Reappraisal Strategies Research Articles

Can a mindfulness programme in schools for students with ADHD symptoms improve emotional well-being?

Abstract Background This study employs a cluster randomized controlled trial to investigate the effectiveness of a universal mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) in classrooms in improving emotional well-being and emotion regulation among adolescents with elevated ADHD symptoms. Methods The study comprised 342 students: 164 in an MBI group, 128 in a relaxation control group, and 47 in an inactive control group. Positive and negative emotional states and the emotion regulation strategies of rumination, acceptance, catastrophizing, positive reappraisal, and self-kindness were measured at the pre- (T0) and post-intervention (T9) and the 26-week follow-up (T26). Linear mixed models were used to analyze the intervention effects among all participants and separately by gender and ADHD symptom type. Results The results showed that compared to the controls, there was a beneficial effect on the MBI group concerning acceptance at T9; acceptance remained at the baseline level in the MBI group but decreased in the inactive control group. In contrast, in the inactive control group, rumination decreased at T9, and positive reappraisal increased at T26 compared to the MBI group. The MBI had no detectable effects on self-kindness, catastrophizing, or positive/negative emotional states. Findings on the emotion regulation strategies varied by gender. In boys, the MBI increased acceptance at T9 compared to the inactive control group, whereas in girls, the programme reduced catastrophizing at T9 and T26 compared to the active control group. Contrary in boys, MBI group exhibited less reduction in catastrophizing at T9 compared to the inactive control group. Conclusions Universal MBIs may have some beneficial effects on emotion regulation in adolescents with elevated ADHD symptoms. Both girls and boys might be responsive to universal MBIs as part of the school curriculum, however not all consequences are positive (especially in boys). Key messages • Universal MBIs in classrooms may have some beneficial effects on emotion regulation among adolescent with elevated ADHD symptoms; however, the results are contradictory and more research is needed. • Even though, universal MBIs may have some benefits, they may require modifications to lead to more beneficial effects on emotional well-being when used with this subgroup of students.

Physical Symptoms and Coping Strategies With Earthquake Stress Among Adults Living in Tent Cities: A Cross-Sectional Study.

This study aimed to examine the physical symptoms, coping strategies for earthquake stress and factors predicting coping strategies among adults staying in tent cities after an earthquake. A cross-sectional design was conducted. The study sample consisted of 706 adults residing in tent cities in three cities of earthquake-affected regions. Data were collected through face-to-face surveys and the Earthquake Coping Strategies Scale, starting from the 16th day after the earthquake in February-March 2023. Independent samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance, McNemar test and multiple linear regression analysis used for data analysis. The first three physical symptoms with the highest frequency after the earthquake were insomnia, frequent waking and difficulty falling asleep, respectively. Individuals with chronic illnesses, lower education levels, no previous experience with earthquakes and having undamaged homes more frequently used religious coping strategies. Individuals with higher incomes, employed individuals, non-smokers and those with having undamaged homes more frequently used positive reappraisal strategies. The present study concluded that physical symptoms were common among individuals in the post-earthquake period and that many individuals adopted religious coping strategies. Nurses can develop effective interventions for preventing physical and mental health problems in the post-earthquake period. They can contribute significantly as caregivers, leaders, researchers and advisors in health monitoring and improvement practices for individuals after earthquakes. The results of the study are instructive for designing prevention and improvement practices to minimise future destructive effects of earthquakes. Individuals mostly experienced sleep problems and preferred different coping styles in the early post-earthquake period. The physical and mental health of individuals can be improved by early intervention and encouraging effective coping methods after an earthquake. STROBE checklist. No patient or public involvement.

Interoception primes negative emotion processing during cognitive reappraisal: Electroencephalographical evidence

Interoception, which refers to sensing, interpreting, and integrating internal bodily signals, has been suggested to be associated with emotion regulation. Previous research has demonstrated individual differences in interoception and its impact on emotion regulation. However, the priming effect of interoception on emotion regulation and the underlying neural mechanisms remain unknown. This study aims to examine how interoception primes different strategies of cognitive reappraisal, using electroencephalography (EEG). Thirty-seven healthy participants completed an interoceptive priming task. We found that interoception increased the amplitudes of the late positive potential (LPP) during both interpretation and detachment strategies. The priming effect of interoception in enhancing LPP amplitudes lasted longer for interpretation than for detachment. A decrease in alpha power during reinterpretation was observed after interoceptive priming, but not during detachment. The results revealed that interoception enhanced attention to bodily signals associated with negative emotions during cognitive reappraisal. Interoception showed distinct effects on different strategies of cognitive reappraisal, with different underlying neural mechanisms. Interoception-based programs may be an effective way to enhance the capacity for cognitive reappraisal.

Examining the effectiveness of positive reappraisal in the context of discrimination.

Positive reappraisal has been shown to be a generally effective emotion regulation strategy associated with multiple indices of greater psychological functioning. There are, however, some emotion-eliciting events, such as discrimination, that may not lend themselves to favorable alternative interpretations or which have relatively fewer affordances. In such instances, a reappraisal strategy could lose its effectiveness. We conducted an experimental test of this hypothesized ineffectiveness of positive reappraisal within a discriminatory context. Participants were 404 Black and Latine college students randomly assigned to imagine being the recipient of a rude or discriminatory comment and immediately afterward were asked to either ruminate about or positively reappraise the event. Overall, positive reappraisal was more effective than rumination in downregulating anxiety and anger. However, a single-df contrast test revealed that positive reappraisal in response to the rude comment was significantly more effective in reducing anxiety relative to the other three conditions (average of positive reappraisal of the discriminatory comment or rumination to either the rude or discriminatory comment). Additional analyses also showed that oppressed minority ideology (OMI) moderated the utility of anger regulation such that, for those lower on OMI, positive reappraisal was most effective in regulating anger in response to discrimination (compared to all other conditions), but among those higher on OMI, rumination and reappraisal to discrimination were equally effective. Results suggest that the effectiveness of positive reappraisal is lessened in a discrimination context and that more robust strategies may be needed to deal with the emotional fallout from this unique stressor. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Potential Mechanisms Underlying Reappraisal Strategies: An Exploratory Study

Reappraisal strategies are vital for our psychological well-being. The way people feel, behave and react in different stressful situations, depends to a degree on the reappraisal strategies they use to manage their emotional states and to cope with a given situation. In this paper, we assess the types of reappraisal strategy described in the scientific literature from the point of view of a focus on specific cognitive strategies. Adopting a mixed research design, we used inductive content analysis in order to identify potential underlying mechanisms relating to qualitative patterns of thinking used in efficient reappraisal. Eight anger and anxiety eliciting situations where used to stimulate emotional responses and the use of reappraisal strategies. Based on our exploratory approach we identified four additional specific reappraisal strategies (justification, responsibly assumption, normality check, and non-justified acceptance) which can be used as specific intervention techniques. Awareness and core beliefs are cognitive processes that contribute to the understanding of inter-individual differences in the efficacy of the reappraisal process. Research areas for future studies are identified.

Korban kekerasan dalam pacaran yang sulit meninggalkan hubungannya

Dating violence (KDP) is one of the most prevalent cases in Indonesia. Most victims of the cases choose to stay in the relationship and forgive their partners. This study aims to investigate whether emotional regulation strategies mediate the role of romantic attachment components on affective and cognitive empathy toward victims of dating violence. Participants in the study were victims of dating violence aged 18-29 years (N= 367) who live in Java Island. Research samples were collected using volunteer techniques (opt-in) panels where participants agreed to be involved through an invitation on a website page without being formally recruited. This study employs The Basic Empathy Scale to measure the dimensions of empathy, the Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory to measure the type of romantic attachment components, and finally Emotion Regulation Questionnaire to measure the type of emotional regulation strategies. By model 4 of Hayes's analyses, the results showed that the reappraisal strategies type mediated the role of avoidance attachment toward empathy, both affective and cognitive. As practical implications, counselors are expected to establish secure attachments, particularly with their clients who experience dating violence in order to stabilize cognitive and affective empathy so they are able to live free of violent relationships.

Decoding acceptance and reappraisal strategies from resting state macro networks

Acceptance and reappraisal are considered adaptive emotion regulation strategies. While previous studies have explored the neural underpinnings of these strategies using task-based fMRI and sMRI, a gap exists in the literature concerning resting-state functional brain networks’ contributions to these abilities, especially regarding acceptance. Another intriguing question is whether these strategies rely on similar or different neural mechanisms. Building on the well-known improved emotion regulation and increased cognitive flexibility of individuals who rely on acceptance, we expected to find decreased activity inside the affective network and increased activity inside the executive and sensorimotor networks to be predictive of acceptance. We also expect that these networks may be associated at least in part with reappraisal, indicating a common mechanism behind different strategies. To test these hypotheses, we conducted a functional connectivity analysis of resting-state data from 134 individuals (95 females; mean age: 30.09 ± 12.87 years, mean education: 12.62 ± 1.41 years). To assess acceptance and reappraisal abilities, we used the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) and a group-ICA unsupervised machine learning approach to identify resting-state networks. Subsequently, we conducted backward regression to predict acceptance and reappraisal abilities. As expected, results indicated that acceptance was predicted by decreased affective, and executive, and increased sensorimotor networks, while reappraisal was predicted by an increase in the sensorimotor network only. Notably, these findings suggest both distinct and overlapping brain contributions to acceptance and reappraisal strategies, with the sensorimotor network potentially serving as a core common mechanism. These results not only align with previous findings but also expand upon them, illustrating the complex interplay of cognitive, affective, and sensory abilities in emotion regulation.

The Effect of Online Training of Competitive Domino and Cup Stacking Games on Mindfulness, Emotion Regulation and Executive Functions of Children

Background: Children's behavior inside the home indicates that playing digital games and engaging in social networks are more prevalent than studying and physical activity. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of online training of dominoes and cup stacking games on the metacognitive processes of children. Methods: Fifty-four fifth and sixth grade students were equally assigned into three groups of cup stacking, domino, and control. Twelve training sessions, 2 sessions per week for 45 minutes, were held online in the experimental groups. The participants filled in the Adolescent and Adult Mindfulness Scale (AAMS), Emotion Regulation for Children and Adolescent (ERQ-CA), and Children's Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function Questionnaire (BRIEF) before and after the training protocol. Results: MANCOVA showed that there was no significant difference between the cup stacking and domino groups in mindfulness. Cup stacking group on reappraisal strategy (emotion regulation), and dominoes on attention transfer, emotion control, and strategic planning (executive function) was significantly higher than other. The dominoes game, compared to the control group, had a significant impact on attention, non-judgment (mindfulness), reappraisal (emotion regulation), attention transfer, emotion control, and strategic planning (executive function). The cup stacking game, compared to the control group, had a significant effect on attention, and reappraisal. Conclusions: The findings emphasized the importance of the positive effect of online education, dominoes, and cup stacking games on certain metacognitive processes of children.

Brain mechanisms underlying the modulation of heart rate variability when accepting and reappraising emotions

Heart rate variability (HRV) has been linked to resilience and emotion regulation (ER). How HRV and brain processing interact during ER, however, has remained elusive. Sixty-two subjects completed the acquisition of resting HRV and task HRV while performing an ER functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) paradigm, which included the differential strategies of ER reappraisal and acceptance in the context of viewing aversive pictures. We found high correlations of resting and task HRV across all emotion regulation strategies. Furthermore, individuals with high levels of resting, but not task, HRV showed numerically lower distress during ER with acceptance. Whole-brain fMRI parametrical modulation analyses revealed that higher task HRV covaried with dorso-medial prefrontal activation for reappraisal, and dorso-medial prefrontal, anterior cingulate and temporo-parietal junction activation for acceptance. Subjects with high resting HRV, compared to subjects with low resting HRV, showed higher activation in the pre-supplementary motor area during ER using a region of interest approach. This study demonstrates that while resting and task HRV exhibit a positive correlation, resting HRV seems to be a better predictor of ER capacity. Resting and task HRV were associated with ER brain activation in mid-line frontal cortex (i.e. DMPFC).

The emotion regulation antecedents of tertiary EFL instructors and their use of reappraisal and suppression

This study aims to contribute to the understanding of teachers' emotions in terms of their antecedents and ER strategies (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression). To provide an in-depth understanding, a case study was conducted with eight tertiary instructors. The study utilized a narrative frame, semi-structured interviews, and vignettes. The results revealed the emotion-triggering antecedents were related to interactions with students, non-teaching responsibilities, and interactions with colleagues. The participants responded to these emotions using various expressive suppression (e.g., hiding an emotion's impact) and reappraisal strategies (e.g., adjusting expectations). The findings emphasized the situational and dynamic nature of ER.

Connections between Parental Emotion Socialization and Internalizing Problems in Adolescents: Examining the Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation Strategies and Moderating Effect of Gender.

To explore the mediating effect of emotion regulation strategies on the correlation between parental emotion socialization and internalizing problems in adolescents, as well as the moderating effect of gender, a questionnaire survey was administered to 1078 junior high school students (Mage = 13.96 ± 1.00). The results revealed that supportive parental emotion socialization was negatively correlated with adolescents internalizing problems, whereas non-supportive parental emotion socialization was positively correlated with such problems. Cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression strategies functioned as parallel mediators in the relationship between supportive parental emotion socialization and adolescent internalizing problems, while only expressive suppression mediated the correlation between non-supportive emotion socialization and adolescent internalizing problems. Gender did not exhibit a moderating effect on the mediation model. These findings suggest that supportive parental responses to adolescents' negative emotions can reduce the incidence of depression and anxiety by cultivating increased utilization of cognitive reappraisal strategies and decreased reliance on expressive suppression strategies among adolescents, whereas non-supportive responses exacerbate the occurrence of depression and anxiety by promoting greater utilization of expressive suppression strategies. In addition, no significant gender differences were observed in the mediation effects. These findings emphasize the importance of prevention programs focusing on parental emotion socialization in adolescence.

The Roles of Emotion Regulation and Alexithymia in the Relationship Between Sleep and Social Functioning.

Poor sleep quality has been tied to worse social functioning outcomes, including greater loneliness, fewer social interactions, and lower social integration. Other factors likely play a role in the relationship between sleep quality and social functioning. Specifically, alexithymia and emotion regulation may serve as moderators in these relationships. Data for this study came from the Pittsburgh Cold Study 3, a publicly available dataset (N = 213). Participants completed self-report measures including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, and four measures of social functioning: Social Network Index, Social Participation Measure, Short Loneliness Scale, and Interpersonal Support Evaluation List for providing support to others. Sleep quality was significantly related to the social functioning variables. Further, the use of the emotion regulation strategy reappraisal significantly moderated the relationship between sleep quality and social participation. Worse sleep quality was related to lower engagement in social activities, only for participants high in use of reappraisal. Additionally, the use of reappraisal significantly moderated the relationship between sleep quality and giving of support. Worse sleep quality was related to less self-reported giving of support to others only for participants high in the use of reappraisal. Results suggest that the use of reappraisal may be an important factor to consider in the relationship between sleep and social functioning. Future work should extend these findings to the general population and a sample of individuals with relevant diagnoses, such as borderline personality or schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.

Relationship between adolescent internet addiction and adolescent non-suicidal self-injury: a moderated mediation model.

Both Internet addiction (IA) and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) are major public health concerns among adolescents, association between internet addiction and non-suicidal self-injury have been observed among adolescents. However, it is unclear how, and under what conditions, internet addiction relates to non-suicidal self-injury. According to our hypothesis, there is a positive relationship between IA and NSSI among Chinese adolescents, but this relationship is affected by the mediating role of loneliness and the moderating role of cognitive reappraisal. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 1046 Chinese adolescents from 3 middle schools. Measurements: Adolescent Self-Harm Scale; Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT); University of California at Los Angels (UCLA) Loneliness Scale; Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), They were asked to complete self-report questionnaires. In our sample, the detection rate of NSSI was 12.3%. IA was positively associated with NSSI, and loneliness partially mediated the association between them. In addition, cognitive reappraisal moderated the first half path of the mediation model. Specifically, the higher the level of cognitive reappraisal, the weaker the positive effect of IA on NSSI through loneliness. Interventions targeted to reduce loneliness and increase cognitive reappraisal strategies may reduce the risk of NSSI in adolescents with Internet addiction.

An Empirical Examination of the Relationship Between Emotion Regulation and Emotional Labor

The expression of contextually appropriate emotions in the workplace is critical to fostering effective interpersonal interactions. What constitutes an appropriate emotional expression is determined by the display rules an employee perceives. Within the emotional labor framework, the management of emotional expression at work (i.e., ensuring alignment with display rules) occurs through the engagement in two primary strategies by employees. These are known as surface acting and deep acting. Despite theoretical efforts to synthesize these strategies with the broader emotion regulation framework and its strategies of expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal, no empirical examination of their relationship exists. The present study aimed to investigate this empirical relationship to provide clarity on the extent to which these constructs (i.e., strategies) are unique across frameworks. A second aim was to assess whether method bias could explain any overlap between these constructs. A total of 800 participants (Mage = 22.4 years, 78.8% female) who worked across a range of service industries completed measures of emotion regulation and emotional labor under two conditions designed to manipulate the presence of method bias (i.e., varying the order of item administration). Participants also completed the DASS-21, a measure of affective symptom severity. Using multigroup analysis, the results indicated that analogous latent constructs (cognitive reappraisal and deep acting; expressive suppression and surface acting) yielded significant, small-to-moderate correlations, and that correlation coefficients were invariant regardless of how items were administered. The pattern of correlations with affective symptoms also differed across constructs. Together, the limited correlations between the analogous strategies, and the differential associations with affective symptoms, suggest a relative independence between these constructs. Findings carry theoretical and practical implications across research and clinical settings.

How Do EFL University Teachers Regulate Their Negative Emotions While Teaching in the Classroom? Stories From Vietnam

Research in the area of EFL teachers’ emotion regulation in the classrooms is notably underdeveloped (Li, 2023). In fact, Namaziandost et al. (2022) called for studies to find out why and how teachers make use of certain emotions in their classrooms and regulate their negative emotions that occur during their lessons. The current phenomenological study responds to these calls on the topic to explore the layers of meanings and experiences of emotions while teaching of EFL university teachers in Vietnam. Their classroom teaching was video recorded to select incidents in which their emotions were captured. They then were involved in stimulated recall interviews and writing journals for reflections and explanations why they expressed and regulated their emotions in those incidents. The findings indicate that the teachers’ unpleasant emotions were mainly evoked by students’ behaviours in the classrooms, including their discipline matters, lack of engagement in the lessons, and failure to give correct answers to the teachers’ questions. To handle emotions of irritation and disappointment, the teachers applied the strategy to adjust their attention and manipulated the reappraisal strategy to eliminate their negative emotions by immersing into an alternative teaching activity or context for refreshment. Implications from these findings are provided for EFL teachers to reduce negative emotions for better moods in teaching English.

Individualism, collectivism, and emotion regulation: a cross-cultural examination among young adults from seven countries

Individualism and collectivism are dimensions of cultural variation thought to shape differences in emotion regulation tendencies, yet research to date has examined these cultural dimensions as country-level features, emphasizing variability across nations. The present study takes the approach of examining cultural differences within nations as predictors of emotion regulation strategies, shifting the perspective instead to individual differences. This present study aimed to address how individual endorsement of individualism-collectivism (i.e. prioritizing individual versus group goals) and vertical-horizontal attitudes (preference for hierarchy versus equality) are associated with use of emotion regulation strategies (i.e., reappraisal and suppression) among college students from seven countries (n = 5,900; female = 70.80%). Overall, we found that individual differences in individualism-collectivism and vertical-horizontal attitudes had strong connections with young adults’ emotion regulation styles. Results of our multivariate (i.e., all variables were simultaneously examined) regression model revealed: a) higher endorsement of horizontal individualism and horizontal collectivism were associated with higher use of reappraisal strategies; b) higher endorsement of horizontal individualism and vertical collectivism were associated with higher use of suppression strategies; while higher endorsement of horizontal collectivism was associated with lower use of suppression strategies. A multi-group model supported the generalizability of these associations across countries. These findings demonstrate the value of approaching cultural differences in emotion regulation from an individual differences framework, and not assuming country-level differences are representative of individuals’ affective experiences. Further work is needed examining models within-country to examine cultural variation in individualism vs collectivism compared to country-level norms.

Development and validation of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire - Positive/Negative (ERQ-PN): Does the target of emotion regulation matter?

The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) assesses emotion regulation strategies, particularly expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal. However, the ERQ does not discern between regulating positive vs. negative emotions. Recent research suggests that suppression and reappraisal can impact mental health differently when targeting positive vs negative emotions. We developed and validated the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire - Positive/Negative (ERQ-PN), designed to measure positive and negative forms of suppression and reappraisal strategies. We recruited 963 participants (female = 478) through Prolific.com and administered the ERQ-PN. Participants had an average age of 45 years and were predominantly White (74%) and heterosexual (84%). Structural validity was assessed through confirmatory factor analyses. Model fit was estimated using the comparative fit index and the root-mean-square error of approximation. We also used the Bayesian information criterion to compare the fit of different models. Overall, participants used reappraisal more often to decrease negative emotions (vs. increasing positive) and leaned toward using suppression more for negative (vs. positive) emotions. These analyses revealed that the four-factor model (Model 2) delineating four latent variables (positive reappraisal, negative reappraisal, positive suppression, and negative suppression) had a good fit (RMSEA = 0.07, CFI = 0. 97, TLI = 0.96, χ 2(98) = 531.28, p < 0.001). An incremental validity assessment revealed that positive and negative reappraisal correlated similarly with related mental health constructs. By contrast, suppression of negative vs. positive emotions was differentially associated to the validators tested. The ERQ-PN represents a valid measure of emotion regulation that accounts for both positive and negative emotions.

Social good reappraisal as a novel and effective emotion regulation strategy.

Society asks individuals, such as front-line medical and emergency personnel or social media moderators, to help others under highly negative emotional circumstances, and those individuals need to regulate their emotions for their own well being. A well-studied form of emotion regulation is reappraisal, the use of cognitive processes used to reinterpret initial emotional responses to negative events. Distancing (pretending that a situation is distant in time or space) is well documented to be an effective form of emotion regulation, but it may not be applicable in social contexts where individuals must engage with distressing events to help others. Here, for the first time, we asked whether a novel reappraisal strategy focused on Social Good-imagining that an aversive event is also an opportunity to prevent harm to others-can be an effective form of reappraisal. In a pre-registered experiment, participants were randomly assigned to Distancing or Social Good conditions as they viewed neutral or highly aversive images and then reported their subjective emotional states with or without reappraisal. Both Distancing and Social Good reappraisals led to significantly less negative affect. Distancing yielded a stronger effect, but importantly, participants reported both Distancing and Social Good as equally easy to employ and both were effective across multiple demographic and personality characteristics, indicating the broad value of both as effective forms of reappraisal. Across both reappraisal conditions, effective reappraisal increased with age and positive affect. These findings indicate that Social Good is an effective reappraisal strategy and raise the possibility that it could be particularly valuable in contexts in which emotionally demanding tasks are completed on behalf of the good for other people.

The Role of Cognitive Reappraisal Strategies in Modulating Traumatic Memories

Cognitive reappraisal is a cognitive-behavioral technique that plays a crucial role in modulating emotional responses to traumatic memories, especially in clinical settings treating disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD). This paper provides an in-depth exploration of the integration of cognitive reappraisal into therapeutic modalities, including Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT). It examines the empirical evidence supporting the efficacy of cognitive reappraisal, discusses the challenges and considerations in its clinical application, and highlights the necessity for tailored approaches to enhance therapeutic outcomes. The systematic review of literature reveals that cognitive reappraisal significantly reduces emotional distress and improves psychological functioning, with neurobiological evidence showing changes in brain activity related to emotion processing. Despite its benefits, the effective implementation of cognitive reappraisal faces challenges such as therapist training, patient resistance, cultural considerations, and the need for integration with other therapeutic techniques. Addressing these challenges is essential for maximizing the effectiveness of cognitive reappraisal in therapy. This paper underscores the potential of cognitive reappraisal to transform therapeutic practices and enhance mental health care for individuals experiencing trauma-related disorders.

Needs and Coping during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in a Government Tertiary Hospital.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the well-being of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and their families. The core deficits of the condition and increased parental stress during this time made them more vulnerable. This study aims to explore how the pandemic has affected these families by identifying their needs and capabilities in order to provide support. A total of 227 parents of children with ASD completed an online survey consisting of items on socio-demographics, family needs, and coping strategies. Descriptive statistics were used and t-test and ANOVA/Kruskal Wallis were used to determine the relationship between parent and child factors with needs and coping. Needs for Information, Community Services, and Finances are the top categories while the greatest identified need during this pandemic was for financial assistance. Religiosity, Problem-Solving, and Cognitive Reappraisal were the widely used coping strategies by the parents. Fathers, younger children, daughters with ASD, and having more than one child with ASD showed significant association with needs. Parents with primary and tertiary education were associated with use of the cognitive reappraisal strategy and those with jobs were associated with substance use. Families of children with ASD have multiple needs during this pandemic, from autism-specific information and services, to more generic concerns such as financial assistance. Despite these challenges, these families have positive strategies in place to facilitate coping mechanisms.