1) A spatial mismatch exists in the supply–demand relationship of recreational services in the study area; this relationship is reflected in the semicircular layer structure from the central and southern areas to the periphery, changing from shortage of supply to oversupply. (2) The actual supply of recreational services is highly correlated with the number of people served, which can explain 50.38% of the change in the actual supply. (3) The potential demand for recreational services is highly correlated with the actual demand. It can explain 78.96% of the change in the actual demand. (4) Accessibility is a non-critical factor affecting the travel rate of residential quarters, while supply pressure is a key factor affecting the utilization rate of park green space. The framework can effectively identify important or low-utilization service-providing areas, unmet service-demanding areas, and important service-connecting areas. It is suitable for the study of the relationship between the supply, demand, and flow of user movement-related services.

Potential assessment of CO2 source/sink and its matching research during CCS process of deep unworkable seam

It is of great significance for the engineering popularization of CO2-ECBM technology to evaluate the potential of CCUS source and sink and study the matching of pipeline network of deep unworkable seam. In this study, the deep unworkable seam was taken as the research object. Firstly, the evaluation method of CO2 storage potential in deep unworkable seam was discussed. Secondly, the CO2 storage potential was analyzed. Then, the matching research of CO2 source and sink was carried out, and the pipe network design was optimized. Finally, suggestions for the design of pipe network are put forward from the perspective of time and space scale. The results show that the average annual CO2 emissions of coal-fired power plants vary greatly, and the total emissions are 58.76 million tons. The CO2 storage potential in deep unworkable seam is huge with a total amount of 762 million tons, which can store CO2 for 12.97 years. During the 10-year period, the deep unworkable seam can store 587.6 million tons of CO2, and the cumulative length of pipeline is 251.61 km with requiring a cumulative capital of $ 4.26 × 1010. In the process of CO2 source-sink matching, the cumulative saving mileage of carbon sink is 98.75 km, and the cumulative saving cost is $ 25.669 billion with accounting for 39.25% and 60.26% of the total mileage and cost, respectively. Based on the three-step approach, the whole line of CO2 source and sink in Huainan coalfield can be completed by stages and regions, and all CO2 transportation and storage can be realized. CO2 pipelines include gas collection and distribution branch lines, intra-regional trunk lines, and interregional trunk lines. Based on the reasonable layout of CO2 pipelines, a variety of CCS applications can be simultaneously carried out, intra-regional and inter-regional CO2 transport network demonstrations can be built, and integrated business models of CO2 transport and storage can be simultaneously built on land and sea. The research results can provide reference for the evaluation of CO2 sequestration potential of China's coal bases, and lay a foundation for the deployment of CCUS clusters.

Seismic performance of beam-type covered bridge considering the superstructure – substructure interaction and bearing mechanical property

Modern covered bridges have attracted attention due to their multifaceted commercial functionalities, making them increasingly prevalent in construction projects throughout China. To investigate the seismic performance of the beam-type covered bridge, finite element models (FEMs) of conventional building structure, conventional bridge structure and covered bridge structure were established via OpenSEES. The effects of bearing mechanical properties on the seismic response of the whole covered bridge and impacts of lower bridge structure on the interlayer drift ratio of upper building, as well as influences of upper building structure on bearing displacement and pier displacement and stress were deeply explored by using (Incremental dynamic analysis) IDA method. Furthermore, the seismic performance of the covered bridge was evaluated under two levels of seismic hazards. Results indicate that under the seismic events may occur, the interaction between superstructure and substructure is adverse to the longitudinal seismic performance of the superstructure and wall pier of the covered bridge, but do not significantly impact the lateral seismic response of the superstructure. The existence of the superstructure notably reduces the displacement of bearings. Moreover, higher bearing stiffness lead to a more pronounced interlayer drift ratio within the superstructure of the covered bridge. The influence of bearings on the displacement and stress of wall piers is not affected by the superstructure- substructure interaction. This study involved the nonlinearity of the structure and the randomness of seismic actions and clarified the impacts of factors on the seismic response of the beam-type covered bridge. Finally, a reasonable layout of the bearings was proposed.

Research on High-Pressure Water Jet Interference for Collision Prevention of Waterway Viaduct Piers: Case Study of Guangzhou Lixinsha Bridge

In this paper, with the frequent occurrence of ship–bridge collision accidents as the context and the collision accident of the Lixinsha Bridge in China as the background, the scenario of a ship impacting a pier was simulated using ANSYS-FLUENT software, and the practical application possibility of the high-pressure water jet interference (HPWJI) anti-collision method was thoroughly investigated. Through the simulation analysis, the effectiveness of a high-pressure water jet with a total flow rate of 45 m3/s in altering the navigation direction of large-tonnage (2000 t) ships and avoiding obstacles was verified. Additionally, its impact on the stress of the ship steel plates and navigation status was also explored. It was found that, with reasonable layout and parameter adjustment, the high-pressure water jet technology could effectively intervene in the ship’s navigation trajectory while ensuring the structural safety of the ship, with minimal impact on the ship’s navigation stability and passenger comfort. Furthermore, the injection angle of the high-pressure water jet had a significant impact on the deflection and deceleration of the ship. Specifically, when the water jet impacted the ship along its forward direction, it could effectively increase the ship’s deceleration and deflection time, reducing the speed from 2.55 m/s to 1.7 m/s, a decrease of approximately 33%, significantly enhancing collision prevention effectiveness. This research provides important guidance for the practical application of high-pressure water jet collision prevention technology and is of great significance for improving the safety of waterway transportation.

Precast concrete component yard layout optimization considering safety and efficiency

ABSTRACT The contradiction between the space demand for precast concrete components (PCCs) and the limited area of the construction site is reinforced by the increase in the prefabrication rate of prefabricated buildings, and a large number of PCC hoisting operations may have an adverse impact on the safety and efficiency of the construction site. Therefore, the importance of precast concrete component yard layout planning (PCCYLP) is becoming increasingly prominent. Most existing research on construction site layout planning (CSLP) has focused on all temporary facilities on the construction site and has neglected the particularity of PCC when solving the above problems. Based on this, this paper integrates the PCC hoisting efficiency and safety into the existing CSLP research and optimizes PCCYLP solutions by establishing a PCCYLP model. The model proposes a non-centralized PCC yard division method. Moreover, the surplus rectangle algorithm is used to calculate the yard sizes, which are input into the model in alternative ways. Engineering cases verify the effectiveness of the proposed model, and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm is selected for simulation. The results show that the method can enhance the scientific and reasonable layout solution and provide a favorable guarantee for subsequent safe and efficient construction activities.

Investigation on the contaminate of hand washing activities on the surface of environmental objects in intensive care unit

To detect the contaminate of faucets in hospitals and the splash during hand washing, and to explore the reasonable layout of hand washing pools. Two faucets with roughly the same spatial layout in the ICU of a third-class first-class general hospital were selected, and the farthest splashing distance and specific splashing points were measured by color paper. Samples were detected by ATP detection technology and routine microbial detection method, and the contaminate of faucets was analyzed. After 72 h of daily hand-washing activities, the furthest distance to the splash point was about 100 cm around the faucet, and the place 40–110 cm around the faucet was contaminated seriously. The farthest distance that the splash point reached was about 80 cm around the faucet with the center of the circle, and the area 40–60 cm around the faucet was heavily contaminated. The distance from the water outlet of the long handle and the short handle faucet to the detection point had a high negative correlation (r = − 0.811, P < 0.001) and a moderate negative correlation (r = − 0.475, P = 0.001) with the number of splash points, respectively. The qualified rates of ATP detection and microbial culture were 25% and 15%, respectively. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and other pathogenic bacteria were detected in the water outlet of the faucet and the surrounding environment. Safe hand hygiene facilities are one of the important guarantees of hand hygiene effect. Clean objects and objects related to patients should not be placed within 1 m range near the water outlet of faucet. Anti-splash baffle should be installed as much as possible when conditions permit to reduce the contaminate caused by splash during hand washing.

Problems and Improvement Measures of Children's Self-Directed Learning Ability during the Early Childhood Transition Period

The bridging period is an important turning point for young children, and it is very important to cultivate their independent learning ability at this stage, so that they can learn more independently and confidently, develop good learning habits and self-management ability, and help them explore their interests, develop their special skills and realize all-round development. Therefore, it is especially important to cultivate children's independent learning ability during the period of convergence between kindergarten and primary school. At present, most teachers lack research on children's independent learning ability and do not make reasonable layout and use of the environment. Parents also have problems and do not participate in the joint development of the children at home. Through the discussion, the following directions for improvement are summarized. Early childhood teachers should strengthen relevant educational concepts, use life situations to guide, create learning environments and provide materials, change parents' concepts and create home environments, and coordinate the relationship between home, school and teachers.

Influence of different factors on coseismic deformation of the 2015 Mw7.8 earthquake in Nepal

In Geophysics, topographic factors are observations that can be directly measured, but they are often ignored to simplify the model. Studying the coseismic deformation caused by earthquakes helps accurately determine the epicenter's parameterization. It provides a reference for the reasonable layout of coseismic observation stations and GNSS observation stations. After the Mw7.8 earthquake in Nepal in 2015, GCMT, USGS, GFZ, CPPT, and other institutions released their epicenter parameter. However, according to their parameters, the coseismic displacements simulated by the spectral-element method are quite different from the GNSS observations. Firstly, this paper inverts the geometric parameters of the seismogenic fault with Nepal’s coseismic GNSS displacement. The spectral-element method determines the source's location and depth under the heterogeneous terrain and outputs the source parameters. Among the results of many studies, the surface source is more consistent with the generation mechanism of large earthquakes. Secondly, this paper calculates the fault slip distribution of this earthquake using SDM (Steepest Descent Method) based on GNSS and InSAR data, which is divided into 1500 subfaults, and the moment tensor of each subfault is calculated. This paper investigates the distribution characteristics of the coseismic deformation field of the 2015 Mw 7.8 earthquake in Nepal under three different models. The results show that the influence of topographic factors is ~ 20%, and the influence of heterogeneous factors is ~ 10%. This paper concludes that the influence of topographic factors is much more significant than that of heterogeneous factors, and the influence of both should be addressed in coseismic deformation calculations.

Lexible sensors for food monitoring. Part II: Applications

Monitoring and maintaining food quality, safety, and authenticity are the most important concerns in the food industry. The cutting-edge flexible sensors for food monitoring precisely satisfy the needs of acquiring information on multiple parameters in a small space, they provide for the more reasonable layout, get data on the mechanical deformations, and can be conformably attached to arbitrarily curved surfaces. The flexible sensing materials with a large area of specific surface, that ensure high mobility and density of the media, feature dense active sites, outstanding adjustability and high processing capacities, such as two-dimensional carbon nanomaterials, conductive polymers, and nano-hybrid materials; those materials have further improved the sensitivity, stability and selectivity of the flexible sensors’ perception. This article attempts to critically review the present state-of-arts developments in relation to the materials, manufacturing techniques and sensing mechanisms of the devices, as well as the applications of the electrically-transduced flexible sensors. Moreover, this article elaborates on the transduction mechanisms of the several typical transducers, with a focus on the physics behind, including the modulation of the doping level, Schottky barrier, and interfacial layer that typically cause changes in conductivity, functionality and permittivity. We also highlight the benefits and the technical challenges along with the appropriate solutions provided by the presented flexible sensors, and we also consider the potential strategies that allow overcoming limitations in power consumption, quantitatively assess the trade-offs in maintaining the quality and marketability, to optimize wireless communication and explore new sensing patterns.

A Story-Based Random Structure Modeling Method for Regional Buildings Earthquake Loss Estimation

To estimate earthquake losses for regional buildings, it is important to consider the varying seismic performances of different types of buildings. To achieve this, a dynamic elastic–plastic analysis based on detailed structural modeling is more accurate than the capacity spectrum method based on a single degree of freedom to obtain the response and damage of various structures under seismic activity and provide a more precise estimate of earthquake losses for buildings. Detailed information about the building facilities is necessary to create a fine structural model. However, obtaining precise actual structural details can be challenging with existing methods, especially when there are a large number of buildings to consider. This paper proposes a new method called story-based random structure (SBRS) modeling to address this issue, which is based on the common and reasonable layout of the structure. The process involves choosing design parameters that can represent the structural arrangement of a building as variables. These parameters include the materials’ type and strength, proportions, the components’ size, and other relevant factors. The values for these variables are determined based on engineering experience and design specifications. The range of values for these variables is also determined to ensure that all design requirements are met. Finally, the Latin Hypercubic Sampling (LHS) method is used to randomly sample and combine the variables, establishing a detailed structural model of the building with structural uncertainty. According to the results of the analysis, this method can simulate the structure and component information of a building by using a probabilistic approach, even without knowing the specific structural design. This method can be based on a small amount of readily available building information and solves the problem of the rapid and refined modeling of a large number of buildings at the regional scale. It also makes it possible to estimate the earthquake loss of regional buildings based on their seismic capacity.

Research Progress and Prospects of Public Transportation Charging Station Layout Methods

Electric buses have been vigorously promoted and implemented in major countries worldwide and have generated a huge demand for charging stations. Optimizing the daily charging experience of electric buses, adapting the daily operation scheduling, improving the utilization rate of charging stations, reducing the load on the power grid, and improving the operation efficiency of electric bus line networks require the reasonable layout of the charging stations. In this study, public transportation charging station layout and siting is the research object. We summarize the progress of analysis methods from the charging station and vehicle sides; introduce related research on the planning and layout of charging stations based on optimization models, including cost analysis and siting and layout for electric bus systems; summarize the data-driven station planning and siting research; and provide an overview of the current charging demand estimation, accuracy, and charging efficiency. Finally, we address the problems of the charging demand estimation accuracy, the mismatch between the charging station layouts for electric buses, and the charging demand on a long time scale. We suggest that research be conducted on data fusion for the temporal and spatial refinement of charging demand prediction in the context of the electrification of public transportation systems and the big data of telematics.

Flexible sensors for food monitoring. Part I: Principle

Monitoring and maintaining food quality, safety, and authenticity are the most important concerns in the food industry. The cutting-edge flexible sensors for food monitoring precisely meet the needs of acquiring information on multiple parameters in small space and more reasonable layout, providing data on mechanical deformations, and conformably attaching to arbitrarily curved surfaces. Flexible sensing materials with a large specific surface area, high carrier mobility and carrier density, dense active sites, outstanding tunability, and processability, such as two-dimensional carbon nanomaterials, conductive polymers, and nanohybrid materials, have further improved the sensitivity, stability, and selectivity of flexible sensors. This article attempts to critically review state-of-the-art developments with respect to materials, fabrication techniques, and sensing mechanisms of devices, as well as the applications of the electrically-transduced flexible sensors. In addition, this review elaborates on the transduction mechanisms of several typical transducers, with a focus on the physics behind, including the modulation of doping level, Schottky barrier, and interfacial layer that typically lead to changes in conductivity, work function, and permittivity. We also highlight the benefits, technical challenges with corresponding solutions of current flexible sensors, and discuss potential strategies to overcome limitations in energy consumption, quantify the trade-offs in maintaining quality and marketability, optimize wireless communication, and explore new sensing patterns.