Rearing Ponds Research Articles

Assessment of Bacterial Community Profile in the Rearing Pond Environment and the Intestinal Tract of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in Lampung Province, Indonesia using 16S rRNA Gene Amplicon Sequencing: A Short Research Investigation

Along with the high demand for shrimp, the production challenges faced by practitioners are increasing in Indonesia, one of which is in Lampung region. Various basic monitoring techniques regarding the environment and farmed shrimp are needed to control production sustainability. This present study aimed to identify the bacterial community profile in the rearing pond water and intestinal tract of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Illumina-based sequencing was chosen to determine the bacterial community using the V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Sequence data revealed the differences in bacterial community structure between the rearing water and shrimp intestines. Proteobacteria was the most prevalent phylum in the rearing water (W.B), accounting for 45.29 %, followed by Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Fusobacteria. In the shrimp intestinal tract (S.B), Cyanobacteria (35.15 %) dominated the microbiota, followed by Proteobacteria, Saccharibacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, TM6 (Dependentiae), and Firmicutes. Cyanobacteria were higher in the shrimp intestines (35.15 %) than in the rearing water (26.63 %). In addition, Escherichia-Shigella was the most common genera in the rearing water and shrimp intestines with different relative abundance. Cyanobacteria and Escherichia-Shigella highly detected in the rearing water and shrimp’s intestines might indicate that pond water had been polluted. Further investigation is necessary on the correlation of Cyanobacteria in the shrimp intestines with water pollution, proven by the dominance of Cyanobacteria and Escherichia-Shigella. These findings provide basic information to enhance our understanding of the microbial community and their roles in the shrimp culture environment to improve the quantity and quality of the yield and support its sustainability. HIGHLIGHTS Bacterial community profile in the rearing water and the intestinal tract of Pacific whiteleg shrimp play important roles in shrimp production Bacterial community structure differed between the rearing water and shrimp intestines Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum in the rearing water (W.B), while Cyanobacteria dominated the microbiota in the intestinal tract of Pacific whiteleg shrimp Cyanobacteria and Escherichia-Shigella highly detected in the rearing water and shrimp’s intestines might indicate that pond water had been polluted GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Impact of Vermicompost Manure on Microbial Population in Carp Rearing Pond

<p>Effect of vermicompost, poultry manure, cow dung and pig manure used to monitor on microbial population in carp rearing pond water of Indian carp <em>fviz</em>. <em>Catla catla, Labeo rohita</em> and <em>Cirrhinus mrigala</em>. The fingerlings stocked @ 30 fish per pond in the ratio of 3 : 4 : 3. The bacterial strains isolated in ponds water treated with different manures were seven gram negative (<em>A. hydrophilla</em>, <em>E. coli</em>, <em>E. aerogens</em>, <em>Shigella</em> sp., <em>K. oxytoca</em>, <em>P. aeruginosa</em>, <em>P. fluorescens</em>) and three gram positive (<em>M. luteus</em>, <em>S. aureus</em> and <em>Streptococcus</em> sp.). The average counts of heterotrophic pathogenic bacteria in poultry manure founded to be maximum in decreasing order followed by pig manure, cow dung, vermicompost, vermicompost and control, respectively. However, bacteria, <em>E. aerogens</em>, <em>P. fluorescens</em>, <em>P. aeruginosa</em>, <em>Shigella</em> sp., <em>K. oxytoca</em> and <em>Streptococcus</em> sp. found absent in vermicompost treatments. All the three species gained maximum growth in vermicompost followed by cow dung > poultry manure and pig manure.</p>

Effect of Vermicompost on the Growth Performance of Indian Major Carps in Fish Rearing Pond

Different organic manures vermicompost @ 15000, vermicompost @ 10000, cow dung @ 10000, poultry manure @ 6000, pig manure @ 4000 kg/ha/yr and control used to monitored their effect on growth performance of Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala . The results revealed that all the three species gained maximum length in vermicompost @ 10,000 kg/ha/yr followed by vermicompost @ 15,000 kg/ha/yr, cow dung @ 10,000 kg/ha/yr, poultry manure @ 6,000 kg/ha/yr, pig manure @ 4,000 kg/ha/yr and control. Among the 3 species C. mrigala showed maximum increase in body length which was 33.4 cm followed by L. rohita and C. catla was 32.1, 31.3 cm in vermicompost @ 10,000 kg/ha/yr treatment. The minimum length of C. mrigala , L. rohita , C. catla observed in pond treated control. But in case of C. mrigala , the result revealed that the maximum increase in body length in vermicompost > poultry manure > cow dung > pig manure and control, respectively. All the three species gained maximum growth in vermicompost. Among the 3 species L. rohita showed maximum growth followed by C. catla and C. mrigala . There was two times more growth of Indian major carps in pond treated with vermicompost @ 10,000 kg/ha/yr as compared to control.

Blood Description, Parasite Investation and Survival Rate Of Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Which Is Exposed By Spore Protein Myxobolus koi On Rearing Pond as Immunostimulan Material

ABSTRACTThis research is an experimental research to determine the effect of spore protein Myxobolus koi on grass carp (Cyprinus carpio) in rearing pond. The sample used is grass carp (Cyprinus carpio) 90 fish (10-15 cm). Spore protein used in this research is Myxobolus koi spore protein, that has been found by predecessor researchers and has been tested in laboratory as immunostimulan. The exposure was done orally, mixed in the feed, with a dose of 2 μg / gram dose of protein, feeded 1 time before being reared for 30 days. Parameters measured were: (1) leucocytes description (differentiated leucocytes of carp, (2) Parasitic infestation in carp and (3) Survival Rate / SR of carp were reared on pond for 30 days. The collected data is analyzed descriptively.The results showed that there was alteration of leukocytes description (differential leukocytes) in carp (Cyprinus carpio) as an indicator of the immune response. A leukocyte differential examination showed that exposure to the Myxobolus koi spore protein, The highest total lymphocytes occurred in carp exposed to Myxobolus koi spores protein and reared from pond in Mojokerto, were 77.6%, Monocytes of 16.3%, Heterophyll 14.4%, Eosinophils 7.6% and Basofil 0.4%. The highest infestation of Myxobolus koi occurred in fish that was not exposed to spore protein was 53.33% after 30 days of reared at pond, while parasitic infestation in fish exposed to spore protein was only 16.66%. Survival rate of carp indicated that the highest occurred in carp that exposed with spore protein and reared from pond in Mojokerto, equal to 90%.Myxobolus koi spore protein exposure given orally can makes alteration of leukocytes description (differential leukocytes), Decreased parasite infestation and increased survival of carp fish reared for 30 days, with the result that Myxobolus koi spore protein can be developed as an immunostimulant material.Keyword: Myxobolus koi, Cyprinus carpio, spore protein, immunostimulant, infestation

Density‐Dependent Impacts on Growth and Body Condition of Red Drum in Stock Enhancement Rearing Ponds

AbstractThe quality of individuals released from fish culture facilities for stock enhancement can affect success in achieving management goals. However, the quality of released individuals is not always known, and neither are the various aspects of aquaculture that influence fish quality. Quality or body condition at multiple life stages may be influenced by density‐dependent impacts on growth. Here, the influence of stocking density (number of larvae per cubic meter) at the beginning of pond culture and harvest density at the end of pond culture were assessed in relation to growth and body condition using data from 121 stock enhancement culture ponds for Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus. While stocking density did not influence Red Drum growth rate, harvest density was a reliable predictor of growth; high density at harvest resulted in slow growth in weight (r2 = 0.33, P < 0.001) and length (r2 = 0.26, P < 0.001). No negative impacts on pond yield were observed in ponds stocked over the targeted stocking rate (988,000 larvae/ha), and mean body condition was consistent with what would be expected for individuals in wild populations. These findings suggest no observable negative biological effects of density dependence during the duration of pond culture on the quality of released Red Drum.

A Multivariate Assessment of Factors Influencing Survival of Red Drum in Earthen Outdoor Rearing Ponds

Abstract.Extensive culture of larval Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus in outdoor ponds occasionally results in low survival, thereby stifling stock enhancement goals. Mortality is probably tied to multiple environmental influences rather than to any singular factor. We assessed factors influencing Red Drum mortality and survival in the context of an extensive aquaculture operation in Texas. Larvae were stocked into 120 rearing ponds of various sizes in the spring, summer, and fall of 2012 and 2013. Water quality variables (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and pH) were assessed throughout culture. A principal components analysis of water quality, pond size, stocking density, and zooplankton density (number of organisms/L) was used to determine how each variable related to survival (measured as a ratio of the total number of Red Drum harvested to the total number of Red Drum stocked). Temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and pH all loaded significantly onto the first ordination axis, suggesting correlations among water quality variables. Survival loaded significantly on the second and third ordination axes and was positively associated with larger ponds, lower stocking density, higher zooplankton density, and lower pH. Stepwise regression of observed variables in ponds pooled by year suggested that pH and stocking density were important in both 2012 (r2 = 0.452) and 2013 (r2 = 0.305, P < 0.05). These data indicate that ponds with moderate densities of Red Drum larvae will have a higher probability of survival than ponds with high larval densities; the results also confirm previous findings that pH is a significant mortality factor in extensive aquaculture of Red Drum.

Use of a Sodium Chloride Refuge to Improve Survival of LarvalMoroneSpecies during Transfer to Rearing Ponds

Experiments with striped bass Morone saxatilis and sunshine bass, a hybrid of female white bass M. chrysops and male striped bass were conducted in earthen ponds at two Georgia hatcheries to determine the benefits of a temporary NaCl refuge during transfer to production ponds. All ponds were stocked by placing larvae into a 166-L perforated container floating in the pond and then allowing pond water to flood the container. Fish were released into the pond after the 3 h it took for the container to fill with pond water. For 38 ponds 5 g NaCl/L was added to the water in the stocking containers; the 35 control ponds were stocked without the use of NaCl. At the Richmond Hill Hatchery in Richmond Hill, Georgia, survival at the end of the 4–5-week culture period was 26.4% for striped bass and 29.4% for sunshine bass stocked with the NaCl solution. Control fish survival was 21.2% for striped bass and 19.9% for sunshine bass, not statistically different from the bass stocked in NaCl (P > 0.05). Striped bass survival was also similar for the two treatments at the McDuffie Hatchery near Dearing, Georgia (control, 34.5%; salt, 35.2%). Although we found no statistical difference between treatments, our results indicated that further study of the benefits of salt during pond stocking is justified and that the sinking-container method that we used reduced the labor required for stocking ponds.

Observation and Comparison of Physico-chemical Characteristics in Carp Rearing Ponds under Two Treatments

Observation and Comparison of Physico-chemical Characteristics in Carp Rearing Ponds under Two Treatments

Limnological Studies of Intensively Stocked Grass Carp Rearing Ponds

Limnological Studies of Intensively Stocked Grass Carp Rearing Ponds

Culture of Larval Sea Bass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), in Saltwater Rearing Ponds in Queensland, Australia

Culture of Larval Sea Bass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), in Saltwater Rearing Ponds in Queensland, Australia

Effects of Organic Enrichment on Zooplankton Abundance and Walleye Fry Growth and Survival in Artificial Rearing Ponds

ABSTRACT Cylindrical aluminum enclosures in an artificial rearing pond were used to examine the effect of organic enrichment with alfalfa pellets and fish predation on the abundance and size structure of cladocerans and the growth and survivorship of walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) fry. Organic enrichment had a stronger effect than walleye fry predation on cladoceran abundance. Increased cladoceran abundance was due to increased abundance of smaller individuals, suggesting organic enrichment stimulated cladoceran reproduction. Although fish predation did not influence total cladoceran abundance, it did appear to reduce the abundance of larger size classes of cladocerans (> 1.25 mm total length). Organic enrichment did not increase survival of walleye fry but did increase their average weight and condition, especially among larger fry.

Effect of Fish Density on Growth, Survival, and Food Consumption by Juvenile Walleyes in Rearing Ponds

Abstract We investigated the effect of density of young-of-year walleyes Stizostedion vitreum on their growth, biomass production, survival, and food consumption. We used 2-d-old larvae stocked at densities of 20, 40, and 60 fish/m3 in eight drainable outdoor ponds (unbalanced design with one additional replicate for high and low densities). Growth, food consumption, and prey density were monitored weekly during the 6-week experiment. Mean length and weight at harvest showed an inverse logarithmic relationship with initial walleye density, whereas biomass production and initial density were positively related. There was no relationship between the within-pond variability in walleye size at harvest and either stocking density, final density, or mean harvest length and weight. The rate of survival was also unrelated to either initial density or size at harvest. Our results support the contention that growth is more important than mortality in adjusting population biomass to environmental conditions. However...

Comparison of Granular and Liquid Inorganic Fertilizers Used in Striped Bass and Smallmouth Bass Rearing Ponds

Abstract A study was conducted in eight striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and eight smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) rearing ponds to compare the effects of two fertilization regimes on water quality, zooplankton densities, and fish production. One treatment utilized granular inorganic fertilizer (diammonium phosphate), and the other utilized liquid inorganic fertilizer (phosphoric acid and ammonium nitrate); both treatments were supplemented with cottonseed meal. No differences were found in water quality, zooplankton densities, or fish yields. Both treatments produced adequate zooplankton for survival and growth of fingerlings in rearing ponds at stocking rates of 494,000 fry/hectare for striped bass and 19,000-81,000 fry/hectare for smallmouth bass. Liquid fertilization was the more expensive, costing approximately 200% more than granular fertilizer, and required specialized equipment to safely transport, store, and apply the highly caustic liquids.

Corbicula as a Biological Filter and Polyculture Organism in Catfish Rearing Ponds

Abstract Corbicula fluminea, an introduced Asian clam, was stocked with channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in Illinois culture ponds. Survival of the stocked clams was 36-79% over summer, but reproduction was poor and the populations declined. Nevertheless, ponds with Corbicula had less dissolved oxygen depletion, lower turbidity, and greater primary production than ponds without the clam. Growth of channel catfish was unaffected by the presence or absence of clams. Corbicula fluminea has potential value as a polyculture organism and as a biological filter where water temperatures do not exceed 30°C.

Feeding Habits of Larval and Fingerling Striped Bass and Zooplankton Dynamics in Fertilized Rearing Ponds

Abstract Fertilization of freshwater striped bass rearing ponds with cottonseed meal or chicken manure and chicken litter in combination with liquid inorganic fertilizers and zooplankton inoculation were evaluated in 10 0.04-ha (0.10 acre) ponds over a 4-week period. Chlorophyll α levels and pH were significantly higher, and alkalinity and Secchi disk visibility significantly lower, in ponds fertilized with cottonseed meal. Ponds fertilized with cottonseed meal produced more crustacean zooplankton than did ponds fertilized with chicken manure and chicken litter. Fish survival and production averaged 63% and 49 kg/ha (43.7 lbs/acre) in ponds fertilized with cottonseed meal and 46% and 26 kg/ha (23.3 lbs/acre) in ponds fertilized with chicken manure and chicken litter. Adult copepods and small cladocerans were the dominant food items found in the diets of the fish.

Growing Whitefish Fingerlings in Rearing Ponds

Growing Whitefish Fingerlings in Rearing Ponds

Factors Affecting Daphnia Declines in Paddlefish Rearing Ponds

Abstract Daphnia populations, which are important for production of young-of-the-year paddlefish (Polyodon spathula), declined in early to midsummer in paddlefish rearing ponds. The major cause of the decline appeared to be low food abundance, as indicated by low concentrations of suspended organic solids. Predation was not a major factor; Daphnia dynamics were similar within and outside of fish exclosures, and ephippial eggs were produced during peaks in Daphnia abundance. Potential invertebrate predators on Daphnia were rare, and Daphnia abundance was unrelated to pH or dissolved oxygen. When densities declined, water temperatures were well below reported values that negatively affect Daphnia life history processes.

The Rectangular Circulating Rearing Pond

(1970). The Rectangular Circulating Rearing Pond. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 67-80.

Sex Ratios of Young-of-Year Walleyes in Minnesota Rearing Ponds and Lakes

(1968). Sex Ratios of Young-of-Year Walleyes in Minnesota Rearing Ponds and Lakes. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 196-202.

Production of Northern Pike in Natural Rearing Ponds in Nebraska

Production of Northern Pike in Natural Rearing Ponds in Nebraska