Reality Judgment Research Articles

Confidence ratings do not distinguish imagination from reality.

Perceptual reality monitoring refers to the ability to distinguish internally triggered imagination from externally triggered reality. Such monitoring can take place at perceptual or cognitive levels-for example, in lucid dreaming, perceptual experience feels real but is accompanied by a cognitive insight that it is not real. We recently developed a paradigm to reveal perceptual reality monitoring errors during wakefulness in the general population, showing that imagined signals can be erroneously attributed to perception during a perceptual detection task. In the current study, we set out to investigate whether people have insight into perceptual reality monitoring errors by additionally measuring perceptual confidence. We used hierarchical Bayesian modeling of confidence criteria to characterize metacognitive insight into the effects of imagery on detection. Over two experiments, we found that confidence criteria moved in tandem with the decision criterion shift, indicating a failure of reality monitoring not only at a perceptual but also at a metacognitive level. These results further show that such failures have a perceptual rather than a decisional origin. Interestingly, offline queries at the end of the experiment revealed global, task-level insight, which was uncorrelated with local, trial-level insight as measured with confidence ratings. Taken together, our results demonstrate that confidence ratings do not distinguish imagination from reality during perceptual detection. Future research should further explore the different cognitive dimensions of insight into reality judgments and how they are related.

Changing ‘practical consciousness’ of Shanghai’s middle class under covid lockdowns: a residential community’s defiance and mobilization

ABSTRACT During the spring 2022 lockdowns in Shanghai, strict implementation of the Zero Covid policy compelled every person residing in Shanghai to confront the agents of the state and the authority behind them to develop a certain kind of practical consciousness and political sentiment – a political judgment of the dynamic reality in everyday life. During the 2-month lockdown, one witnessed both a surprising level of general compliance, as well as sporadic but widespread civil protests. Through an anthropological case study based on observations collected in the author’s own resident community, this article is an attempt to document the experiences of the residents in Shanghai under the lockdowns while examining their practice of self-governance and collective defiance. In addition, focusing on those who are considered to be ‘middle class’, it also examines how they relied on their professionalism to organize themselves in a state of high anxiety, and to make decisions and take action in a precarious and dynamic situation. It analyzes how they demonstrated a kind of ‘practical consciousness’ that initiated change and fragmentation in the collective will through the process of collective action such as negotiation, conflict, and resolution with those representing the power of the authorities. Ultimately, the political sentiments of the Chinese middle class are analyzed in terms of how they might organize their demands of everyday life into political demands and identify their own power through future collective action.

Max Weber and Harriet Martineau in physical education: Nuances of historical parallelism and gender bias in the sociological method

Physical education has been constituted in a complex scenario, and despite this epistemological debate, we can find the existence of a “sociology of sport,” a relatively recent field of study dominated by names such as Karl Marx, Norbert Elias, Pierre Bourdieu, and Michel Foucault, while the name of Max Weber and Harriet Martineau, the first woman sociologist, is absent of research in the “sociology of sport.” This article aims to explore two possible phenomena to explain this failure: Historical parallelism and gender bias. This research applies the bibliographic method with a descriptive approach, based on the works of Max Weber and Harriet Martineau, including supporting theoretical references. As the main result, Weber considered sociology as a science that seeks to interpretively understand social action and explain it causally in its course and effects. According to Weber, scientists must be skilled in separating judgments of reality (what is) and judgments of value (what ought to be) in scientific analysis, to pursue genuine knowledge, and he organized his sociological analysis method based on two main tools: (1) Ideal types and (2) types of social action. Temporarily before Weber, Martineau (1802 – 1876) pointed to aspects related to the observation process, and provided examples related to the different classifications of what Weber referred to as “social action.” She emphasized the need to engage with the people and groups from which one seeks to gather information, and two elements stand out: (1) The recommendation to study things, using people’s discourse as if it was a commentary on them and (2) the occasional need to distance oneself a little to have a more accurate view of the phenomenon. Martineau provided relevant indications regarding the recording of facts, previously to Weber. In conclusion, it is expected that researchers from different areas, including physical education, who employ research methods from the social sciences, field diary observations, and interviews, can appropriate what was previously produced before Max Weber, in this case, by Harriet Martineau.

Desktop vs. Headset: A Comparative Study of User Experience and Engagement for Flexibility Exercise in Virtual Reality

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Virtual Reality (VR) technology for flexibility exercise and compare the physical outcomes, user experience, and engagement of VR desktops and VR headsets. The VR exercise application was designed using motion capture technology and exported to different VR devices. Each of the devices was used by 30 participants to perform a flexibility exercise in VR. Physical outcomes were measured using the sit-and-reach test, and user experience and engagement were evaluated using questionnaires and group discussions. The results showed that VR desktop participants had higher sit-and-reach scores. However, VR headset participants reported a more immersive experience (reality judgment) and motivation (value and usefulness). They also had higher engagement (focused attention and reward) levels than VR desktop participants. There were no significant differences between the two approaches in terms of enjoyment, effort, pressure, choice, correspondence, absorption, perceived usability, and aesthetic appeal. The study highlights the importance of considering physical outcomes, user experience, and engagement by comparing two different VR approaches for flexibility exercise. Further research is needed to explore the limitations and potential benefits of VR technology for physical activity. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2023-07-04-03 Full Text: PDF

Subjective signal strength distinguishes reality from imagination

Humans are voracious imaginers, with internal simulations supporting memory, planning and decision-making. Because the neural mechanisms supporting imagery overlap with those supporting perception, a foundational question is how reality and imagination are kept apart. One possibility is that the intention to imagine is used to identify and discount self-generated signals during imagery. Alternatively, because internally generated signals are generally weaker, sensory strength is used to index reality. Traditional psychology experiments struggle to investigate this issue as subjects can rapidly learn that real stimuli are in play. Here, we combined one-trial-per-participant psychophysics with computational modelling and neuroimaging to show that imagined and perceived signals are in fact intermixed, with judgments of reality being determined by whether this intermixed signal is strong enough to cross a reality threshold. A consequence of this account is that when virtual or imagined signals are strong enough, they become subjectively indistinguishable from reality.

A complex polymorphous psychosis or a cycloid psychosis with a different onset?

IntroductionAcute and transitory psychotic disorders comprise a polymorphous picture such as Leonhard’s cycloid psychoses, which alternate episodes of affective symptoms such as psychosis between two poles (anguish/happiness, incoherence/stupor, or akinesia/hyperkinesia).ObjectivesTo describe a case report of a 20-year-old man, in outpatient psychiatric follow-up, after debuting at age 18 with a severe depressive episode of endogenomorphic characteristics without psychotic symptoms, with subsequent complete remission. Two years after clinical stability, he required prolonged hospitalization due to polymorphous psychotic syndrome of abrupt onset in a context of previous continuous use of cannabis and cocaine. Suspicion towards parents, bizarre behaviors, rushing desires, unmotivated laughter, fixed gaze, bewilderment, anguish with a feeling of imminent death, alternates with euphoria and senseless purchases.MethodsWe present the case report of this patient with a mental examination of conscious, scattered attention with marked distractibility, confusion and experiences of strangeness, memory gaps, subjective sensation of well-being with tachypsychia, which fluctuates with thymic oscillations and alternates with episodes of marked indefinite anguish, intense anxiety with delusional fear of the death of him or his family. Little systematized ideas of reference and prejudice based on intuitions or delusional occurrences in their environment. Megalomaniac and religious-messianic ideation. No sensory perception disturbances. Disintegrated course of thought, with frequent illogical associations, ambivalence of thought, affectivity and psychomotricity. Motor restlessness and behavioral disorganization. Global insomnia. Judgment of reality and superior functions diminished. No auto/heteroaggressiveness.ResultsVarious psychoactive drugs were tested for two months, obtaining a response only with valproic acid 1500mg, pregabalin 450mg and olanzapine 15mg, presenting slow improvement in a situation of absence of consumption, with a predominance of symptomatic polymorphism, decreasing fluctuation between episodes of expansiveness and psychotic anguish, remitting disorganization and motility alterations, persisting poor awareness of the disease and cognitive complaints. He was referred for follow-up at the mental health center where his gradual recovery continued.A differential diagnosis of polymorphous psychosis is proposed, compatible with a cycloid psychosis of the anxiety-happiness type with marked affective symptoms, precipitated by substance use.ConclusionsCycloid anxiety-happiness psychosis stands out for intense and fluctuating anxiety, oscillating with feelings of happiness, ecstasy, and placidity, mystical-religious delusions, and preoccupation with death, which may comprise a different psychotic debut.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Late diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and cocaine abuse

IntroductionAdult ADHD diagnosis sometimes represents a challenge for the clinician, due to the comorbid psychiatric diseases that are often associated and which complicate de recognition of the primary symptoms of ADHD. The prevalence of ADHD in adult populations is 2’5% and it is a relevant cause of functional impairment.ObjectivesPresentation of a clinical case of a male cocaine user diagnosed with adult ADHD.MethodsLiterature review on adult ADHD and comorbid substance abuse.ResultsA 43-year-old male who consulted in the Emergency Department due to auditory hallucinosis in the context of an increase in his daily cocaine use. There were not delusional symptoms associated and judgment of reality was preserved. Treatment with olanzapine was started and the patient was referred for consultation. In psychiatry consultations, he did not refer sensory-perceptual alterations anymore, nor appeared any signals to suspect so, and he was willing to abandon cocaine use after a few appointments. He expressed some work concerns, highlighting that in recent months, in the context of a greater workload, he had been given several traffic tickets for “distractions.” His wife explained that he had always been a inattentive person (he forgets important dates or appointments) and impulsive, sometimes interrupting conversations. In the Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale he scored 32 points.He was diagnosed with adult ADHD and treatment with extended-release methylphenidate was started with good tolerance and evolution, with improvement in adaptation to his job and social environment. Since then, the patient has moderately reduced the consumption of drugs, although he continues to use cocaine very sporadically.ConclusionsEarly detection of ADHD and its comorbidities has the potential to change the course of the disorder and the morbidity that will occur later in adults. Comorbidity in adult ADHD is rather the norm than the exception, and it renders diagnosis more difficult. The most frequent comorbidities are usually mood disorders, substance use disorders, and personality disorders. Treatment of adult ADHD consists mainly of pharmacotherapy supported by behavioral interventions. When ADHD coexists with another disorder, the one that most compromises functionality will be treated first and they can be treated simultaneously. The individual characteristics of each patient must be taken into account to choose the optimal treatment.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Denial of pregnancy: a review

IntroductionDenial of pregnancy is a condition that the pregnant woman is not aware that she is pregnant. It appears in one in every five hundred pregnancies, approximately. Women who present denial of pregnancy do not usually present comorbidity with another psychiatric pathology, although dependent personality traits, low self-esteem, loneliness and poor communication with the partner have been described as features among patients.ObjectivesThe objective of this work is to present the current information on the denial of pregnancy.MethodsA review about denial of pregnancy.ResultsDenial of pregnancy can be classified as psychotic denial (the woman may misinterpret the symptoms and physical changes of pregnancy, usually in strange ways. These people do not hide their pregnancy and those around them are often aware of the situation) or non-psychotic (the patient has the judgment of reality preserved). Non-psychotic denial can be affective: (the woman intellectually recognizes that she is pregnant but does not experience the emotional or behavioral changes that usually occur. This type of denial is related to feelings of detachment from the baby) or generalized (occurs when the The woman not only does not suffer the emotional changes of pregnancy, but also does not know the existence of pregnancy itself. Weight gain, amenorrhea and other changes inherent to this state may not be present or be misinterpreted. It may be that neither the family nor the environment realizes the pregnancy and then there is a collective denial of the pregnancy.)ConclusionsResearch and prevention of perinatal pathology should be a priority.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Voices change my name

IntroductionWe present the clinical case of a patient where the psychotic clinic coexists with gender dysphoria. This scenario can be the result of a change in gender identity derived from the psychotic process or appear independently of it.ObjectivesWe want to explain the importance of knowing how to act with a patient in whom these two processes coexist.Methods20-year-old woman, with no history of mental health. She comes to the emergency department for behavioral alteration. The family observes strange behaviors, unmotivated laughter, soliloquies and aggressive episodes. Abandonment of studies, hobbies and radical physical change. Delusions of prejudice and self-referential delusions. Possible phenomena of echo and diffusion of the thought. Auditory hallucinations talking to her in male gender, since then she presents doubts about her sexual identity and manifests her desire to change sex. Altered judgment of reality.Results During admission, we started treatment with an antipsychotic with good tolerance and she was referred to mental health team, where psychopharmacological treatment was adjusted with good response. In the following medical appointments the psychotic clinic disappeared at the same time that sexual identification was completely restored and made a critique of the behavior and experiences.ConclusionsThis case highlights the importance of assessing the chronology of symptoms, the patient’s criticality, the response to antipsychotic treatment and the need to exclude the psychotic background of the desire for gender reassignment before making a therapeutic decision.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Miraculous, magical, or mundane? The development of beliefs about stories with divine, magical, or realistic causation.

Children's naïve theories about causal regularities enable them to differentiate factual narratives describing real events and characters from fictional narratives describing made-up events and characters (Corriveau, Kim, Schwalen, & Harris, Cognition 113 (2): 213-225, 2009). But what happens when children are consistently presented with accounts of miraculous and causally impossible events as real occurrences? Previous research has shown that preschoolers with consistent exposure to religious teaching tend to systematically judge characters involved in fantastical or religious events as real (Corriveau et al., Cognitive Science, 39 (2), 353-382, 2015; Davoodi et al., Developmental Psychology, 52 (2), 221, 2016). In the current study, we extended this line of work by asking about the scope of the impact of religious exposure on children's reality judgments. Specifically, we asked whether this effect is domain-general or domain-specific. We tested children in Iran, where regular exposure to uniform religious beliefs might influence children's reasoning about possibility in non-religious domains, in addition to the domain of religion. Children with no or minimal schooling (5- to 6-year-olds) and older elementary school students (9- to 10-year-olds) judged the reality status of different kinds of stories, notably realistic, unusual (but nonetheless realistic), religious, and magical stories. We found that while younger children were not systematic in their judgments, older children often judged religious stories as real but rarely judged magical stories as real. This developmental pattern suggests that the impact of religious exposure on children's reality judgments does not extend beyond their reasoning about divine intervention. Children's justifications for their reality judgments provided further support for this domain-specific influence of religious teaching.

The Must of Being an Individual are Correct Usage of Reason and Creative Activity

As can be understood from the title of the text, a highly assertive thesis is put forward in this study. In order to justify this thesis in a philosophical sense, we first tried to reveal what the individual is, its formation and importance. The concept of the individual, which we discussed in the article and tried to describe with its indispensable conditions, refers to the individual who owes its existence to the western culture and belongs to the western civilization in terms of its characteristics. Because the must of this individual is expressed as using the reason correctly. This individual is both the creator and, because of its many characteristics, the product of a secular worldview. Trying to understand the universe, people and society, this individual acts with the patterns of his mentality and reveals his knowledge in this context. The individual is a self-confident and independent person. The basis of the independence of a person who is conscious of being an individual consists of his loyalty to his own reason. His perception, understanding, judgment, and evaluation of reality are based on his own reason, not on the assertions of others. Since using the reason is the basic characteristic of being an individual, it is not possible to think of the individual independently of the reason and the reason of the individual. In this article, we tried to explain the nature, formation and meaning of the individual on a completely rational basis. We tried to show that the individual has to consider his own reason rather than the expectations of the society while establishing his own life in the western culture, where it is accepted that being human is synonymous with being an individual. One, who does not belong to any entity that is considered important, is a unity that believes that he lives according to his actions. The individual has a creative ability because he is unique to himself in terms of thinking and actions. In fact, the quality of creativity is the result of using the reason correctly. Being a creative person, the individual puts forward new things based on his own creative abilities. All innovations, inventions and discoveries of all kinds throughout history are the works of creative individuals. The prerequisite for creative activity is reason, and the result is honour or self-respect. Using the reason correctly is the basic virtue that is the source of all the other virtues of the individual.

An internet-based treatment for flying phobia using 360° images: A feasibility pilot study

BackgroundMore research is needed in the field of Internet-delivered Cognitive Behavioral Treatments (ICBTs) for specific phobia in order to understand which characteristics are important in online exposure scenarios. The aim of the present work was to conduct a feasibility pilot study to explore participants' opinions, preferences, and acceptability ratings of two types of images (still images vs 360° navigable images) in an ICBT for Flying Phobia (FP). A secondary aim was to test the potential effectiveness of the two active treatment arms compared to a waiting list control group. An exploratory aim was to compare the role of navigable images vs. still images in the level of sense of presence and reality judgment and explore their possible mediation in treatment effectiveness. MethodsParticipants were randomly allocated to three conditions: NO-FEAR Airlines with still images (n = 26), NO-FEAR Airlines with still and navigable images (n = 26), and a waiting list group (n = 26). Primary outcome measures were participants' opinions, preferences, satisfaction, and acceptance regarding the images used in the exposure scenarios. Secondary outcome measures included FP symptomatology outcomes and measures of sense of presence and reality judgment. ResultsParticipants in the study preferred navigable images over still images before and after treatment (over 84%), and they considered them more effective and logical for the treatment of their problem. However, adherence in the experimental conditions was low (42.3% dropout rate), and more participants withdrew from the group that included navigable images compared to the group that only included still images (14 vs. 8), with no statistical differences in attrition between the two conditions. NO-FEAR Airlines proved to be effective in reducing FP symptomatology compared to the control group, with large between-group effect sizes on all FP measures (ranging from 0.76 to 2.79). No significant mediation effect was found for sense of presence or reality judgment in treatment effectiveness. DiscussionThe results of the current study suggest that participants prefer more immersive images in exposure scenarios, providing data that can help to design useful exposure scenarios to treat specific phobias in the future. They also provide evidence supporting the effectiveness of an ICBT for FP. Trial registrationRegistered at Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03900559) on April 9, 2019. Retrospectively registered.

BizarreVR: Dream-like bizarreness in immersive virtual reality induced changes in conscious experience of reality while leaving spatial presence intact

Differences in conscious experience of reality occur between waking, dreaming, and psychotic states. Between these states, there are systematic differences in the judgment about the reality of the experience when being confronted with bizarre breaks. However, the mechanisms underlying experience of reality in these different states are still unknown. To investigate the effect of bizarre breaks on experience of reality during the wake state, we propose a new paradigm using dream-like bizarreness and immersive virtual reality. Results showed that the realistic non-bizarre virtual environment induced high levels of reality judgment and spatial presence, whereas the confrontation with bizarre breaks induced high levels of experienced bizarreness. Moreover, experienced bizarreness significantly reduced reality judgment in both the bizarre and the realistic condition. Further, there was no effect of bizarre breaks on spatial presence. These results provide proof of concept for the new method to elicit natural bizarre experience within a realistic scenario.

Atypical Charles Bonnet syndrome secondary to frontal meningioma: a case report

BackgroundCharles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS) is a rare clinical entity that is classically composed of visual hallucinations in the context of an altered optic pathway with preservation of reality judgment. This case aims to present the association of visual hallucinations with complex alterations of the nervous structures adjacent to the visual pathway and an atypical clinical presentation, thus explaining the possible mechanisms involved in the generation of these symptoms.Case presentationA 43-year-old man presents seeking care due to visual hallucinations with partial preservation of reality judgment and symptoms compatible with a major depressive disorder, including irritability and diminished hygiene habits. He has a history of complete gradual loss of vision and hyposmia. Due to poor treatment response during hospitalization, an MRI was obtained, which showed a frontal tumor lesion with meningioma characteristics adjacent to the olfactory groove and compression of the optic chiasm. He underwent surgical resection of the lesion, which remitted the psychotic symptoms, but preserving the visual limitation and depressive symptoms.ConclusionsThe presence of visual hallucinations, without other psychotic features as delusions, is a focus of attention for basic structural pathologies in the central nervous system. Affection at any level of the visual pathway can cause CBS. When finding atypical symptoms, a more in-depth evaluation should be made to allow optimization of the diagnosis and treatment.

Социальные трансформации постметафизической эпохи

The article is concerned with the social transformations of the post-metaphysical era. It emphasizes the fact that the current state of society is a result of cardinal changes in the subject area of metaphysical discourse. It means transformation of our understanding of the nature of reality as well as the status of reason and truth. Classical modernism is based on belief in the existence of objective reality, universal reason and the truth as a correspondence of rational judgments to the actual state of affairs. Thus, science becomes the main guarantor of this belief in modern society. At the same time, the article shows gradual delegitimization of this belief in the main traditions of European philosophy (phenomenology, analytic philosophy, pragmatism) since the middle of the 20 th century. After post-positivism and new trends in the philosophy of science, scientific knowledge lost its unique cultural status. Since then, it could no longer make final judgments of reality. Due to major discoveries, the concept of reality fundamentally changed, and it is now conceived as intersubjective rather than completely objective. The universal status of reason has “disintegrated” into several historical types of rationality. The absolute truth has been replaced with the pluralist theory of truths, opening the era of post-truth. What the article emphasizes is that such fundamental changes in our notions of existence, reason and the truth lead to a transformation of the whole social system. At the world-systems level, alternative civilization projects appear, promoting their own understanding of social goals and values and devaluating the role of the expert community, which had crucial importance for classical modernism. New identities, ways of mobilization and solidarization are formed, new forms of stratification appear. At the same time, the article states that the main feature of the post-metaphysical era is that unique way of relating to existence, which means conscious construction of reality. Relying on this statement and Heidegger’s tradition, it is proposed to define the modern paradigm of relating to existence as “the time of the construct of the world.”

Contextual priming to increase the sense of presence in virtual reality: exploratory study

Sense of presence plays an essential role in realistic answers in virtual reality and is, therefore, relevant to promote. Prior studies suggest that a relationship exists between familiarity and presence through the memory process. Indeed, the recall of memories could reactivate the mental state and emotions associated with their context. The present study thus examined the effectiveness of contextual priming in enhancing the sense of presence in a virtual environment. The reading of an article primed participants. In the university priming condition, the article consisted of a description of the university, place well-known by the participants and relating to the virtual environment used subsequently. In the non-university condition, the article dealt with the organization of household chores. After the reading, the researcher immersed participants in a virtual classroom and had to discuss the article for three minutes. Finally, participants were invited to complete several questionnaires. Participants in the university priming condition reported a higher sense of presence during the virtual task than participants in the neutral priming group, especially regarding reality judgment. These findings suggest that contextual priming can promote a sense of presence through the activation of familiarity.

UnReal? Investigating the Sense of Reality and Psychotic Symptoms with Virtual Reality.

Distortions of reality, such as hallucinations, are common symptoms of many psychiatric conditions. Accordingly, sense of reality (SoR), the ability to discriminate between true and false perceptions, is a central criterion in the assessment of neurological and psychiatric health. Despite the critical role of the SoR in daily life, little is known about how this is formed in the mind. Here, we propose a novel theoretical and methodological framework to study the SoR and its relation to psychotic symptoms. In two experiments, we employed a specialized immersive virtual reality (VR) environment allowing for well-controlled manipulations of visual reality. We first tested the impact of manipulating visual reality on objective perceptual thresholds (just noticeable differences). In a second experiment, we tested how these manipulations affected subjective judgments of reality. The results revealed that the objective perceptual thresholds were robust and replicable, demonstrating that SoR is a stable psychometric property that can be measured experimentally. Furthermore, reality alterations reduced subjective reality judgments across all manipulated visual aspects. Finally, reduced sensitivity to changes in visual reality was related to self-reported prodromal psychotic symptoms. These results provide evidence for the relevance of SoR in the assessment of psychosis and other mental disorders in which reality is distorted.

Exemplification Effects: A Meta-Analysis

Abstract The presentation of single cases as examples for larger phenomena has a long-standing tradition in journalism. However, their usage has been viewed rather critically within the scientific community, because they are employed in a highly selective manner. Consequently, over the course of the last three decades, communication scholars from different research traditions have concerned themselves with the question of how single-case information within media content affects audience judgments. Although most publications report exemplification effects of some sort, it remains unclear which types of exemplars are effective and whether they are capable of influencing both perceptual and personal judgments. Applying a multi-level meta-regression approach, we synthesize findings across different studies and investigate potential moderators. Our results suggest overall exemplification effects that seem to be most pronounced for first-level reality judgments, such as public opinion or frequency estimates, but that are limited in their robustness when controlling for interdependence of the measurements.

Impact of the Impairment in 360-Degree Videos on Users VR Involvement and Machine Learning-Based QoE Predictions

Current extended virtual reality (VR) applications use 360-degree video to boost viewers' sense of presence and immersion. The quality of experience (QoE) effectiveness of 360-degree video in VR has often been related to many aspects. The four significant aspects to take into account when evaluating QoE in the VR are a sense of presence and immersion, acceptability, reality judgment, and attention captivated. In this manuscript, we subjectively investigate the impact of 360-degree videos QoE-affecting factors, including quantization parameters (QP), resolutions, initial delay, and different interruptions (single interruption and two interruptions) on these QoE-aspects. We then design a Decision Tree-based (DT) prediction models that predict users' VR immersion, acceptability, reality judgment, and attention captivated based on subjective data. The accuracy performance of the DT-based model is then analyzed with respect to mean absolute error (MAE), precision, accuracy rate, recall, and f1-score. The DT-based prediction model performs well with a 91% to 93% prediction accuracy, which is in close agreement with the subjective experiment. Finally, we compare the performance accuracy of the proposed model against existing Machine learning methods. Our DT-based prediction model outperforms state-of-the-art QoE prediction methods.

KOMI FEMALE DRAMA: SOME ASPECTS OF STUDYING THE QUESTION

The beginning of the 21st century opened a new page in the development of Komi literature connected with the activity of female authors earlier unprecedented on a dramatic field. In the 2000s Nina Kuratova, Elena Kozlova and Nina Obrezkova addressed dramaturgic genres. By this time they had already been popular writers. Having addressed a dramaturgic genre, new to itself, each writer introduced organic features in a palette of dramaturgic poetics, enriching and updating national culture. We devoted this work to research the specifics of Komi female dramatic art. Gender approach and method of the comparative analysis allowed us to reveal features of Komi female dramatic art. The Komi female dramatic art is not stereotypical and cliched, there is no similarity in the creation of plots and the features of characters in plays by the playwrights. N. Kuratova's, E. Kozlova's and N. Obrezkova's plays differ on the one hand from each other, on the other hand from plays by male Komi playwrights. It is not only about female playwrights reproducing in plays the female character and especially female household reality, but also about reproduction of how women feel and understand the world. In the Komi female drama we see the desire of the woman to live in harmony with the world, to constantly feel safe, to arrange family cosiness, to keep and transfer to the subsequent generations family values, love and respect (Kuratova). Also female drama transmits that pain which is felt by the woman, building relations with men, feeling their pressure and even violence (Kozlova). The female drama reveals changes the woman in modern society experiences, her finding new social roles, finding male features against the background of spiritual weakening of men (Obrezkova). So, the female consciousness gets into Komi dramaturgic space, opening new ways in an artistic judgment of reality, enriching an aesthetic paradigm.