Realization Of Finite Impulse Response Filters Research Articles

Efficient Shift-Add Implementation of FIR Filters Using Variable Partition Hybrid Form Structures

Single constant multiplication (SCM) and multiple constant multiplications (MCM) are among the most popular schemes used for low-complexity shift-add implementation of finite impulse response (FIR) filters. While SCM is used in the direct form realization of FIR filters, MCM is used in the transposed direct form structures. Very often, the hybrid form FIR filters where the sub-sections are implemented by fixed-size MCM blocks provide better area, time, and power efficiency than those of traditional MCM and SCM based implementations. To have an efficient hybrid form filter, in this paper, we have performed a detailed complexity analysis in terms of the hardware and time consumed by the hybrid form structures. We find that the existing hybrid form structures lead to an undesirable increase of complexity in the structural-adder block. Therefore, to have a more efficient implementation, a variable size partitioning approach is proposed in this paper. It is shown that the proposed approach consumes less area and provides nearly 11% reduction of critical path delay, 40% reduction of power consumption, 15% reduction of area-delay product, 52% reduction of energy-delay product, and 42% reduction of power-area product, on an average, over the state-of-the-art methods.

A Computationally Efficient Reconfigurable FIR Filter Architecture Based on Coefficient Occurrence Probability

Reconfigurable digital filter is being widely used in applications such as communication and signal processing. Its performance, power consumption, and logic resource utilization are the major factors to be taken into consideration when designing the filters. This paper proposes a concise canonic signed digit coefficient grouping method aiming at reducing the number of common subexpressions (CSs). Further, we statistically analyze every CS occurance for numerous sorts of the finite-impulse response (FIR) filters and obtain characterization of the distribution behavior for all the possible CS patterns in a 16-bit coefficient. Thus, a novel processing element structure is proposed to form a medium-grain array for computationally efficient realization of reconfigurable FIR filter. The experiment results suggest such design implementations typically achieve 21% reduction in silicon area, 20% decrease in power consumption, and 14% improvement in operation speed in comparison to other conventional FIR architectures.

VLSI Design and Comparison of DA and LMS Based Reconfigurable FIR Filter

<p>Here, we exhibit the design optimization of one- and two-dimensional fully-pipelined computing structures for area-delay-power-efficient implementation of finite impulse response (FIR) filter by systolic decomposition of distributed arithmetic (DA)-based inner-product computation. This plan is found to offer a flexible choice of the address length of the look-up-tables (LUT) for DA-based computation to determine suitable area-time trade-off. It is seen that by using smaller address-lengths for DA-based computing units, it is possible to decrease the memory-size but on the other side that leads to increase of adder complexity and the latency. For efficient DA-based realization of FIR filters of different orders, the flexible linear systolic design is implemented on a Xilinx Virtex-E XCV2000E FPGA using a hybrid combination of Handel-C and parameterizable VHDL cores. Various key performance metrics such as number of slices, maximum usable frequency, dynamic power consumption, energy density and energy throughput are estimated for different filter orders and address-lengths. Obtained results on analysis shows that performance metrics of the proposed implementation is broadly in line with theoretical expectations. We have seen that the choice of address-length M=4 gives the best of area-delay power-efficient realizations of the FIR filter for different filter orders. Moreover, the proposed FPGA implementation is found to involve significantly less area-delay complexity compared with the existing DA-based implementations of FIR filter.</p>

Area and Speed Efficient Implementation of Symmetric FIR Digital Filter through Reduced Parallel LUT Decomposed DA Approach

This brief proposes an area and speed efficient implementation of symmetric finite impulse response (FIR) digital filter using reduced parallel look-up table (LUT) distributed arithmetic (DA) based approach. The complexity lying in the realization of FIR filter is dominated by the multiplier structure. This complexity grows further with filter order, which results in increased area, power, and reduced speed of operation. The speed of operation is improved over multiply-accumulate approach using multiplier less conventional DA based design and decomposed DA based design. Both the structure requires B clock cycles to get the filter output for the input width of B, which limits the speed of DA structure. This limitation is addressed using parallel LUTs, called high speed DA FIR, at the expense of additional hardware cost. With large number of taps, the number of LUTs and its size also becomes large. In the proposed method, by exploiting coefficient symmetry property, the number of LUTs in the decomposed DA form is reduced by a factor of about 2. This proposed approach is applied in high speed DA based FIR design, to obtain area and speed efficient structure. The proposed design offers around 40% less area and 53.98% less slice-delay product (SDP) than the high throughput DA based structure when it’s implemented over Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGA device-XC5VSX95T-1FF1136 for 16-tap symmetric FIR filter. The proposed design on the same FPGA device, supports up to 607 MHz input sampling frequency, and offers 60.5% more speed and 67.71% less SDP than the systolic DA based design.

Realization of Low Power FIR Digital Filter using Modified DA-based Architecture

Objectives: Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters are widely used in image and signal processing applications and responsible for more total power dissipation. This research work presents modified Distributed Arithmetic (DA)-based approach for realization of low power FIR digital filter. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Power reduction in modified DA-based filter is achieved by turning off the MOS components whenever the input samples of circuit are zero. The proposed filter reduces power consumption by disabling adder operation when inputs are zero. In the conventional DSP applications, it is observed that the average of the zero input sample is very high. Therefore, substantial reduction in power consumption can be obtained by proposed modified DA-based architecture. The proposed DA-based FIR filter is designed using Xilinx® ISE design tool and Cadence® EDA tool. Findings: The proposed work proved that the power reduction is achieved in modified DA-based FIR filter realization when compared with existing LUT-less DA-based architecture of FIR filter. Simulation results shows that proposed architecture can achieve significant power reduction with fewer percentage increases in area and delay for different architectures. For four tap FIR filter 12.5% power reduction is achieved, at the cost of 0.63% extra chip area and 1% increased delay in comparison with conventional DA-based filter architecture. Therefore, the proposed filter can achieve even greater power saving for higher order FIR filters and for more number of zeros in the inputs sample. The proposed technique can also be used for reconfigurable architectures where filter coefficients change during runtime. Conclusion: A low power modified DA-based FIR digital Filter is proposed. Power reduction in proposed design is due to turning off MOS components and is linearly related to number of zeros in input and order of the filter.

VLSI Realization of Area efficient FIR Filters

Arithmetic circuit Multiplication happens oftentimes in finite impulse response (FIR) filters, quick Fourier transforms, distinct trigonometric function transforms, convolution, and to avoid wasting vital temporal order consumption of a VLSI style. Here, we have a tendency to propose planning of FIR filter exploitation high speed & space economical multiplier factor adopting the new implementing approach exploitation changed radix-4 booth multiplier factor. The multiplier factor is intended by a changed Booth formula that is controlled by a detection unit exploitation associate degree logic gate. The changed booth formula can scale back the amount of partial merchandise generated by an element of two.

Memory Based Hardware Efficient Implementation of FIR Filters

Finite impulse response (FIR) digital filters are key components used in many digital signal processing (DSP) systems because of their linear phase, stability, fewer finite precision errors and regular structure. The real time realization of FIR filter with less hardware requirement and less latency has become very critical with increasing developments in very large scale integration (VLSI) technology. The objective of this paper to explore the current trends in the development of algorithms and architectures for memory based realization of FIR filters that are mainly concerned with reducing the overall area-delay-power complexities. The purpose of this study is to compare these architectures based on ROM size, delay and throughput. The results presented here would assist the researchers in the field of Digital Signal processing to select best architecture for an application based on requirements. New algorithms and architectures need to be developed to design area-delay-power-efficient FIR filters for various demanding DSP applications.

FIR Filter Implementation Based on the RNS with Diminished-1 Encoded Channel

A technique, based on the residue number system (RNS) with diminished-1 encoded channel, has being used for implementing a finite impulse response (FIR) digital filter. The proposed RNS architecture of the filter consists of three main blocks: forward and reverse converter and arithmetic processor for each channel. Architecture for residue to binary (reverse) convertor with diminished-1 encoded channel has been proposed. Besides, for all RNS channels, the systolic design is used for the efficient realization of FIR filter. A numerical example illustrates the principles of diminished-1 residue arithmetic, signal processing, and decoding for FIR filters.

FIR Filter Implementation Based on the RNS with Diminished-1 Encoded Channel

A technique, based on the residue number system (RNS) with diminished-1 encoded channel, has being used for implementing a finite impulse response (FIR) digital filter. The proposed RNS architecture of the filter consists of three main blocks: forward and reverse converter and arithmetic processor for each channel. Architecture for residue to binary (reverse) convertor with diminished-1 encoded channel has been proposed. Besides, for all RNS channels, the systolic design is used for the efficient realization of FIR filter. A numerical example illustrates the principles of diminished-1 residue arithmetic, signal processing, and decoding for FIR filters.

Design Technique of Bandpass FIR filter using Various Window Function

Filter is one of the most important part of communication system. Without digital filter we cannot think about proper communication because noise occurs in channel. For removing noise or cancellation of noise we use various type of digital filter. In this paper we propose design technique of bandpass FIR filter using various type of window function. Kaiser window is the best window function in FIR filter design. Using this window we can realize that FIR filter is simple and fast. Keywords: FIR filter, LTI, bandpass filter, MATLAB I. Introduction In different areas digital filter design techniques are widely used. The digital filter consist of both software and hardware implementation. In the digital filter, the input and output signals are digital or discrete time sequence. Digital filters are linear time invariant (LTI) systems which are characterized by unit sample response. These filters are portable and highly flexible. It has minimum or negligible interference noise and other effects. In storage and maintenance digital filters are easier. Digital filters reduce the failure time. Digital filters are categorized in two parts as finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR). In comparison to IIR filters, the FIR filters have greater flexibility to control the shape of their magnitude response. According to the frequency characteristics digital filter can be divided-lowpass, highpass, bandpass, and bandstop.The realization of FIR filter is non-recursive in comparison to IIR filter. Bandpass filtering plays an important role in DSP applications. It can be used to pass the signals according to the specified frequency passband and reject the frequency other than the passband specification. Then the filtered signal can be further used for the signal feature extraction. Filtering can also be applied to perform applications such as noise reduction, frequency boosting, digital audio equalizing, and digital crossover, among others.

Hardware Efficient Approach for Memoryless-Based Multiplication and Its Application to FIR Filter

In conventional memory-based multiplication design, the multiplier is replaced by a read only memory (ROM). Since the memory size increases exponentially with the input length, in this paper, a modified hardwareefficient approach for memoryless-based multiplication is proposed. The very large scale integration (VLSI) measure indicates that the proposed approach involves less hardware complexity compared with the existing one. Then the proposed approach is applied in the finite impulse response (FIR) filter. It is observed that the proposed memorylessbased multiplication can be decomposed into a number of small units. Thus, we present the design optimization of onedimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) fully systolic arrays for area-delay-efficient implementation of finite impulse response (FIR) filter, using the proposed memoryless-based multiplier. For efficient realization of FIR filters of different orders, the systolic designs are synthesized by Synopsys Design Compiler along with the FIR filter using the existing lookup table (LUT)-based multiplier. The key measure metric, namely the area-delay product is estimated for different filter orders. Analysis of the result obtained indicates that the proposed 2-D structure involves significantly less area-time complexity when compared to the FIR filter using the existing LUT-based multiplier. Besides, the 2-D systolic array is found to offer a fixed duration of cycle period for each processing element (PE), and therefore suits well for filter implementation with large filter order.

Efficient realization of reconfigurable FIR filter using the new coefficient representation

In this paper, efficient reconfigurable finite-impulse response (FIR) filter architecture is presented based on a new coefficient representation method. The proposed binary signed subcoefficient method increases the common subexpressions and decrease the hardware usage and complexity. FPGA synthesis results of the designed two reconfigurable FIR filter architectures show that 33% and 27% reductions in the resources usage are achievable over the previously reported two state of the art reconfigurable architectures.

FPGA realization of FIR filters for high-speed and medium-speed by using modified distributed arithmetic architectures

This paper presents the design optimization of fully pipelined architectures for area-time-power-efficient implementation of finite impulse response (FIR) filter. The architectures are designed to obtain a suitable area-time tradeoff. Analysis of the performance of different filter orders and different address lengths of partial tables indicate the choice of four input partial tables presents the best of area-time-power-efficient realizations of FIR filter compared with the existing LUT-less DA-based implementations of FIR filters in both high-speed and medium-speed. Moreover, a number of further experiments not only shows the pipeline register’s significant influence to the maximum frequency of the FIR filters but also indicates it also has area usage. Final experiment shows that with the help of using pipeline register, the choice of 4-bits-per-clock (4BPC) of the architecture for word-length N=8 with four input partial table yields the best cost-effective when comparing with other different cases in both high-speed and medium-speed implementations.

Low Power Realization and Synthesis of Higher-Order FIR Filters Using an Improved Common Subexpression Elimination Method

The complexity of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters is mainly dominated by the number of adders (subtractors) used to implement the coefficient multipliers. It is well known that Common Subexpression Elimination (CSE) method based on Canonic Signed Digit (CSD) representation considerably reduces the number of adders in coefficient multipliers. Recently, a binary-based CSE (BSE) technique was proposed, which produced better reduction of adders compared to the CSD-based CSE. In this paper, we propose a new 4-bit binary representation-based CSE (BCSE-4) method which employs 4-bit Common Subexpressions (CSs) for implementing higher order low-power FIR filters. The proposed BCSE-4 offers better reduction of adders by eliminating the redundant 4-bit CSs that exist in the binary representation of filter coefficients. The reduction of adders is achieved with a small increase in critical path length of filter coefficient multipliers. Design examples show that our BCSE-4 gives an average power consumption reduction of 5.2% and 6.1% over the best known CSE method (BSE, NR-SCSE) respectively, when synthesized with TSMC-0.18 μm technology. We show that our BCSE-4 offers an overall adder reduction of 6.5% compared to BSE without any increase in critical path length of filter coefficient multipliers.

FPGA Realization of FIR Filters by Efficient and Flexible Systolization Using Distributed Arithmetic

In this paper, we present the design optimization of one- and two-dimensional fully pipelined computing structures for area-delay-power-efficient implementation of finite-impulse-response (FIR) filter by systolic decomposition of distributed arithmetic (DA)-based inner-product computation. The systolic decomposition scheme is found to offer a flexible choice of the address length of the lookup tables (LUT) for DA-based computation to decide on suitable area time tradeoff. It is observed that by using smaller address lengths for DA-based computing units, it is possible to reduce the memory size, but on the other hand that leads to increase of adder complexity and the latency. For efficient DA-based realization of FIR filters of different orders, the flexible linear systolic design is implemented on a Xilinx Virtex-E XCV2000E FPGA using a hybrid combination of Handel-C and parameterizable VHDL cores. Various key performance metrics such as number of slices, maximum usable frequency, dynamic power consumption, energy density, and energy throughput are estimated for different filter orders and address lengths. Analysis of the results obtained indicate that performance metrics of the proposed implementation is broadly in line with theoretical expectations. It is found that the choice of address length yields the best of area-delay-power-efficient realizations of the FIR filter for various filter orders. Moreover, the proposed FPGA implementation is found to involve significantly less area-delay complexity compared with the existing DA-based implementations of FIR filter.

Multinomial Lagrange-Bernstein approximants

The well-known Bernstein polynomials are frequently used in signal representation, finite impulse response filter realization, computer-aided geometric design, and B-spline techniques. In this letter, a refinement of the Bernstein approximation scheme for complex exponentials, by making use of a judicious Lagrange interpolation scheme, is proposed. Applied to a general function, this approach leads to a new polynomial approximant, termed a multinomial Lagrange-Bernstein approximant, that performs better than the usual Bernstein approximant.

Design and hybrid realization of FIR Nyquist filters with quantized coefficients and low sensitivity to timing jitter

A design of finite impulse response (FIR) Nyquist filters with zero intersymbol interference (ISI) and low sensitivity to timing jitter is presented. Using an affine scaling linear programming algorithm, a near-optimum quantized coefficient set can be obtained in a feasible computational time. By varying a parameter, the design provides a tradeoff between the tail energy of the impulse response in the time domain and the stopband of the magnitude response in the frequency domain. We also present a pipelined multiplier-free FIR filter realization with periodically time-varying (PTV) coefficients based on a hybrid form. The realizations exploit the coefficient symmetry to reduce the hardware by about one half. By placing most of the shifts followed by addition toward the back end of the structure, hardware is reduced due to the shorter wordlength of the adders. The proposed structure has a provision to increase the speed by adjusting a design parameter but at the expense of more hardware.

Low-power realization of FIR filters on programmable DSPs

This paper addresses the problem of reducing power dissipation of finite impulse response (FIR) filters implemented on programmable digital signal processors (DSPs). We describe a generic DSP architecture and identify the main sources of power dissipation during FIR filtering. We present seven transformations to reduce power dissipated in one or more of these sources. These transformations complement each other and together operate at algorithmic, architectural, logic and layout levels of design abstraction. Each of the transformations is discussed in detail and the results are presented to highlight its effectiveness. We show that the power dissipation can be reduced by more than 40% using these transforms. The transformations have been encapsulated in a framework that provides a comprehensive solution to low-power realization of FIR filters on programmable DSP's.

Switched-capacitor realization of FIR filters

Finite impulse response (FIR) filters can be realized without multipliers and delays by delta modulating the input signal [5]. In this letter, we describe a stray-insensitive switched-capacitor (SC) implementation of such delta modulation FIR filters.