Realm Of Policy Research Articles

All in this Together? Communities of Practice in UK–EU Cybersecurity Relations Post‐Brexit and Differentiated Re‐engagement

AbstractWhilst formative work on characterising UK‐EU cybersecurity cooperation points to re‐engagement rather than disengagement, we seek to take this as our starting point in order to build a more complex picture on how Brexit has impacted practitioners at policy and operational levels. The article argues that while UK‐EU collaboration in cybersecurity has historically been robust, the politics of withdrawal/ Brexit have had varying effects on engagement at the level of the everyday: (1) business as usual in the domain of national security and information sharing; (2) re‐engagement in the law enforcement realm; and (3) a formal partial disengagement in the policy and institutional realm. We therefore highlight in this article a more nuanced and differentiated impact relating to Brexit and cybersecurity cooepration and show how established communities of practice have been able to uilise mechanisms of resistance to achieve their goals in a time of political turbulence.

‘Flexible’ versus ‘fragmented’ authoritarianism: evidence from Chinese foreign policy during the Xi Jinping era

ABSTRACT Since the 1980s, a widely held view within the scholarly literature has been that China’s political system is characterised by ‘fragmented authoritarianism’ (FA). According to the FA model, the central government’s power is limited by competing interests among a diversity of actors within the Chinese state. These actors include central government ministries and bureaucracies, local governments, and corporations, which bargain for influence over policy direction, leading to incoherence and inconsistency in decision-making. In this paper, we aim to demonstrate that the FA framework is misleading in the realm of foreign policy, especially in the era of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). In its place, we characterise China’s decision-making and policy implementation system as flexible authoritarianism. Although actors such as corporations and local governments have a considerable degree of autonomy, they are responsible primarily for policy implementation, to which they can make adjustments within a set of broadly defined boundaries. Long-term strategic goals defined by the Party leadership are combined with elements of neoliberal free-market economics and applied with a remarkable degree of consistency. We illustrate the argument through evidence and case studies from Chinese foreign policy during the BRI era.

(Cautiously) Embracing pro-Palestinian activism in Singapore: civil society in illiberal regimes

ABSTRACT This paper explores the rise of pro-Palestine activism in Singapore. In illiberal regimes like the city–state, the political opportunities for activists to assert themselves are limited, though not non-existent. It is thus instructive to witness how the new surge of pro-Palestine activism in the country, and indeed, worldwide, has been dealt with by the government. I make the following claims. First, while the overall thrusts of Singapore’s foreign and domestic policies remain the same with regard to the Israel–Palestine conflict, especially on Singapore’s special relationship with Israel, the People’s Action Party (PAP) government has given clear concessions to the pro-Palestinian camp. Second, this balancing act is done with domestic electoral and political goals in mind. The issue has special resonance among younger Singaporeans and the Muslim community, and the government is well-aware of that. Politically, if not dealt with properly, the matter could also be a potential racial-religious fault-line, which is why political sophistication was needed to appease the various sides in society. The implication is that even in less democratic polities like Singapore, activists can make significant gains in the realm of both public opinion and policy. This study is situated within the literature on civil society-state relations.

When talk meets actions – return to commission leadership in EU environmental policy-making with the European Green Deal

ABSTRACT With the Green Deal, the von der Leyen Commission has put forward an ambitious agenda to transform the European Union towards climate neutrality. However, this commitment to environmental and climate policy has been tested by the numerous crises that have shaped her tenure. Historically, previous Commissions have often deprioritized environmental policy in times of crisis. In light of this, we examine the Commission’s leadership in the realm of environmental policy. Our analysis demonstrates that both the President and her Executive Vice President provided strong leadership and maintained a clear focus on the Green Deal. We further explore this leadership by examining the Commission’s actions in relation to four key Green Deal policies: the Climate Law, the Battery Regulation, the Methane Regulation, and the Nature Restoration Law. Our findings reveal that the rhetorical commitment to environmental and climate policy has translated into mostly ambitious policy proposals, marking a significant departure from the more restrained environmental ambitions of previous Commissions. This analysis contributes to the body of research on the European Commission’s role in environmental and climate policy, as well as its leadership dynamics.

Latvian Sports Regulation in Transition: Navigating Historical Evolution and Contemporary Development Trends

This comprehensive analysis delves into the intricate realm of sports law and policies in Latvia, exploring the historical evolution, administrative framework, and policy landscapes that shape the country's sports sector. The text highlights Latvia's transition from the Centralized Soviet Model to a more autonomous sports system post-independence, reflecting the nation's historical context and pursuit of sporting excellence. It examines the interaction between EU regulations and internal sports governance, emphasizing the balance between market-regulating rules and legitimate sports governance. The study also discusses recent legislative amendments in response to geopolitical events that has shaken the Eastern Europe, such as the Russian invasion of Ukraine, showcasing Latvia's proactive approach to safeguarding national interests and ethical standards in sports. Furthermore, insights into the implementation of National Anti-Doping Regulations underscore Latvia's commitment to maintaining integrity in sports. The administrative framework involving various stakeholders, including governmental bodies and non-governmental organizations, is analysed to provide a holistic view of sports policy planning and stakeholder engagement in Latvia. Overall, this research sheds light on the evolving landscape of sports law in Latvia and the country's efforts to promote athletic development, fair play, and good governance in sports. The findings will contribute to a deeper understanding of the factors and forces shaping the sports sector in the country. Keywords: sports law and geopolitics, sports governance, sports policies, EU sports law, Latvia

Introduction to the special issue on AI systems for the public interest

AI systems have been promised to reduce CO2 emissions, monitor biodiversity, support accessibility, or help analyse human rights violations. They are often seen as a crucial part of the solutions needed in our times ranging from addressing the climate crisis, public health, to improvement of social services, or urban planning. We find the reference to artificial intelligence (AI) in many documents and debates of the policy realm, assigning it a strong potential to contribute to all these domains. AI for the public interest, and its close relatives, AI for (common or social) good, have become a common theme not only for tech companies, but also for political actors in the EU, including for instance international NGO networks. However, most often the definition of the public interest in the best case is limited to references to AI ethics. Yet, the practical meaning of what a good use of AI and a purpose “for good” entails in its development and implementation is unclear. What is often missing is an understanding that spells out in practice what it means for the process of development and deployment of AI systems to serve the public interest, let alone a holistic view on the conditions for AI to best serve the collective well-being.

Onwards and ...eastwards? EU-Azerbaijan relations as an example of crisis-driven agenda-setting within the framework of the European neighbourhood policy

This paper uses qualitative discourse analysis to investigate how the Second Nagorno-Karabakh war in 2020 and Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 have impacted bilateral relations between the European Union and Azerbaijan in the realm of security and energy policy? The study takes into account geo-political developments in the aftermath of the 2018 Agreement on New Partnership Priorities, as well as contemplates the future of the European Neighbourhood Policy. In this context, the paper illuminates the interplay of EU external governance, agenda-setting, and crisis concepts. In essence, the paper asserts that the EU responds swiftly to crises, such as the Ukraine and Karabakh conflicts, through actions like mediation, investments, and deepening bilateral relations, while often overlooking the root causes. Additionally, the EU consistently emphasizes long-term strategies and energy policies, with security concerns becoming more prominent during crisis periods.

Assessing the Relationship between Political Financing and Policy Bias in B40 Welfare Policies during COVID-19

This conceptual paper delves into the intricate relationship between political financing and policy bias in the implementation of welfare policies for the B40 (Below 40 is the 40% of the total population that earns the lowest tier of household income compared to the first group of T20-Top 20% and second category M40-Middle 40%) cluster in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. The B40 cluster comprises the most economically vulnerable segment of the population residing in public housing (the heavily subsidized government-owned residential areas for underprivileged citizens with certain household income categories). This study aims to unravel how political financing influences the formulation and execution of welfare policies, potentially leading to bias in resource allocation and support provision. Through an exhaustive review of existing scholarly literature and analysis of pertinent case studies, this paper embarks on examining the degree to which political financing impacts the decision-making process concerning welfare policies. The analysis focuses on identifying potential biases in policy formulation that may favor the interests of political entities providing financial backing to policymakers. Furthermore, the study also explores the implications of such biases on the equitable distribution of resources to the B40 cluster during the global COVID-19 crisis. The conceptual framework employed in this paper draws from theories of political economy, corruption, and public policy. By dissecting the extant body of literature, the paper aims to offer a nuanced comprehension of the dynamics between political financing and policy bias in the realm of welfare policies for the B40 cluster. The eventual findings are poised to enrich the theoretical understanding of the influence exerted by political financing on the formulation and execution of welfare policies, particularly during periods of global crisis. By identifying policy biases stemming from political financing, this study aspires to catalyze critical discussions on the imperative of transparent and accountable decision-making processes. Such deliberations are vital to ensuring the fair and effective implementation of welfare policies for the B40 cluster in Kuala Lumpur amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper thus serves as a clarion call for enhanced governance mechanisms and institutional reforms to uphold the principles of fairness, equity, and social justice in welfare policy formulation and implementation. This study contributes to the existing literature by shedding light on the nexus between political financing and policy bias in the context of welfare policies for vulnerable populations. It underscores the importance of addressing systemic flaws in governance and decision-making processes to mitigate the adverse effects of political influence on welfare policy outcomes. Moreover, the findings of this study have practical implications for policymakers, advocacy groups, civil society organizations and other stakeholders involved in shaping welfare policy agendas and advocating for reform initiatives. In conclusion, this paper calls for a concerted effort to promote transparency, accountability, and integrity in the formulation and implementation of welfare policies. By fostering a culture of ethical governance and democratic participation, policymakers can ensure that welfare programs serve the interests of the most vulnerable members of society and contribute to equitable and sustainable development outcomes.

Neurotechnologies and Artificial Intelligence in Public Administration: Application Practice and Possible Ways of Development

Over the past few years, the field of artificial intelligence and neurotechnology has moved beyond the scope of exclusive scientific discussion to the realm of public policy. The state is an important participant in technological progress, which allows us to consider in detail the connection between government officials and neurosciences, because, according to a large number of scientists, it is this segment of sciences that will allow humanity to transition to a new technological order. The purpose of this study is to consider the theoretical foundations of the interaction of the subjects of the public administration system with end-to-end technologies and to search for practical examples of the implementation of this interaction. In the course of the work such methods as theoretical analysis, comparison and contrast, cognitive method, system analysis, and analysis of statistical data were used. The theoretical foundations of the study of neurotechnologies, as well as the market of the existing neuroprosthetics products, were considered. The authors of the research studied and compared examples of the development of plans and the application of artificial intelligence and neurotechnologies in such countries as Russia, the United States, and the United Kingdom, and analysed global rankings of digitalisation of public administration. Based on this, it was concluded that countries are actively participating in a new technological race, trying to introduce artificial intelligence in the field of public administration in order to gain their own advantage, however the sluggishness of states in the development of neurotechnologies, with subsequent implementation in the public sector, was noted, and the fact of significant differences in the understanding of artificial intelligence in public administration around the world was revealed. This fact creates a field for further research and discussion. The results of the research can be used in the framework of further study of the analyzed aspects by scientific and research organizations, within the framework of the activities of federal authorities, as well as private companies.

Machine (network) learning in K-12 classrooms

In times when machine learning (ML) and other artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are expanding the role and definition of network learning in schools, this short paper reports from a practice-centred research project that explores how K-12 teachers affect and are affected by educational technologies with AI. Accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, data-driven and decision-making systems with ML are already entering various educational policy and practice realms, often underpinned by promises of automation and personalization. A growing number of research, drawing from the theoretical orientations and empirical approaches from Science & Technology Studies is increasingly unpacking such promises as well as addressing controversies directly related to the constitutions of ML AI in education. Still, little research explores the adoption of data-driven AI technologies in classrooms from a socio-material, networked learning stance. This short paper introduces such work (in progress) drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Sweden. Guided by the ontological and methodological approaches of Actor-Network-Theory (ANT), the study focuses on the interactions in K-12 classrooms between commercial ML technologies and teachers. Methodologically this means engaging with both human and non-human actors through ethnographic approaches striving for very specific descriptions of interactions within the actor-network and its enacted realities. Preliminary findings from the first of two envisaged case studies in which a ML-based teaching aid in mathematics was tried out in 22 classrooms indicate how compensatory and contradictory actions and accounts emerge within the network of heterogeneous actors. Human actors seem to compensate for the algorithmic actions of the specific educational technology with ML. This is however not a fait accompli but a continuous and unsettled process in the making between humans and the (non-human) technology. Preliminary results also suggest how controversies of ML algorithms in teaching aids, such as their lack of transparency and algorithmic “governance” play out in authentic learning contexts. In conclusion, the paper argues that theoretical and methodological principles of ANT grant for non-deterministic narrative of the heterogeneous nature of educational practice and have the potential to open the black-box of machine learning in the emerging networked learning settings of K-12 classrooms.

California dreaming: Why environmental justice is integral to the success of climate change policy

In the realm of climate policy, issues of environmental justice (EJ) are often treated as second-order affairs compared to overarching sustainability goals. We argue that EJ is in fact critical to successfully addressing our national and global climate challenges; indeed, centering equity amplifies the voices of the diverse constituencies most impacted by climate change and that are needed to build successful coalitions that shape and advance climate change policy. We illustrate this perspective by highlighting the experience of California and the contentious processes by which EJ became integrated into the state’s climate action efforts. We examine the achievements and shortcomings of California’s commitment to climate justice and discuss how lessons from the Golden State are influencing the evolution of current federal climate change policy.

‘Watch the closing doors’- material interpellation, mobility affordance, and passenger sensations

The multi-sensorial and embodied experiences of ‘being transported’ as passengers are an important, but at times underemphasized, theme in transport policy and planning. Asking the key question ‘how does it feel?’ seems straight forward and yet still hard to accommodate in the realm of planning and transport policies. However, if the ‘way that we feel’ is what attunes us to be attracted (or the opposite) to different modes of transport, then the affective, embodied, and sensorial qualities of buses, subways, airplanes, and ferries is more than an issue of ‘comfort’ and competitive advantage (even though this is a central concern for public transport agencies in the post-covid 19 context). Rather, we should understand how the enrolment of human bodies into infrastructural systems and mobility technologies shape our experiences in the everyday life. This paper hones in on a few theoretical concepts developed under the umbrella of ‘mobilities design’. Seen as a field of ‘material pragmatism’ it presents concepts such as ‘material interpellation’, ‘mobility affordance’, ‘extended bodies’, and ‘osmosis’ as part of a vocabulary enabling a more granular understanding of how we experience the world as passengers.

Public Policy Innovation: Analyzing the Implementation and Outcomes of Progressive Initiatives

Public policy innovation plays a pivotal role in addressing contemporary societal challenges, and this journal article scrutinizes the implementation and outcomes of progressive initiatives in the realm of public policy. The study delves into the dynamics of policy innovation, examining the factors influencing successful implementation and evaluating the resultant outcomes. The article begins by elucidating the significance of public policy innovation in responding to the evolving needs of societies. It explores various forms of innovation, including technological, procedural, and institutional innovations, and their impact on the policy landscape. A comprehensive analysis of the implementation process follows, encompassing stakeholder engagement, regulatory frameworks, and the role of leadership in fostering innovation-friendly environments. Case studies and real-world examples illustrate instances of successful policy innovation, highlighting best practices and lessons learned. Furthermore, the study assesses the outcomes of progressive policy initiatives, considering their effectiveness in achieving intended goals and addressing societal challenges. It also explores the potential unintended consequences and challenges associated with policy innovation. The findings underscore the importance of a dynamic and adaptive policy framework that encourages experimentation, learning, and continuous improvement. Recommendations include the establishment of innovation labs, cross-sector collaboration, and mechanisms for ongoing evaluation and feedback. In conclusion, this article contributes to the discourse on public policy innovation, offering insights into the complexities of implementation and the multifaceted outcomes of progressive initiatives. As societies navigate unprecedented challenges, fostering a culture of innovation in public policy emerges as a key strategy for building responsive and effective governance systems.

Beyond Coexixtence: Intersecting Realms of Faith and Policy in Mentawai, Indonesia

Beyond Coexixtence: Intersecting Realms of Faith and Policy in Mentawai, Indonesia

Role of Arts and Cultural Events in Community Development and Social Cohesion

Purpose: This study sought to investigate the role of arts and cultural events in community development and social cohesion. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to the role of arts and cultural events in community development and social cohesion. Preliminary empirical review revealed that such events acted as catalysts for economic and social revitalization, enhancing local business and infrastructure through increased foot traffic and investment. They significantly boosted social cohesion by providing a platform for diverse groups to engage and share cultural experiences, thus strengthening community ties and civic engagement. Additionally, participation in these events was linked to improved mental health and personal well-being, as they offered emotional and psychological benefits that extended from communal to individual levels. The findings highlighted the necessity for ongoing support and investment in the arts, underscoring their integral role in fostering cohesive, vibrant, and resilient communities. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social Capital Theory, Cultural Development Theory and Urban Regeneration Theory may be used to anchor future studies on the role of arts and cultural events in community development and social cohesion. The study provided comprehensive recommendations across theoretical, practical, and policy realms. It advocated for the integration of cultural activities into theories of social capital and community dynamics, emphasizing their dual role in fostering both inclusivity and deeper social bonds. Practically, it offered guidance on making cultural events more accessible and engaging for diverse communities, while on the policy level, it pushed for increased governmental investment and the incorporation of arts into broader development strategies. The study also suggested innovative funding models, continuous program evaluation, and the use of cultural indicators to track and enhance the impact of arts on communities. Additionally, it underscored the importance of promoting and advocating for the benefits of cultural events to secure sustained support and recognition.

Charting a new course: ungraying the fleet and comprehensively supporting fishing livelihoods and communities

This article provides perspectives on the graying of the fleet and research efforts to understand it in Alaska fisheries, discusses recent abrupt multifaceted challenges faced by Alaskan fishermen, and compares divergent public perceptions and support programs for farmers and fishermen in the United States. Equity concerns have seen a resurgence in academic and policy realms and the graying of the fleet is now a common example of distributional inequity, yet despite in-depth research attention on the issue, few substantive programmatic modifications have been made to address it in Alaska. Aging trends in United States fisheries have typically been framed as one of changing aspirational preferences. Research suggests coastal youth do desire and highly value fishing careers, but structural and financial barriers limit opportunities for new generations. The precarity of the fishing industry was highlighted in 2023 with sudden global seafood market instability, rising interest rates and operating costs, destabilized geopolitical tensions, and hastening climate change impacts. This recent industry turmoil disproportionately impacts those on the margins and adds an additional layer of complexity to addressing graying of the fleet trends. Unlike in fisheries, there are numerous federal programs to support young farmers and the agricultural industry. This paper calls for proactive and comprehensive measures to stabilize and support fishing communities and the viability of next generation pathways amidst recent fishing industry market turmoil and longer term inequities in fishery governance.

Professionalising health technology assessment in South Africa

Health technology encompasses interventions developed to prevent, diagnose or treat medical conditions; promote health; provide rehabilitation or organise healthcare delivery. The intervention can be a test, device, medicine, vaccine, procedure, program or system.[1] Health technology assessment (HTA) is a multidisciplinary evaluation process that assesses the properties of health technologies and interventions. It uses specific methods to determine the value of a health technology at different points in its lifecycle. The purpose of the HTA is to inform decision-making to promote equitable, efficient and high-quality health and health care systems. [1,2] It bridges the gap between the realms of research, policy making and service delivery.

Increasing the Effectiveness of Public Service Announcements Among Gen Z by Using Influencer Advertising

In this study, we aim to explore the effectiveness of influencer advertising in the realm of public policy. More specifically, we will be examining key factors that can potentially increase psychological reactance among individuals belonging to Generation Z when they are processing anti-binge drinking Public Service Announcements. We then discuss how collaboration between federal agencies and social media influencers can overcome the hurdles posed by psychological reactance. By drawing upon the existing research on persuasive messages, psychological reactance, influencer advertising, and parasocial relationships, our findings will hold significant value for policymakers in disseminating impactful Public Service Announcements that resonate with Generation Z.

Closing the Gap: Approaches to Improving Colorectal Surgery Care for the Uninsured and Underinsured

AbstractHealth insurance plays a critical role in access to and delivery of health care in the United States. As the only industrialized nation without universal health coverage, Americans without adequate insurance (i.e., uninsured or underinsured individuals) face numerous obstacles to obtaining necessary health care. In this article, we review the mechanisms by which inadequate insurance leads to worse clinical outcomes in patients with common benign and malignant colorectal pathologies. We then discuss several evidence-based solutions for improving access to optimal colorectal care for these patients. These include increasing access to and affordability of health insurance, mitigating disparities between differently insured populations, strengthening the health care safety net, and tailoring outreach and clinical decision-making for the uninsured and underinsured. By exploring the nuance and impact of inadequate insurance coverage, we ultimately seek to highlight critical opportunities for future research and advocacy within the realm of insurance design and policy.

Welfare at the Statehouse Democracies: Assessing the Impact of Public Opinion on Welfare Policies at the State Level

A frequent question in discussions about democracy is whether input from the public is ever considered and to what extent by politicians. This influence of public opinion on the realm of welfare policies has not been extensively explored, and most analyses are less precise for being conducted before the passage of the national welfare reform in 1996, better known as the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA). Bringing the analysis to a period after the reform to account for contextual changes since its passage, this study uses the multilevel and poststratification (MRP) model considered superior in analysis of subnational opinion using national survey data to assess the influence of public opinion on welfare policies at the state level. Collecting data from the 2014 CCES and a new developed welfare generosity index, I find that public opinion does not have any influence on how generous welfare programs turn out in their states, unless it is interacted with state government ideology. It seems that the ideology of the state government and the state poverty rate are the major determinants on welfare policies outcomes in the states, although the latter had different effects for TANF and SNAP.