Rear Height Research Articles

Relationship of DIO2 Gene with Productive Traits in Awassi Sheep in Thi-Qar Governorate

The research included 59 animals from the local Awassi sheep at the Sheep and Goats Research Station, in Al-Shatrah district, north of Thi Qar Governorate, Thi Qar Agriculture Directorate, from 20/10/2022 to 10/2/2023, to study the effect of the genotypes of the G>C.164 mutation on body dimensions and wool characteristics in local Awassi sheep. The study included measuring the characteristics of body dimensions (body length, front height, rear height, breast circumference and breast width), wool characteristics (staple length, fiber length and fiber diameter), by studying the nucleotide sequence (Sequencing) on the target genetic segment. The size of 350 base pairs was found to be located in exon 2 of the DIO2 gene in the local Awassi sheep sample. The presence of the C>G mutation at site 164, which is a missense mutation that changes the amino acid Proline (P) to Alanine (A), by calculating the allelic frequency, it was found that the C allele was significantly superior to the G allele in the G>C. 164 mutation, two genotypes (CC and CG) were found to have a significant correlation with most of the studied traits, except for fiber diameter. The highly significant superiority of the hybrid genotype CG in the G>C.164 mutant was observed in body length, front and hind height, breast circumference and breast width compared to the wild CC genotype. The wild genotype CC was significantly superior in staple length and fiber length in the same mutant.

Effect of Breed on some Production Traits and Reproductive Traits of Local Sheep

The current study was conducted at Khairat Al-Etihad station in the Shomali region-Babylon. Twenty-four ewes of the Awassi and Al-Krishi breeds and their mixtures were used in the study for the period from August 11, 2022 to April 23, 2023. To study the effect of the breed on some production traits such as lamb weight at birth, weaning, and body dimensions measurements. Various types such as body length, front height, rear height, chest circumference, and abdominal circumference, as well as studying some reproductive traits such as fertility rates, twins, and births in the same abdomen. The results of the current study showed that there was no significant effect of the breed on the weight of lambs at birth. As for body dimensions, the group of lambs resulting from crossbreeding sheep was significantly superior (p<0.05) in body length only to the Awassi and Kreishi lambs. respectively, The breed recorded a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the weight of lambs at weaning, as the group of lambs resulting from mixed ewes outperformed the lambs produced from Awassi and Krishi ewes, as well as in the traits of forefoot height, chest circumference, and abdominal circumference. Also, the group of mixed lambs was significantly (p<0.05) superior to the Awassi and Kreishi lambs. As for the reproductive traits studied, the breed had a significant effect on a number of reproductive traits, where the group of Awassi ewes was significantly superior at the level of (P < 0.01) over the two groups of Al-Kreishi and their mixtures in trait of the number of births, and at the level of (P < 0.05) in the two traits of the number and percentage of pregnant ewes and the fertility rate and excelled. The group of mixed ewes was significantly (P<0.01) on the two groups of Awassi and Kreishi in terms of the percentage of twins and the number of births in one litter. As for the traits of the length of pregnancy, the number of ewes born at birth, the number of births and the number of twins, the breed did not record a significant effect on it.

Multivariate analysis of body morphometric traits in conjunction with performance of reproduction and milk traits in crossbred progeny of Murrah × Jafarabadi buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in North-Eastern Brazil.

We studied the relationship between body morphometric traits, and their underlying association with milk production (MP), lactation length (LL), first calving interval (FCI) and subsequent calving interval (CI) of crossbred progeny of Murrah × Jafarabadi buffalo aiming to assist in selection programs. We carried out principal component analysis (PCA) of the body morphometric traits, which include breast width (BW), thigh width (THW), hip width (HW), rump width (RW), rump length (RL), body depth (BD), body length (BL), height withers (HEW), rear height (RH), shoulder width (SW), thorax width (TW), loin width (LW), distance from the head to ischium (DHI), and thoracic perimeter (TP). We determined the association of morphometric traits with milk/reproduction traits using canonical correlation analysis (CCA). The analysis revealed that the first six PCA accounted for 82.14% of the total observed variation, and the traits THW, HW, TW, LW, RW, HEW, TP, RH, and BW, accounted for almost half (48.00%) of the total variance indicating a higher contribution in body structural conformation. The first canonical function was significant (p<0.05), accounted for 72.46% of the total variance, and the canonical correlation was 0.56, indicating the dependence between both groups of traits. Higher canonical loadings were obtained for LL (0.49), FCI (0.46), BW (-0.71), BL (-0.56), DHI (-0.34), HEW, (-0.38) and TP (-0.50). These traits were most important for the derivation of canonical statistical variables, and presented a higher canonical correlations (r) between the dependent (LL/FCI) and independent (BW, BL, DHI, HEW and TP) groups. The results could suggest that the body morphometric traits THW, HW, TW, LW, RW, HEW, BD, TP, RH, and BW could play important role in body structural composition, indicating a suitable functional type, and aid designing of selection programs for buffalo breeding.

EFFECT OF IRON AND VITAMIN B12 INJECTION ON BODY MEASUREMENTS AND SOME BLOOD CHARACTERISTICS OF AWASSI LAMBS

Current study was conducted on 15 Awassi lambs with an average Weight11.24±0.06kg and with average age (1 month aged) Lambs were randomly divided into three groups,(5lambs/group) 1stgroup: control, 2nd group was injected subcutaneously once every ten days with Iron and vitamin B12 (4.54mg/kg body weight and 4.54μg/kg body weight ) 3rd group lambs wereinjected subcutaneously with Iron and vitamin B12(9.09 mg /kg body weight and 9.09μg/kg body weight ) respectively. Results showed a significant increase(P≤0.05)in final weight, total gain, daily gain, body length, chest girth,fore thickness, lymphocyte % and monocyte% intreated groups with Iron and vitamin B12 compared with control group. Also results shows a significant increase(P≤0.05)for 2nd group lambs compared with control in fore height, rear height and rear thick. While there area significant decreaseIn treated groups in neutrophils % and stress index.In conclusion, iron and vitamin B12 injection to weaning lambs improve body measurements and weight and immunity

The relationship between selected parameters of a cephalometric analysis determining the vertical morphology of facial skeleton and bite force.

There are few studies devoted to an assessment of the relation between bite force and detailed results of cephalometric analysis that determine craniofacial structure. The purpose of the study was to assess the correlation between the selected criteria determining the craniofacial structure and bite force in patients with normal and increased vertical relation of the bases of jaws and skull. The study material included 120 patients, aged between 7 and 17 years, who presented for examination and possible orthodontic treatment. The patients were divided into a study group and a control group. The basis of this division were ML-NL and ML-NSL angles, according to Segner's and Hasund's analysis standards, respectively: above 27° and above 30° in the study group, and 20.0 ± 7.0° and 28.0 ± 5.0° in the control group. Bite force was tested using a digital dynamometer calibrated in Newtons. The measurement was performed at the level of the first permanent molars. Vertical relations were assessed using the following cephalometric measurements: ML-NSL, ML-NL, NL-NSL, N-Me, Sp-Me, SpMe:NMe, ms-NL, SGo:NMe. Bite force was not found to be dependent on the lower anterior face height (Sp-Me), the ratio of anterior lower to total anterior face height (SpMe:NMe), and NL-NSL angle both in patients with abnormal and normal relations of bases of jaws and skull. Although statistically non-significant, the average mean and maximum bite force values were found to be lower in patients with high-angle relation of bases of jaws and skull than in subjects with normal relation of bases of jaws and skull. Among the selected parameters determining the vertical craniofacial structure, the rear height of the alveolar process (ms-NL) exerts the greatest influence on bite force in both patients with increased and normal vertical relation of bases of jaws and skull, and with an increase in the value of ms-NL, bite force is reduced.

Optimization of Heat Exchangers with Dimpled Surfaces to Improve the Performance in Thermoelectric Generators Using a Kriging Model

Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) have become a topic of interest for vehicle exhaust energy recovery. Electrical power generation is deeply influenced by temperature differences, temperature uniformity and topological structures of TEGs. When the dimpled surfaces are adopted in heat exchangers, the heat transfer rates can be augmented with a minimal pressure drop. However, the temperature distribution shows a large gradient along the flow direction which has adverse effects on the power generation. In the current study, the heat exchanger performance was studied in a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. The dimple depth, dimple print diameter, and channel height were chosen as design variables. The objective function was defined as a combination of average temperature, temperature uniformity and pressure loss. The optimal Latin hypercube method was used to determine the experiment points as a method of design of the experiment in order to analyze the sensitivity of the design variables. A Kriging surrogate model was built and verified according to the database resulting from the CFD simulation. A multi-island genetic algorithm was used to optimize the structure in the heat exchanger based on the surrogate model. The results showed that the average temperature of the heat exchanger was most sensitive to the dimple depth. The pressure loss and temperature uniformity were most sensitive to the parameter of channel rear height, h 2. With an optimal design of channel structure, the temperature uniformity can be greatly improved compared with the initial exchanger, and the additional pressure loss also increased.

Real rooms vs. artificial reverberation: An evaluation of actual source audio vs. artificial ambience in the rear height channels of immersive audio systems

Many spatial audio researchers and content producers agree that the best source material for height channels in immersive audio is provided by the capture of actual elevated channels in the room. Particularly for music recording, this technique is preferred as opposed to signal processing, providing a more natural and realistic impression of immersion. While previous work has proven this to be the case in the front channels of various 3D playback systems such as 22.2, the content of the rear height channels has not been specifically evaluated in this respect. Multichannel audio recording, specifically 3D recording, can be a cumbersome task as the channel counts expand—and so the question arises—is it really necessary to capture discrete rear height information? This research compares four height channel capture points are compared to two capture points applied to the front height channels in conjunction with artificial reverberation in the rear channels. A two-part study is employed—the first is a simple ABX test to determine discriminability between the real rooms and the artificially generated version. Part two is a preference test, based on several standard acoustic/perceptual descriptors, revealing the subtle differences between real and artificial rear height channel information.

Desempenho Produtivo e qualidade da carcaça de cordeiro avaliados em dois sistemas alimentares

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o desempenho produtivo e a qualidade da carcaça de cordeiros cruza Corriedale (n=28) em dois sistemas alimentares na fase de terminação: a) desmamados mantidos em pastagem de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.); b) mantidos com as mães, tendo como base alimentar o campo nativo diferido no mês de maio. Ao início do período experimental e a cada 20 dias, as seguintes mensurações foram realizadas: peso corporal, altura do anterior, altura do posterior, comprimento corporal, perímetro torácico e condição corporal. Ainda obteve-se a estrutura corporal (frame size index) por meio da fórmula [FSI = (altura do anterior + altura do posterior + comprimento corporal + peso corporal)/4], e a compacidade (compacidade = peso corporal/comprimento corporal). Ao término do período experimental foram abatidos oito animais, quatro por tratamento, para avaliações das características da carcaça (componentes corporais e regionais), das perdas por resfriamento, bem como dos rendimentos de carcaça propriamente dito, comercial, frigorífico e na fazenda. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste F ou pelo teste não paramétrico Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney (P&lt;0,05). Cordeiros cruza Corriedale de ambos sistemas apresentaram crescimento e desenvolvimento semelhantes, não diferindo estatisticamente (P&gt;0,05). Entretanto, aqueles mantidos com as mães no campo nativo diferido apresentaram melhor desempenho produtivo, com maiores ganhos totais em peso, condição corporal, perímetro torácico e compacidade. Nas avaliações pós abate, maior peso de carcaça quente e fria e melhor rendimento comercial e de frigorífico, além de carcaças mais compridas, com maior profundidade e proporção de perna, também foi verificado nos cordeiros mantidos com as mães em campo nativo, diferindo significativamente (P&lt;0,05) daqueles mantidos em pastagem de azevém anual, que somente apresentaram maior percentual de vísceras verdes.

CFD Simulation of a Simplified Automotive Model for Various Rear Slant Angle

In the early design phase of automotive sector, the flow field around the vehicle is important in decision making on design changes. It would consume a lot of money and time for multiple prototypes development if adopt traditional testing method which is wind tunnel test. Thus, CFD Simulation plays an important role here. In this paper, a CFD simulation study was conducted on a simplified automotive model called Davis model with constant velocity of 40 m/s. Modification of rear slant angle bring significant effects on the wakes produced which also affect the drag performance. Many configurations of body designs can be produced by a single rear slant angle. So that, fixed rear slope and fixed rear height configuration have been chosen for investigations for various rear slant angles. In this paper, the flow of Davis model especially on the rear slanted surface is discussed. Pressure coefficient contour, pressure coefficient plot and vorticity structures are presented. This work shows that the drag coefficient value vary between fixed rear slope model and fixed rear height model even for the same rear slant angle under a range of yaw angle.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN THE EVALUATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES OF THE VERTEBRAL BODIES OF THE LUMBAR SPINE WITH BONE MINERAL DENSITY REDUCTION

The aim of the study was to study the morphological and structural changes of the vertebral bodies in patients with different bone mineral density by MRI.Materials and methods. 81 patients with different bone mineral density (BMD) of the vertebral bodies of the lumbar spine (LS) had taken part in the study. Osteopenia was diagnosed in 33 patients, 28 have osteoporosis and 20 patients without evidence of osteoporosis (according to the DXA, which was made all the investigated) were in the control group. 69 of them were women and 12 men with a mean age 49,6 ± 7,6 years (control group), 56,5 ± 9,8 years (patients with osteopenia), 66,0 ± 9,4 years (with osteoporosis). All patients underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). DXA has been made on the unit «Lunar PRODIGY Primo DHA» (analysis version: 11.40) manufacture GE Healthcare, according to the standard protocol with the definition of osteoporosis by WHO (1994). In this case, average bone mineral density BMD (g/cm2) in the bodies of L1-L4 were: in healthy ones -1,232 ± 0,06; when osteopenia - 1,032 ± 0,07; osteoporosis - 0,757 ± 0,08. The average T -test was consistent, respectively: T - 1,27 ± 0,71; T - 1,40 ± 011 , T - 3,09 ± 1,73. The difference in BMD between I and II groups was 16,2 % , between I and III groups - 25%. MRI morphometry in patients with osteopenia changes of the vertebral bodies were accompanied by POP: marked reduction in the average height of the vertebral bodies, more pronounced than in osteoporosis, a slight drop height of the front body, reducing of the Barnett-Nordin index (B/N) - 0,84. Osteopenia significantly correlated with BMD of vertebral body height rear L1, the index of B/N in the body of L4. In osteoporosis MRI morphometry data were characterized by the fact that the front and the average height of the vertebral bodies were not changed significantly. In patients with osteoporosis BMD was significantly correlated with rear height of the vertebral bodies - L1 (r - 0,49, p = 0,02), L2 (r - 0,46, p = 0,04), L3 (r - 0,45 p = 0,04). B/N index in the bodies of L1, L2 and L3 had weak connection correlation (respectively, r + 0,31 *, r + 0,25 *, r - 0,27 *). It was found that Veins Brescia visualization with MRI along with morphological changes are indicators of the bone mineral density disturbance.Results. 81 patients with different bone mineral density (BMD) of the vertebral bodies of the lumbar spine (LS) had taken part in the study. Osteopenia was diagnosed in 33 patients, 28 have osteoporosis and 20 patients without evidence of osteoporosis (according to the DXA, which was made all the investigated) were in the control group. 69 of them were women and 12 men with a mean age 49,6 ± 7,6 years (control group), 56,5 ± 9,8 years (patients with osteopenia), 66,0 ± 9,4 years (with osteoporosis). All patients underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). DXA has been made on the unit «Lunar PRODIGY Primo DHA» (analysis version: 11.40) manufacture GE Healthcare, according to the standard protocol with the definition of osteoporosis by WHO (1994). In this case, average bone mineral density BMD (g/cm2) in the bodies of L1-L4 were: in healthy ones -1,232 ± 0,06; when osteopenia - 1,032 ± 0,07; osteoporosis - 0,757 ± 0,08. The average T -test was consistent, respectively: T - 1,27 ± 0,71; T - 1,40 ± 011 , T - 3,09 ± 1,73. The difference in BMD between I and II groups was 16,2 % , between I and III groups - 25%. MRI morphometry in patients with osteopenia changes of the vertebral bodies were accompanied by POP: marked reduction in the average height of the vertebral bodies, more pronounced than in osteoporosis, a slight drop height of the front body, reducing of the Barnett-Nordin index (B/N) - 0,84. Osteopenia significantly correlated with BMD of vertebral body height rear L1, the index of B/N in the body of L4. In osteoporosis MRI morphometry data were characterized by the fact that the front and the average height of the vertebral bodies were not changed significantly. In patients with osteoporosis BMD was significantly correlated with rear height of the vertebral bodies - L1 (r - 0,49, p = 0,02), L2 (r - 0,46, p = 0,04), L3 (r - 0,45 p = 0,04). B/N index in the bodies of L1, L2 and L3 had weak connection correlation (respectively, r + 0,31 *, r + 0,25 *, r - 0,27 *).ConclusionIt was found that Veins Brescia visualization with MRI along with morphological changes are indicators of the bone mineral density disturbance.