Reasonable Expenses Research Articles

Создание единой юридической функции в компании

The article describes prerequisites, targets, tasks, stages and tools of the project for creation of the legal shared services centre (SSC) — unifying the legal function into a vertically integrated specialised centre rendering in-house legal services to the company’s business divisions on the basis of uniform rules and standards and with reasonable expenses, efficiency and high quality.

Performance of Milk Co-Operatives and its Impact on Milk Production, Marketing, Income and Employment in Vellore District - An Analytical Study

Milk co-specialists are an essential piece of the milk exhibiting and dairy improvement program in India. prominently known as the “Activity Flood,” which was initiated in July 1970 by the Indian government in collaboration with the United Nations Food Program. The activity flood is one of the largest ever implemented rural development programs and focuses on the establishment of a cutting-edge dairy industry to meet India’s rapidly expanding demand for milk and its products and prepare it for sustainable growth. Action flood helped dairy farmers to facilitate their own new development, putting control of the resources they make in their own hands. A public milk network joins milk creators generally through India with clients in more than 700 towns and metropolitan networks, diminishing periodic and common expense assortments while ensuring that the producer gets fair market costs in a clear manner reliably. The town milk producers, which obtain milk and provide sources of information and services while evaluating the accessibility of current administration and technology, have served as the foundation of the activity flood. Movement flood targets integrate (a) Addition milk creation (“A Food of Milk”) (b) Extend common jobs (c) Reasonable expenses for customers. Movement flood has made a public milk structure associating milk creators generally through India with customers in excess of 700 towns and metropolitan networks, diminishing periodic and regional expense assortments while ensuring that the producer gets a critical part of the expense purchasers pay, by eliminating merchants. It has assisted dairy ranchers in coordinating their own events and taking control of the assets they produce by reducing misbehavior.

Compensation Assessment for Personal Injury Owing to Extra-Contractual Liability: Case Study on Selected Courts

Assessment of compensation for personal injury is an intricate part of the law of extra-contractual liability (torts) since such kind of injury results in loss of a job, part of a body, total permanent disability or death. As personal injury may involve irreparable harm, it challenges courts in quantifying reasonable expenses a victim incurs and determining the amount of disability indemnity. By using decisions of the SNNP and Sidama regional courts together with selected Federal Cassation decisions, this article aims to explore practices of compensation assessment for personal injury. The Civil Code, which applies in federal and state courts, requires assessment of damage and award compensation based on a rule of equivalency. Given the generality of this, courts are facing difficulties in making compensation assessments for extra-contractual wrongs that result in personal injury. The problems are related to quantifying reasonable expenses for treatment, determining the amount of disability indemnity, or deciding which kinds of pecuniary losses are included in and excluded from compensation assessment. These problems have caused arbitrary decisions of the courts for personal injury. Variation also exists among court decisions at various levels in determining the extent of harm a claimant sustains and its corresponding compensation. Lack of detailed provisions contributes to such variation, and this calls for legal reform.

Performance Evaluation of Financial Industry Related Expense Forecasting Using Various Regression Algorithms for Machine Learning

Insurance costs refer to the fees charged by insurance companies to customers to pay for possible risks and losses. Insurance costs are usually based on the personal information of the insured, such as age, gender, occupation, health status and so on. For insurance companies, it is very important to accurately predict insurance costs, because it is directly related to the company's profits and risk control capabilities. The purpose of using regression algorithm to predict insurance expenses is to make insurance companies evaluate customers' risks more accurately and make more reasonable insurance expenses, so as to better manage risks and improve the company's profitability. In addition, for individuals, knowing their own insurance cost forecast results will also help them make better decisions and choose the most suitable insurance products to protect themselves and their families.In order to improve the pricing accuracy and profit rate of insurance companies, this study uses regression algorithm to predict insurance costs. It uses real anonymous data sets, which contain information of the insured from different regions, different ages, different sexes and different smoking status. It uses the comparison algorithm function of regression algorithm, which contains dozens of algorithms and covers all regression algorithms and compare their prediction performance. Our data set takes into account various factors that affect the insurance cost, such as age, gender, body mass index, smoking status and so on. And add them to the model as independent variables. It uses cross-validation to evaluate the generalization ability of the model and R2 index to evaluate the prediction performance. The results show that GBR has the best prediction performance, with R2 of 87%. Our research provides an accurate method for insurance companies to predict insurance costs, which is helpful for insurance companies to formulate more reasonable pricing strategies and improve market competitiveness.

The essence of the heirs’ obligation to reimburse funeral expenses of the testator and peculiarities of its fulfilment

The article is aimed at clarifying the essence of the heirs' obligation to reimburse the funeral expenses of the testator and the specifics of its fulfilment. It has been noted that the specified obligation is not an element of the inheritance, and therefore the provisions of Articles 1281 and 1282 of the Civil Code of Ukraine, that define the claims of the testator's creditor against the heirs and the obligation of the heirs to satisfy the creditor's claims, are not applied in its fulfilment. It has been concluded that payment for the funeral of the testator gives rise to a non-contractual binding legal relationship in which the creditor is the person who incurred the relevant expenses, and the debtor is the heir, provided that he or she accepts the inheritance. Such an obligation arises only if the creditor has paid his or her own funds for the funeral of the deceased and if these costs are reasonable. Payment of funeral expenses by one of the heirs is not a ground for increasing the size of the inheritance share of that heir. They can only raise the issue of partial reimbursement of the expenses.
 It has been noted that the amount of reimbursement to cover the funeral expenses of the testator depends on the legal status of the creditor. If the costs were incurred by a person who is not one of the heirs, including the executor of the will, the funds paid are reimbursed to him or her in full. Heirs, on the other hand, bear these costs in the amount equal to their share in the inheritance. In addition, the heirs must reimburse the funeral expenses of the testator, regardless of the share value of the inherited property. The legislation contains an evaluative category of “reasonable expenses”, which is determined by two criteria: the amount and the necessity of the expenses. The costs for a funeral reception held after the burial should be attributed to the burial costs, the obligation to reimburse which is imposed on the heirs under Article 1232 of the Civil Code of Ukraine.
 An obligation relationship arises only if the creditor has paid his or her own funds for the funeral of the person who died. In this regard, a person is not entitled to reimbursement for the state financial assistance received for the funeral, as well as for the funds spent on the funeral, which are due to the testator.
 It has been emphasised that there is a need to improve the procedure for issuing a notary's permission to receive a part of the testator's deposit in a bank (financial institution), primarily for reimbursement of the expenses incurred by a person for the testator's burial.

Service quality estimation and improvement plan of bus Service: A perception and expectation based analysis

City buses are one of the primary modes of public transport in most of the Indian cities. But because of the dissatisfaction regarding the bus service, the number of passengers in the buses are reducing. Therefore, quality of the city bus service is estimated based on users’ perception of present service quality and perception of expected service quality. A questionnaire survey was carried out to collect the users’ perception data. Data was analysed using factor analysis, path analysis and regression analysis to estimate the factor effecting users’ perception. It is found that a gap in users’ perception of present and expected service quality leads to dissatisfaction. Six performance indicators namely safety, vehicle condition & hygiene, comfort, reliability & convenience, information availability and reasonable travel expenses are found to effect user’s perception of service quality. It is found that the users are having high dissatisfaction levels in terms of safety, comfort, vehicle condition & hygiene and reliability & convenience and information availability of the bus service. The categorical analysis of the data show that with increasing income and age, the users are more concerned with the safety, comfort and vehicle condition & hygiene than the travel expense. Female users are found to be more concerned with the safety and vehicle condition & hygiene of the service than the male users. Very few studies emphasised on perception of expected service quality along with the perception of present service quality. But in this study both the expectation and perception of the users are considered. Moreover, the categorical analysis of the data will be helpful in understanding priorities of different factors so that improvement can be done based on the priorities of the users.

Stack-Scale Modeling of Ammonia-Fueled Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Ammonia is one of the promising fuels that can be used as a hydrogen source for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) due to its high energy density, high hydrogen content, no carbon emission at the consumption site, easy storage and transportation, and potential for low cost owing to a well-developed infrastructure. Ammonia-fueled SOFCs have been studied through several experimental works at both cell and stack levels, while a limited number of numerical models at cell levels have been devoted to this subject. Both experimental and numerical studies show that the ammonia decomposes chemically in the fuel support layer at the common operating temperatures of the SOFCs due to the catalytic role of the nickel particles for the ammonia decomposition.Here, we present the first Multiphysics model of an ammonia-fueled SOFC stack, which couples and solves the transport equations of mass, momentum, species, charges, and heat. The model includes the whole stack with manifolds, active domain, headers, and sealings. For the layered domains of the stack, a homogenization approach is used, which replaces them with an equivalent domain and solves for the effective variables [1-3]. Several research groups and stack manufacturers have been using this homogenization approach to model SOFC stacks due to the advantage of reasonable computational expenses and so runtimes. This makes systematic studies of operating conditions, design changes, and even degradation at the stack-scale computationally feasible [1].An ammonia decomposition reaction rate model has been developed and validated thoroughly in [4]. The model shows that the ammonia decomposition occurs over the thickness of the fuel support layer, depending on the amount of ammonia in the fuel channel and the operating temperature. With the homogenized model, the variations over the thickness of the electrode are effectively described by a well-accepted 0D model developed, see e.g. [5].Here, we present such a 0D model that has been validated with a 2D through-plane model of the fuel side of a single cell. We show that the 0D model can describe the effective penetration depth of the ammonia in the fuel support layer through the balance of the fluxes to/from the support layer. The developed relation for the effective ammonia penetration depth in the support layer approximates well the one obtained from the detailed 2D model. A similar idea can be used to find the effective penetration depth of methane in the support layer for the case of a methane-fired SOFC and facilitate its stack-scale modeling with the homogenized model.Ammonia is added to the stack-scale model with the 0D model, which correctly describes the decomposition rate per unit area. The model reproduces well-reported trends from experiments with ammonia-fueled SOFC stacks. Internal cracking of the ammonia is advantageous from a cost/efficiency perspective as the heat consumption of the cracking process facilitates stack cooling; however, depending on the conditions of operation, the ammonia decomposition could be too fast, making a sharp temperature drop at the inlet. This leads to increased thermal stresses in the region and increases the risk of mechanical failure. The model is used to investigate the effects of the operating conditions, e.g. temperature and flow rates of the fuel and air, and flow configuration on the temperature gradients at the inlet to identify safe operating conditions.

Patient preferences for topical psoriasis treatments: a discrete choice experiment

Background Topical medication continues to be the most frequently prescribed therapy for psoriasis. However, patients are often dissatisfied with their topical medication, and adherence to this type of therapy is particularly poor. Objective To investigate the preferences of patients with psoriasis regarding the process and outcome attributes associated with topical treatments and to assess influencing factors. Methods A discrete choice experiment was conducted to analyze patient preferences for topical psoriasis treatments based on outcome attributes (probabilities of 90% improvement, 50% improvement, skin atrophy and skin irritation) and process attributes (treatment cost not covered by health insurance, treatment duration, location, frequency and formulation). Results The study cohort (N = 184) considered probabilities of 50% (Relative Importance Score (RIS)=41.0) and 90% (RIS = 33.9) improvement most important, followed by risk of skin atrophy (RIS = 26.4) and treatment cost (RIS = 22.2). Treatment location (RIS = 18.9), risk of skin irritation (RIS = 16.2), treatment frequency (RIS = 13.3) and formulation (RIS = 11.0) were considered less relevant. Income, cardiovascular disease, number of visits and current topical therapy influenced treatment preferences. Conclusions Averaged across the cohort, participants preferred an efficient topical treatment associated with a low risk of skin atrophy and reasonable personal expenses. Individual preferences should be integrated into a shared decision-making process about psoriasis treatment.

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THE ROLE OF INTERNAL AUDIT IN THE EVALUATION OF URBAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES

The article presents the role and tasks of internal audit in the assessment of public expenditures in a selected area for municipal governments in Łódź, Piotrków Trybunalski and Skierniewice in Poland. The research found, among other things, that internal audits contribute to a more rational spending of funds from the city budget on public administration activities. In addition, it has also been shown that internal audit is a helpful tool in ensuring reasonable expenses for public finance sector entities. The assessment and monitoring of expenses is the responsibility of public authorities, to ensure rational financial management of a given local government unit. The aim of the article is to present internal audit as an important tool to support city authorities in assessing the expenditure of municipalities in a selected area. For the purposes of this publication, local government units from the Łódź Voivodeship, i.e. a city with district status, were selected as an example for analysis. In this article, case study, analytical method, inference method and document examination method were used as research methods. To make the necessary analyses, materials made available by the surveyed entities and data available in public registers collected by authorized institutions were used.

By-Laws of the Bibliographical Society of America

By-Laws of the Bibliographical Society of America

Medical tourism: tourists’ perceived services and satisfaction lessons from Malaysian hospitals

PurposeThe medical tourism industry has become one of the most profitable industries around the world wherein most of the countries exploit every effort to attract medical tourists to take advantage of its medical care benefits. The purpose of this study is to explore the determinants of medical tourists’ perceived services and their satisfaction for medical care in hospitals.Design/methodology/approachThe quantitative method was conducted to examine the three groups of foreign travellers such as medical tourists, expats and normative medial tourists’ perceived medical services quality and satisfaction. Data from a survey of 266 respondents were analyzed using the structural equation modelling technique.FindingsThe findings of this study provide evidence that hospital accessibility and interpersonal behaviour are the most critical constructs that influence medical tourists’ attributes. Additionally, medical costs and health-care technicality have a significant relationship with the perceived services of medical tourists. The study also demonstrated that medical tourists’ satisfaction highly attributed to their perceived services towards the quality of medical care they received and experienced in the hospitals.Practical implicationsThe results have important implications for managerial considerations at hospitals. Hospital accessibility is a crucial dimension to be measured at hospitals when measuring service quality. Service providers need to be mindful that all aspects of medical services are essential and need to be delivered satisfactorily to ensure customer satisfaction. Patients’ perceived services and their satisfaction is a crucial bridge in determining the likelihood of future return among patients to the hospitals.Originality/valueThis study has managed to convincingly secure findings to provide useful information and understanding of the hospital accessibility and interpersonal manner of health-care professionals at hospitals in Malaysia. Particularly, when any hospital offers quality services, they must consider the reasonable medical expenses that can be affordable by the average people and update their medical equipment that are necessary for technical and diagnostic purposes. By ensuring these, they can attract the medical tourists.

Scaling analysis on LOFA for the test model of WCCB blanket in CFETR

The water Cooled Ceramic Breeder (WCCB) blanket, as a candidate for Chinese Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR), must demonstrate its safety before engineering application. Enough data are necessary and the test model should ensure that the data are convincing within reasonable expenses. In this paper, scaling criteria are identified for loss of flow accident (LOFA) in WCCB blanket coolant system, which guides the design scheme of test model that the length scaling factor of 1 and volume scaling factor of 1/120. Scaling analyses are performed to develop similarity criteria for pump coastdown and loop natural circulation in three temporal phases identified by LOFA simulation. The test model only preserves a branch at the sector level and sub-module level, which results in different volume scaling factors at levels. Typical heat-transferring cells, constituted by blanket components, are preserved for heat transfer similarity. By computational simulation of an ideal model, it is testified that the test model can reproduce thermal-hydraulic responses within acceptable range of the distortion.

Re-planning In Home Healthcare: A Decomposition Approach To Minimize Idle Time For Workers While Ensuring Continuity Of Care

Abstract Scheduling and routing careworkers is a perpetual challenge in the home health care (HHC) industry: it is essential to ensure a good quality of care under reasonable expenses. HHC consists in providing care to fragile people, therefore the pool of patients often changes: the schedule must be computed again, but continuity of care must be preserved to keep the patients satisfied. The working environment in the HHC field is remarkably stressful therefore it causes a high turnover rate in the staff, and has a strong impact on service quality. It is crucial to provide schedules that satisty both patients and careworkers. In this paper, we address a weekly home health care re-planning problem with continuity constraints. A decomposition approach is proposed to offer a careworker-friendly solution: first a path-generation algorithm creates admissible tours, and then a set partitioning model selects the tours.

Trends and Impacts of E-Nam in India

Agribusiness exhibiting is constrained by the States as indicated by their agri-advancing bearings, under which, the State is divided into a couple of market zones, all of which is overseen by an alternate Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee (APMC) which powers its very own promoting control (checking costs). e-NAM addresses these challenges by making a united market through web trading stage, both, at State and National measurement and advances consistency, streamlining of frameworks over the planned markets, removes information asymmetry among buyers and sellers and advances continuous esteem divergence, in perspective of genuine premium and supply, propels straightforwardness in deal process, and access to a the nation over publicize for the agriculturist, with costs tantamount with nature of his convey an online portion and openness of better quality make and at progressively reasonable expenses to the customer.

By-Laws of the Bibliographical Society of America

By-Laws of the Bibliographical Society of America

Surrogacy legislation remains complex and unsatisfactory.

The UK Surrogacy Agreement Act came into force in 1985, the same year as the first known UK surrogacy birth. Three decades later, the Surrogacy Agreement remains legally unenforceable in the UK. The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act (HFEA) 2008 section 33 dictates that the surrogate is the legal mother until the court grants a parental order transferring parental rights to the intended parents. Parental order is granted only in limited conditions: the intended parents must domicile in the UK; be in a proven long-term relationship, partnership or marriage; one or more parent must be genetically related to the child; and most controversially, surrogates must be paid only ‘reasonable expenses’. Surrogacy laws struggle to keep pace with changing social attitudes, growing demand for surrogacy, and ultra-dynamic family structures. Within the past decade, the HFEA 2008 part 3 gave same sex and unmarried couples the same legal rights as married heterosexual couples in applying for parental orders. The legal definition of motherhood was successfully challenged in the Irish High Court and the intended mother's name was added to the birth certificate (R and Another v An TArd Charaitheoir and Ors). The recent Law Commission 13 Programme of Reform Public Consultation included Surrogacy. Issues reviewed included: (1) Single Parenting – currently the UK courts have no power to grant parental orders to single parents although there has been a recent High Court judgement ruling that was incompatible with article 14 of the European Convention (Re Z [A Child] [No 2] [2016] EWHC 1191 [Fam]); (2) The Birth Certificate – in the UK two parents are registered but they do not have to be the biological parents (Birth and Death Registration Act 1953). More than half a century since this act, the modern family structure has changed and, limiting registration to two parents may not reflect the actual parenting structure. Arguments have supported adding a third ‘parent’ if they were intimately involved in their creation (e.g. mitochondrial replacement). There are different rules of registration for parents in marriage or civil partnership, requiring re-registration if the parents marry later; (3) Parental Order restrictions – include that one or more parent must be genetically related to the child; (4) Surrogate Agreements – in the UK parental orders are only granted after birth, unlike the USA where the Uniform Parental Act 2002 allows states’ federal guidelines and legislation to transfer parental rights before delivery; (5) Maternal and Paternal Rights – the surrogate remains the legal mother with full responsibility until the parental order is granted. In overseas surrogacy the child may be born stateless, as the intended mother is not considered the ‘legal’ mother under either UK or overseas legislation. English law may not automatically recognise a foreign birth certificate (RE X and Y [Foreign Surrogacy]). This is curious as UK legislation dictates that the surrogate's husband or civil partner is the ‘legal’ father unless he does not consent. With the increase in surrogacy, the legal situation urgently needs clarification, with the paramount focus being the best interests of the child. None declared. Completed disclosure of interests form available to view online as supporting information. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

Preventive Effects of Pre- and Intra-operative Marcaine, Lidocaine, and Marcaine Plus Lidocaine on Pain Relief in Lumbar Disc Herination Open Surgery.

Background:As marcaine is administered to a great extent due to minor complications and reasonable expenses and as discectomy is prevalently used in Iran, this study makes a comparison between effect of marcaine alone, lidocaine alone, and marcaine plus lidocaine on pain relief of patients undergoing lumbar disc open surgery.Materials and Methods:In a clinical trial study, 192 patients were selected and randomly divided into four groups. Patients in Groups 1–4 received 0.5 ml marcaine during surgery, 5 ml lidocaine 2% before incision, 5 ml lidocaine 2% before incision plus 5 ml marcaine during surgey and normal saline, respectively. After patients gained knowledge of visual analog scale (VAS) criteria, their severity of pain was measured and was recorded in their profiles, along with demographic details and history of diseases. After surgery and their transfer to their rooms, their severity of pain was measured and recorded again by using VAS criteria. Finally, difference between the four groups was compared by SPSS software.Results:The mean (±standard deviation) of postoperative pain in marcaine + lidocaine, marcaine, lidocaine, and normal saline was 3.5 ± 1.3, 3.5 ± 1.6, 36.1.9, and 4.2 ± 1.8, respectively, and we did not observe any significant difference in severity of pain after surgery in these groups (P = 0.15). The highest and lowest degree of satisfaction occurred in marcaine-lidocaine group and control group, respectively, (40 patients [83.3%] vs. 25 patients [52.1%]).Conclusion:Lidocaine-marcaine treatment reduces the need to opiates in cases of postoperative pain relief of discectomy and provides patients with great satisfaction.