Realistic Transmission Research Articles

The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect and exoplanet transits: A delicate association at medium and low spectral resolution

The characterization of exoplanetary atmospheres via transit spectroscopy is based on the comparison between the stellar spectrum filtered through the atmosphere and the unadulterated spectrum from the occulted stellar region. The disk-integrated spectrum is often used as a proxy for the occulted spectrum, yet they differ along the transit chord depending on stellar type and rotational velocity. This is referred to as the Rossiter-McLaughlin (RM) effect, which is known to bias transmission spectra at high spectral resolution when calculated with the disk-integrated stellar spectrum. Recently, it was shown that the first claimed atmospheric signal from an exoplanet cannot arise from absorption in the core of the sodium doublet, because the features observed at high resolution are well reproduced by the RM effect. However, it remains unclear as to whether the detection made at medium spectral resolution with the HST arises from the smoothed RM signature or from the wings of the planetary absorption line. More generally, the impact of the RM effect at medium and low spectral resolution remains poorly explored. To address this question, we simulated realistic transmission spectra in a variety of systems using the EVaporating Exoplanets code. We find that the Rm effect should not bias broadband atmospheric features, such as hazes or molecular absorption, measured with the JWST/NIRSPEC (prism mode) at low resolution. However, absorption signatures from metastable helium or sodium measured at medium resolution with the JWST/NIRSPEC (G140H mode) or HST/STIS can be biased, especially for planets on misaligned orbits across fast rotators. In contrast, we show that the Na signature originally reported in HD 209458b, an aligned system, cannot be explained by the RM effect, supporting a planetary origin. Contamination by the RM effect should therefore be accounted for when interpreting high- and medium-resolution transmission spectra of exoplanets.

One-dimensional parallel forward modeling for geophysical electromagnetic fields excited by sagging overhead transmission lines

Geophysicists often regard the 50/60 Hz electromagnetic (EM) waves and their harmonics, excited by overhead transmission lines, as noise that interferes with geophysical prospecting. However, some researchers view them as effective signals for geophysical exploration. Forward modeling can be used to study the characteristics of EM fields generated by overhead transmission lines. It can help in either eliminating or utilizing power-frequency EM fields. Nevertheless, current research on the forward modeling of EM fields excited by transmission lines neglects the sagging shape and direction of the actual transmission lines, simplifying them into infinitely long straight lines. In this research, we develop a one-dimensional forward modeling algorithm specifically designed for overhead transmission lines, which can accurately calculate the EM fields excited by realistic overhead transmission lines considering the three-phase system, design parameters, sag, and orientation of the transmission lines. To construct an accurate transmission line model, we represent the sagging shape of a single transmission line within a span by a catenary equation. We then derive analytical expressions for the EM fields excited by sagging overhead transmission lines. During forward modeling, an appropriate number of Gauss points must be selected to balance accuracy and speed. The optimal number of Gauss points is determined based on the distance between the observation point and the transmission line source, as well as the type of fields being calculated. OpenMP parallelization is used to improve computational speed. The forward modeling results reveal significant differences between the forward responses of a single infinitely long straight line and realistic transmission lines. This highlights the importance of fully incorporating the three-phase system, design parameters, and geometric shapes of transmission lines in the forward modeling process. Moreover, the inversion test demonstrates the potential utility of EM fields radiated by transmission lines for geophysical exploration.

Transmission reliability evaluation of wireless sensor networks considering channel capacity randomness and energy consumption failure

The reliable transmission of data packets is the basis of ensuring the Internet of Things applications. Therefore, how to ensure the transmission reliability of wireless sensor networks has already become a hotspot. However, the existing researches ignore the effects of multiple fault modes and random factors on transmission reliability. Firstly, in the node reliability modeling, few studies have considered the effects of random failure and energy consumption failure comprehensively. Secondly, in the link reliability modeling, existing studies ignore the effect of the channel capacity randomness, which can lead to the erroneous estimation of transmission reliability. To overcome the above shortcomings, we propose a more realistic transmission reliability model. Firstly, considering the comprehensive effects of two failure modes, we establish a new node reliability model to better characterize the node performance. Secondly, considering the channel capacity randomness, we propose an improved SNR-Capacity connection model by deriving the one-hop connectivity probability, which can better characterize the link reliability. Then, we propose a transmission reliability evaluation model, and give the corresponding exact and approximate algorithms for its solution. Finally, taking the military Internet as an example, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified.

Towards a photonic integrated all-optical phase regenerator.

All-optical phase regeneration aims at restoring the phase information of coherently encoded data signals directly in the optical domain so as to compensate for phase distortions caused by transceiver imperfections and nonlinear impairments along the transmission link. Although it was proposed two decades ago, all-optical phase regeneration has not been seen in realistic networks to date, mainly because this technique entails complex bulk modules and relies on high-precision phase sensitive nonlinear dynamics, both of which are adverse to field deployment. Here, we demonstrate a new, to the best of our knowledge, architecture to implement all-optical phase regeneration using integrated photonic devices. In particular, we realize quadrature phase quantization by exploring the phase-sensitive parametric wave mixing within on-chip silicon waveguides, while multiple coherent pump laser tones are provided by a chip-scale micro-cavity Kerr frequency comb. Multi-channel all-optical phase regeneration is experimentally demonstrated for 40 Gbps QPSK data, achieving the best SNR improvement of more than 6 dB. Our study showcases a promising avenue to enable the practical implementation of all-optical phase regeneration in realistic long-distance fiber transmission networks.

Leveraging generative adversarial networks to create realistic scanning transmission electron microscopy images

The rise of automation and machine learning (ML) in electron microscopy has the potential to revolutionize materials research through autonomous data collection and processing. A significant challenge lies in developing ML models that rapidly generalize to large data sets under varying experimental conditions. We address this by employing a cycle generative adversarial network (CycleGAN) with a reciprocal space discriminator, which augments simulated data with realistic spatial frequency information. This allows the CycleGAN to generate images nearly indistinguishable from real data and provide labels for ML applications. We showcase our approach by training a fully convolutional network (FCN) to identify single atom defects in a 4.5 million atom data set, collected using automated acquisition in an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Our method produces adaptable FCNs that can adjust to dynamically changing experimental variables with minimal intervention, marking a crucial step towards fully autonomous harnessing of microscopy big data.

Contralateral bone conducted sound wave propagation on the skull bones in fresh frozen cadaver

The study aimed to investigate the efficient pathway for BC sound transmission by measuring vibrations on the opposite side of the skull bone, referred to as the mastoid position. The realistic contralateral transmission pathway of bone conduction (BC) vibrations is investigated through each osseous structure in the midlines of the fresh-frozen whole head. BC stimulation is applied to the mastoid using a bone vibrator, and acceleration responses are observed on the contralateral mastoid bone and seven midline points of skull bones using triaxial accelerometers. The study finds that the range showing the highest contralateral transmission efficiency of bone vibration is the intermediate frequency range with contralateral direction. Within this range, a significant amplitude of acceleration response is measured at the face-side points and the back and upper parts of the head. The thesis suggests that signal transmission from the specific midline to the mastoid can be more efficient than the conventional configuration of BC from the mastoid to the mastoid.

Memory-Occupied Routing Algorithms for Quantum Relay Networks

Quantum transmission experiments have shown that the successful transmission rate of entangled quanta in optical fibers decreases exponentially. Although current quantum networks deploy quantum relays to establish long-distance connections, the increase in transmission distance and entanglement switching costs still need to be considered when selecting the next hop. However, most of the existing quantum network models prefer to consider the parameters of the physical layer, which ignore the influence factors of the network layer. In this paper, we propose a meshy quantum network model based on quantum teleportation, which considers both network layer and physical layer parameters. The proposed model can reflect the realistic transmission characteristics and morphological characteristics of the quantum relay network. Then, we study the network throughput of different routing algorithms with the same given parameters when multiple source-destination pairs are interconnected simultaneously. To solve the challenges of routing competition caused by the simultaneous transmission, we present greedy memory-occupied algorithm Q-GMOA and random memory-occupied algorithm Q-RMOA. The proposed meshy quantum network model and the memory-occupied routing algorithms can improve the utilization rate of resources and the transmission performance of the quantum network. And the evaluation results indicate that the proposed methods embrace a higher transmission rate than the previous methods with repeater occupation.

Real-Time Grid and DER Co-Simulation Platform for Testing Large-Scale DER Coordination Schemes

Distributed energy resources (DERs), such as responsive loads and energy storage systems, can help grid operators to more effectively balance supply and demand and manage network constraints. However, consumer acceptance of load coordination schemes depends on ensuring customer quality of service (QoS), thus requiring the careful management of device-level constraints. Simultaneously managing both device-level and system-level objectives is a difficult problem. Most potential solutions to the DER coordination problem are in some way distributed, with decision logic running both at the device (such as a thermostat) and the coordinator, with potentially complex communications between devices and one or more coordinators. It is difficult to effectively test distributed DER control schemes, particularly when there are thousands of devices with both device-level and grid-level constraints and asynchronous communications. This paper addresses this challenge by presenting a novel real-time grid-and-DER cyber-physical co-simulation platform for testing advanced DER coordination schemes and characterizing the behaviors of a DER fleet. The co-simulation platform is particularly suitable for: <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$i$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) testing the real-time performance of a large fleet of DERs delivering advanced grid services; <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ii$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) characterizing the distribution of states for a large fleet of managed DERs; and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$iii$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) incorporating practical limitations of DERs and communications and analyzing the effects on fleet-wide performance. To illustrate these benefits, we demonstrate how the platform can be used to test a fleet with thousands of DERs coordinated using Packetized Energy Management (PEM) and interacting with a realistic transmission system model.

Avrupa Türk Edebiyatı’nda Büyülü Gerçekçi Bir Roman: Hayat Bir Kervansaray

Büyülü gerçekçilik 20. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren dünya edebiyatında popüler bir hareket olarak öne çıkmaya başlamıştır. Kavram, edebiyat bağlamında, rasyonel dünya ile geleneksel olanı modern/postmodern metinlerde bir araya getirir. Bu tarz metinlerde odaklanılan konu, genellikle, ele alınan dönemin/toplumun durumu ve sorunlarıdır. Gerçekçi bir anlatımla kurgulanan metinlerin içerisine, toplumun kültür ve inançlarından beslenen kimi doğaüstü unsurlar eklemlenir fakat bu ne karakterlerin ne de okurun durumu sorgulayacağı şekilde yapılır. Emine Sevgi Özdamar, Almanya’ya göç ettikten sonra yaşamını burada sürdüren ve eserlerini Almanca veren bir yazardır. İki kültüre de eserlerinde yer veren Özdamar, ağırlıklı olarak Türkiye ve Türk insanının sorunları ve yaşayışı üzerinden hareket ederek sanat üslubunu da bu kültüre göre şekillendirir. Hayat Bir Kervansaray (1992) romanı da Almanca yazılmasına karşın Türk kültürel ifadelerine uygun bir şekilde kurgulanmıştır. Eserde 1950’li yıllar ve 60’ların başındaki Türkiye’nin sosyal, ekonomik ve politik durumu aktarılır. Demokrat Parti dönemindeki gelişmeler, Amerikan yanlısı politikalar, insanlardaki yozlaşma ve halkın durumu, onu gerçekçi bir roman çizgisinde algılamamızı sağlarken Özdamar bu anlatımın içerisine bazı doğaüstü ögeler eklemiştir. Bunlar, romanın gerçekçi aktarımını bozmayacak şekilde, Türk inanç ve kültürüne uygun olarak konumlandırılmıştır.Bu çalışmada, Hayat Bir Kervansaray adlı eserde yer alan gerçek ve doğaüstü unsurlar incelenerek eserin büyülü gerçekçilik dairesinde değerlendirilip değerlendirilemeyeceği sorgulanacak ve bu unsurların romana katkıları tartışılacaktır.

Spatial effects in parasite-induced marine diseases of immobile hosts.

Emerging marine infectious diseases pose a substantial threat to marine ecosystems and the conservation of their biodiversity. Compartmental models of epidemic transmission in marine sessile organisms, available only recently, are based on non-spatial descriptions in which space is homogenized and parasite mobility is not explicitly accounted for. However, in realistic scenarios epidemic transmission is conditioned by the spatial distribution of hosts and the parasites' mobility patterns, calling for an explicit description of space. In this work, we develop a spatially explicit individual-based model to study disease transmission by waterborne parasites in sessile marine populations. We investigate the impact of spatial disease transmission through extensive numerical simulations and theoretical analysis. Specifically, the effects of parasite mobility into the epidemic threshold and the temporal progression of the epidemic are assessed. We show that larger values of pathogen mobility imply more severe epidemics, as the number of infections increases, and shorter timescales to extinction. An analytical expression for the basic reproduction number of the spatial model, , is derived as a function of the non-spatial counterpart, R0, which characterizes a transition between a disease-free and a propagation phase, in which the disease propagates over a large fraction of the system.

Coordinated operation of electricity and gas-hydrogen systems with transient gas flow and hydrogen concentration tracking

This paper addresses the problem of coordinating the operation of electricity and natural gas (NG) transmission systems with green hydrogen (H2) production and injection into existing NG networks. In particular, the operation of the two systems consists of a two-stage optimization framework that solves a network-constrained unit commitment (UC) problem with transmission power losses to obtain the profiles of gas energy demands from gas-powered generators and the maximum allowable H2 injection flow rates from power-to-gas (PtG), which are then used as inputs to an optimal transient NG-H2 flow problem with H2 concentration tracking. The nonlinearities introduced by the discretization of the H2 concentration tracking equations are particularly challenging to solve using second-order nonlinear programming (NLP) methods. Moreover, the nonlinear constraints capturing transmission line losses make the electricity operational problem intractable if solved with mixed-integer NLP methods. Therefore, this work leverages the reliability and scalability of linear programming (LP) by designing two novel and distinct sequential LP (SLP) methods that exploit the particular structures of the two problems to find feasible, possibly optimal solutions, using only first-order information. The algorithmic framework is demonstrated on the IEEE 24-bus RTS connected to the 22-node Belgian gas network. This paper is the first to demonstrate H2 concentration tracking under transient gas flow in a multi-energy optimization framework on a realistic gas transmission network with multiple H2 injection locations.

Evaluation of different types of face masks to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2: a modeling study

We expanded a published mathematical model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission with complex, age-structured transmission and with laboratory-derived source and wearer protection efficacy estimates for a variety of face masks to estimate their impact on COVID-19 incidence and related mortality in the United States. The model was also improved to allow realistic age-structured transmission with a pre-specified R0 of transmission, and to include more compartments and parameters, e.g. for groups such as detected and undetected asymptomatic infectious cases who mask up at different rates. When masks are used at typically-observed population rates of 80% for those ≥ 65 years and 60% for those < 65 years, face masks are associated with 69% (cloth) to 78% (medical procedure mask) reductions in cumulative COVID-19 infections and 82% (cloth) to 87% (medical procedure mask) reductions in related deaths over a 6-month timeline in the model, assuming a basic reproductive number of 2.5. If cloth or medical procedure masks’ source control and wearer protection efficacies are boosted about 30% each to 84% and 60% by cloth over medical procedure masking, fitters, or braces, the COVID-19 basic reproductive number of 2.5 could be reduced to an effective reproductive number ≤ 1.0, and from 6.0 to 2.3 for a variant of concern similar to delta (B.1.617.2). For variants of concern similar to omicron (B.1.1.529) or the sub-lineage BA.2, modeled reductions in effective reproduction number due to similar high quality, high prevalence mask wearing is more modest (to 3.9 and 5.0 from an R0 = 10.0 and 13.0, respectively). None-the-less, the ratio of incident risk for masked vs. non-masked populations still shows a benefit of wearing masks even with the higher R0 variants.

Modelling environmentally mediated spread of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a pig herd

Infectious disease models are a useful tool to support within-herd disease control strategies. This study presents a stochastic compartment model with environmentally mediated transmission to represent the spread of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) in a farrow-to-finish pig herd. The aims of the study were to (1) construct a model of the spread of LA-MRSA that included spread of LA-MRSA through the environment; (2) parameterise the model to fit previously published observational data in order to obtain realistic LA-MRSA transmission rates; (3) and to investigate how changes in the mixing of animals in the farrowing and finishing units may affect the prevalence of LA-MRSA in a herd. The results showed that indirect transmission allowed LA-MRSA to persist in the herd without the assumption of persistently shedding individuals. Reducing the mixing of pigs upon entry to the finishing unit was also shown to lower the LA-MRSA prevalence in the unit if the initial LA-MRSA level in the unit was low, but at high prevalence, no effect of mixing was identified. In the farrowing unit, changing the proportion of piglets that were cross-fostered did not affect the within-herd LA-MRSA prevalence. The study demonstrates that there are several important knowledge gaps regarding the shedding and transmission of LA-MRSA in different animal age groups and further experimental studies are needed. This work also provides a new, robust and flexible model framework for the investigation of control and mitigation strategies for LA-MRSA and other infections in a pig herd.

Prevention and control of dengue and chikungunya in Colombia: A cost-effectiveness analysis

BackgroundChikungunya and dengue are emerging diseases that have caused large outbreaks in various regions of the world. Both are both spread by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitos. We developed a dynamic transmission model of chikungunya and dengue, calibrated to data from Colombia (June 2014 –December 2017).Methodology/Principal findingsWe evaluated the health benefits and cost-effectiveness of residual insecticide treatment, long-lasting insecticide-treated nets, routine dengue vaccination for children aged 9, catchup vaccination for individuals aged 10–19 or 10–29, and portfolios of these interventions. Model calibration resulted in 300 realistic transmission parameters sets that produced close matches to disease-specific incidence and deaths. Insecticide was the preferred intervention and was cost-effective. Insecticide averted an estimated 95 chikungunya cases and 114 dengue cases per 100,000 people, 61 deaths, and 4,523 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). In sensitivity analysis, strategies that included dengue vaccination were cost-effective only when the vaccine cost was 14% of the current price.Conclusions/SignificanceInsecticide to prevent chikungunya and dengue in Colombia could generate significant health benefits and be cost-effective. Because of limits on diagnostic accuracy and vaccine efficacy, the cost of dengue testing and vaccination must decrease dramatically for such vaccination to be cost-effective in Colombia. The vectors for chikungunya and dengue have recently spread to new regions, highlighting the importance of understanding the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of policies aimed at preventing these diseases.

MIMO CPW-Fed Bent Antenna Based USB Dongle for ECMA-368 WPANs

A multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) ultra-wideband (UWB ) printed bent antenna, suitable for MB-OFDM ECMA-368 system integration with the wireless universal serial-bus (WUSB) dongle is proposed. The antenna consists of two antenna elements with an overall area of 18 X 53 mm2. Each antenna element is a simple modified folded-monopole fed by a coplanar waveguide (CPW). The design process of proposed MIMO UWB CPW-fed bent antenna configuration is presented in four simple steps. Experimental results show that the proposed design has a good impedance bandwidth in the range of 2.95–18.55 GHz with 147.2% fractional bandwidth (FBW). Moreover, the proposed antenna enjoys, low envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), good diversity gain (DG), low total active reflection coefficient (TARC) and omnidirectional radiation patterns. The bit error rate (BER) of the overall MB-OFDM ECMA-368 system with the existence of the proposed MIMO UWB CPW-fed bent antenna is evaluated in more realistic transmission channel scenario by using the extracted transmitting and receiving UWB antennas transfer functions.

Enhancing Robustness and Transmission Performance of Heterogeneous Complex Networks via Multiobjective Optimization

Transmission networks are ubiquitous in modern society and play critical roles in facilitating the delivery and movement of information, power, and people between various locations. Robustness and transmission capacity are two pivotal and universal properties of practical networks, and much research effort has been devoted to investigating these two properties in the past decade. In this article, we consider a heterogeneous transmission network consisting of hosts and routers and aim to optimize both transmission capacity and robustness of this network simultaneously. To solve this problem, we propose a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) for optimizing transmission capacity and robustness. Moreover, in order to achieve optimized transmission performance and robustness at reasonable and balanced computational cost, the proposed MOEA adopts a two-phase design, i.e., a sampling phase and an optimization phase. Simulation results on scale-free and realistic transmission networks demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Moreover, comprehensive analysis of the solutions from different parts of the obtained Pareto fronts shows distinct characteristics and provides various choices for optimizing transmission functionality and robustness of networks.

Framework for probabilistic simulation of power transmission network performance under hurricanes

Structures in a power transmission network, such as towers and conductors, are vulnerable to hurricanes. Failures of these structures trip transmission lines and usually result in large scale power outages in the region. This paper presents a technique for the probabilistic simulation of power transmission systems under hurricane events and provides fundamental insights on the modeling and quantification of power system performance and resilience. The study models the power transmission system as a network of connected individual components, which are subjected to wind-induced mechanical failure and power flow constraints. A realistic power transmission network is developed for the study region. The geographical data are obtained for all components in the network based on a data collection and image processing campaign to reflect the realistic properties of the network serving the Lehigh Valley, PA. A hurricane simulator is utilized to generate a hurricane scenario providing time-varying wind intensities and wind directions for the component failure analysis. The spatio-temporal impact of the hurricane is investigated: a pool of component fragilities is generated to effectively incorporate the uncertainties in structural capacities into the analysis; the spatial correlation among structures is modeled efficiently by a random field based technique. At the system level, Monte Carlo simulation is adopted to determine the failure probability of transmission lines. The unmet demand of the system is computed probabilistically, based on the alternate current optimal power flow analysis, capacity constraints and load shedding process of the system. The simulation results can be used to quantify and visualize the power network performance, and help decision makers to identify critical components in the network to optimize the short-term pre-event preparation for an approaching hurricane and long-term retrofit strategy to enhance system resilience.

Covasim: An agent-based model of COVID-19 dynamics and interventions.

The COVID-19 pandemic has created an urgent need for models that can project epidemic trends, explore intervention scenarios, and estimate resource needs. Here we describe the methodology of Covasim (COVID-19 Agent-based Simulator), an open-source model developed to help address these questions. Covasim includes country-specific demographic information on age structure and population size; realistic transmission networks in different social layers, including households, schools, workplaces, long-term care facilities, and communities; age-specific disease outcomes; and intrahost viral dynamics, including viral-load-based transmissibility. Covasim also supports an extensive set of interventions, including non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as physical distancing and protective equipment; pharmaceutical interventions, including vaccination; and testing interventions, such as symptomatic and asymptomatic testing, isolation, contact tracing, and quarantine. These interventions can incorporate the effects of delays, loss-to-follow-up, micro-targeting, and other factors. Implemented in pure Python, Covasim has been designed with equal emphasis on performance, ease of use, and flexibility: realistic and highly customized scenarios can be run on a standard laptop in under a minute. In collaboration with local health agencies and policymakers, Covasim has already been applied to examine epidemic dynamics and inform policy decisions in more than a dozen countries in Africa, Asia-Pacific, Europe, and North America.

Abundant traveling wave solutions to an intrinsic fractional discrete nonlinear electrical transmission line

The main idea of this paper is to search for all traveling wave solutions to an intrinsic fractional discrete nonlinear electrical transmission line, which plays a essential role in obtaining the new insights in nonlinear voltage dynamics. We first give a brief introduction how to transform the discrete system into a continuous one, which is described by a fractional-order partial differential equation. After that, this equation is handled by conformable fractional transformation and the complete discrimination system for polynomial method (CDSPM). By applying the advanced method, the whole of the exact traveling wave solutions emerged in existing articles are obtained, especially we obtain the solitary wave solutions and elliptic functions solutions which are hardly founded by other methods. Notably, the elliptic functions solutions in rational form are discovered for the first time. Finally, the electrical characteristics and the fractional nature are revealed via graphical represents. By the depicted graphs, we intuitively observe the existence of the phenomena for periodic wave and solitary wave, and the time-fractional derivative is proved do has important influence on the behaviors of the solutions. Considering the significance of the nonlinear electrical transmission line, the acquired results would have wide application in electrical engineering and nonlinear voltage dynamics, liking analyzing and predicting the complex voltage wave propagation phenomenon in realistic electrical transmission system.

Transmission and detection techniques for Internet of Bio-Nano Things applications with static and mobile molecular communication: A survey

Recent studies have shown that designing communication systems at nanoscale and microscale for the Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT) applications is possible using Molecular Communication (MC), where two or multiple nodes communicate with each other by transmitting chemical molecules. The basic steps involved in MC are the transmission of molecules, propagation of molecules in the medium, and reception of the molecules at the receiver. Various transmission schemes, channel models, and detection techniques have been proposed for MC in recent years. This paper, therefore, presents an exhaustive review of the existing literature on detection techniques along with their transmission schemes under various MC setups. More specifically, for each setup, this survey includes the transmission and detection techniques under four different environments to support various IoBNT applications: (i) static transmitter and receiver in a pure-diffusive channel, (ii) static transmitter and receiver in a flow-induced diffusive channel, (iii) mobile transmitter and receiver in a pure-diffusive channel, (iv) mobile transmitter and receiver in a flow-induced diffusive channel. Also, performances and complexities of various detection schemes have been compared. Further, several challenges in detection and their possible solutions have been discussed under both static and mobile scenarios. Furthermore, some experimental works in MC are presented to show realistic transmission and detection procedures available in practice. Finally, future research directions and challenges in the practical design of the transmitter and receiver are described to realize MC for IoBNT health applications.