Real-world Internet Of Things Research Articles

Towards secure IoT networks: A comprehensive study of metaheuristic algorithms in conjunction with CNN using a self-generated dataset

The Internet of Things (IoT) has radically reformed various sectors and industries, enabling unprecedented levels of connectivity and automation. However, the surge in the number of IoT devices has also widened the attack surface, rendering IoT networks potentially susceptible to a plethora of security risks. Addressing the critical challenge of enhancing security in IoT networks is of utmost importance. Moreover, there is a considerable lack of datasets designed exclusively for IoT applications. To bridge this gap, a customized dataset that accurately mimics real-world IoT scenarios impacted by four different types of attacks—blackhole, sinkhole, flooding, and version number attacks was generated using the Contiki-OS Cooja Simulator in this study. The resulting dataset is then consequently employed to evaluate the efficacy of several metaheuristic algorithms, in conjunction with Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for IoT networks. •The proposed study's goal is to identify optimal hyperparameters for CNNs, ensuring their peak performance in intrusion detection tasks.•This study not only intensifies our comprehension of IoT network security but also provides practical guidance for implementation of the robust security measures in real-world IoT applications.

Provably secure optimal homomorphic signcryption for satellite-based internet of things

Satellites have long been reliable and widely used mediums for communication. With recent advancements in the Internet of Things (IoT), satellite-based IoT has emerged, enhancing global connectivity by enabling real-time communication between remote sensing devices and central hubs through satellite links. However, secure and authenticated communication between Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites and resource-constrained ground devices remains underexplored. This paper introduces a novel homomorphic signcryption scheme designed for satellite IoT environments. Our scheme employs hyperelliptic curve cryptography and homomorphic encryption to facilitate the privacy-preserving transmission of aggregated data from multiple IoT devices to LEO satellites. We benchmark our homomorphic signcryption scheme against several established schemes tailored for different network environments, including for satellite networks, Identity-based Signcryption for Smart Grids, 3-Factor Authentication schemes and heterogeneous Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) encryption schemes. Our scheme demonstrates substantial improvements in computational efficiency, communication overhead, and storage capacity. It reduces computational costs by 90% to 99%, communication overhead by 41% to 92%, and storage demands by 62% to 93% compared to existing methods. These quantitative findings demonstrate the practical viability of our approach for satellite IoT deployments with limited resources. Additionally, the robustness of our approach is confirmed through formal security validation using BAN Logic and Scyther, which verifies its strong security, optimal performance, and privacy preservation capabilities, making it ideally suited for real-world satellite IoT systems.

Intrusion Detection using Network Traffic Profiling and Machine Learning for IoT

The proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT) in various sectors, including healthcare, smart cities, and industrial automation, has significantly enhanced operational efficiency and service delivery. However, this widespread adoption has introduced new vulnerabilities, making IoT networks a prime target for cyberattacks. Traditional security mechanisms often fall short in protecting IoT devices due to their limited computational resources and the unique nature of IoT network traffic. This paper introduces a novel intrusion detection system (IDS) that leverages network traffic profiling and machine learning techniques tailored for the IoT ecosystem. By analyzing the behavioral patterns of network traffic, the proposed system can accurately identify malicious activities and potential threats in real-time, ensuring the integrity and confidentiality of IoT networks. The methodology encompasses data collection, feature extraction, model training, and evaluation stages, employing a combination of supervised and unsupervised machine learning algorithms to optimize detection accuracy. Experimental results, conducted on real-world IoT network datasets, demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in detecting a wide range of cyber threats with high precision and recall rates. This research contributes to the cybersecurity domain by providing a scalable, efficient, and adaptive IDS framework that can be integrated into various IoT infrastructures to mitigate the risk of cyber intrusions.

Decentralised Global Service Discovery for the Internet of Things.

The Internet of Things (IoT) consists of millions of devices deployed over hundreds of thousands of different networks, providing an ever-expanding resource to improve our understanding of and interactions with the physical world. Global service discovery is key to realizing the opportunities of the IoT, spanning disparate networks and technologies to enable the sharing, discovery, and utilisation of services and data outside of the context in which they are deployed. In this paper, we present Decentralised Service Registries (DSRs), a novel trustworthy decentralised approach to global IoT service discovery and interaction, building on DSF-IoT to allow users to simply create and share public and private service registries, to register and query for relevant services, and to access both current and historical data published by the services they discover. In DSR, services are registered and discovered using signed objects that are cryptographically associated with the registry service, linked into a signature chain, and stored and queried for using a novel verifiable DHT overlay. In contrast to existing centralised and decentralised approaches, DSRs decouple registries from supporting infrastructure, provide privacy and multi-tenancy, and support the verification of registry entries and history, service information, and published data to mitigate risks of service impersonation or the alteration of data. This decentralised approach is demonstrated through the creation and use of a DSR to register and search for real-world IoT devices and their data as well as qualified using a scalable cluster-based testbench for the high-fidelity emulation of peer-to-peer applications. DSRs are evaluated against existing approaches, demonstrating the novelty and utility of DSR to address key IoT challenges and enable the sharing, discovery, and use of IoT services.

Co-Sharding: A Sharding Scheme for Large-Scale Internet of Things Application

Blockchain technology finds widespread application in the management of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. In response to the challenges posed by performance scalability and the convergence of multiple ledgers stemming from an expanding network, this study introduces the concept of Co-Sharding . Within this framework, the ledger maintained by sub-chains overseeing IoT operations in distinct geographic regions is conceptualized as a shard within the Large-scale Internet of Things (LIoT) ledger. Meanwhile, elected nodes within each region assume responsibility for maintaining a coordinating shard, facilitating cross-regional communication and data interaction. Furthermore, our work presents a multi-objective optimization algorithm grounded in the multi-shard paradigm to enact a scheduling strategy that spans various regions. We undertake a series of pertinent experiments and conduct a comparative analysis of scheduling algorithms within the context of a real-world cross-regional agricultural IoT system, utilizing actual operational data. The comparative results demonstrate that, in comparison to intra-sub-region scheduling, the Co-Sharding approach enhances machine utilization rates by approximately 30% and reduces scheduling time by around 18% when confronted with a task count of 12. In terms of performance, Co-Sharding also exhibits the capability to reduce the storage requirements of lightweight nodes within each region by approximately 39% while concurrently improving throughput by approximately 1.5 times when contrasted with a single-chain architecture.

An empirical analysis of evolutionary computing approaches for IoT security assessment

The Internet of Things (IoT) strategy enables physical objects to easily produce, receive, and exchange data. IoT devices are getting more common in our daily lives, with diverse applications ranging from consumer sector to industrial and commercial systems. The rapid expansion and widespread use of IoT devices highlight the critical significance of solid and effective cybersecurity standards across the device development life cycle. Therefore, if vulnerability is exploited directly affects the IoT device and the applications. In this paper we investigated and assessed the various real-world critical IoT attacks/vulnerabilities that have affected IoT deployed in the commercial, industrial and consumer sectors since 2010. Subsequently, we evoke the vulnerabilities or type of attack, exploitation techniques, compromised security factors, intensity of vulnerability and impacts of the expounded real-world attacks/vulnerabilities. We first categorise how each attack affects information security parameters, and then we provide a taxonomy based on the security factors that are affected. Next, we perform a risk assessment of the security parameters that are encountered, using two well-known multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques namely Fuzzy-Analytic Hierarchy Process (F-AHP) and Fuzzy-Analytic Network Process (F-ANP) to determine the severity of severely impacted information security measures.

A Two-Mode, Adaptive Security Framework for Smart Home Security Applications

With the growth of the Internet of Things (IoT), the number of cyber attacks on the Internet is on the rise. However, the resource-constrained nature of IoT devices and their networks makes many classical security systems ineffective or inapplicable. We introduce TWINKLE, a two-mode, adaptive security framework that allows an IoT network to be in regular mode for most of the time, which incurs a low resource consumption rate, and to switch to vigilant mode only when suspicious behavior is detected, which potentially incurs a higher overhead. Compared to the early version of this work, this article presents a more comprehensive design and architecture of TWINKLE, describes challenges and details in implementing TWINKLE, and reports evaluations of TWINKLE based on real-world IoT testbeds with more metrics. We show the efficacy of TWINKLE in two case studies where we examine two existing intrusion detection and prevention systems and transform both into new, improved systems using TWINKLE. Our evaluations show that TWINKLE is not only effective at securing resource-constrained IoT networks, but can also successfully detect and prevent attacks with a significantly lower overhead and detection latency than existing solutions.

Multi-scale Convolutional Feature Fusion Network Based on Attention Mechanism for IoT Traffic Classification

AbstractThe Internet of Things (IoT) has been extensively utilized in domains such as smart homes, healthcare, and other industries. With the exponential growth of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, they have become prime targets for malicious cyber-attacks. Effective classification of IoT traffic is, therefore, imperative to enable robust intrusion detection systems. However, IoT traffic data contain intricate spatial relationships and topological information, which traditional methods for traffic identification lack the capability to fully extract features and capture crucial characteristics. We propose a multi-scale convolutional feature fusion network augmented with a Convolutional Block Attention Module (MCF-CBAM) for accurate IoT traffic classification. The network incorporates three critical innovations: (1) Parallel convolution extracts multi-scale spatial features from traffic data. The 1 × 1 convolution operation reduces the amount of parameters and calculations of the network, thereby improving work efficiency. (2) The attention module suppresses less informative features while highlighting the most discriminative ones, enabling focused learning on decisive features. (3) Cross-scale connections with channel jumps reuse features from prior layers to enhance generalization. We evaluate the method extensively on three widely adopted public datasets. Quantitative results demonstrate MCF-CBAM establishes new state-of-the-art performance benchmarks for IoT traffic classification, surpassing existing methods by a significant margin. Qualitative visualizations of the learned attention weights provide intuitive insights into how the network automatically discovers the most decisive spatial features for identification. With its strong empirical performance and interpretable attention mechanisms, this work presents a promising deep learning solution to augment real-world IoT intrusion detection systems against growing cybersecurity threats.

Security at the Edge for Resource-Limited IoT Devices.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly growing, with an estimated 14.4 billion active endpoints in 2022 and a forecast of approximately 30 billion connected devices by 2027. This proliferation of IoT devices has come with significant security challenges, including intrinsic security vulnerabilities, limited computing power, and the absence of timely security updates. Attacks leveraging such shortcomings could lead to severe consequences, including data breaches and potential disruptions to critical infrastructures. In response to these challenges, this research paper presents the IoT Proxy, a modular component designed to create a more resilient and secure IoT environment, especially in resource-limited scenarios. The core idea behind the IoT Proxy is to externalize security-related aspects of IoT devices by channeling their traffic through a secure network gateway equipped with different Virtual Network Security Functions (VNSFs). Our solution includes a Virtual Private Network (VPN) terminator and an Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) that uses a machine learning-based technique called oblivious authentication to identify connected devices. The IoT Proxy's modular, scalable, and externalized security approach creates a more resilient and secure IoT environment, especially for resource-limited IoT devices. The promising experimental results from laboratory testing demonstrate the suitability of IoT Proxy to secure real-world IoT ecosystems.

An Evolutionary Algorithm for Task Clustering and Scheduling in IoT Edge Computing

The Internet of Things (IoT) edge is an emerging technology of sensors and devices that communicate real-time data to a network. IoT edge computing was introduced to handle the latency concerns related to cloud computing data management, as the data are processed closer to their point of origin. Clustering and scheduling tasks on IoT edge computing are considered a challenging problem due to the diverse nature of task and resource characteristics. Metaheuristics and optimization methods are widely used in IoT edge task clustering and scheduling. This paper introduced a new task clustering and scheduling mechanism using differential evolution optimization on IoT edge computing. The proposed mechanism aims to optimize task clustering and scheduling to find optimal execution times for submitted tasks. The proposed mechanism for task clustering is based on the degree of similarity of task characteristics. The proposed mechanisms use an evolutionary mechanism to distribute system tasks across suitable IoT edge resources. The clustering tasks process categorizes tasks with similar requirements and then maps them to appropriate resources. To evaluate the proposed differential evolution mechanism for IoT edge task clustering and scheduling, this study conducted several simulation experiments against two established mechanisms: the Firefly Algorithm (FA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The simulation configuration was carefully created to mimic real-world IoT edge computing settings to ensure the proposed mechanism’s applicability and the simulation results’ relevance. In the heavyweight workload scenario, the proposed DE mechanism started with an execution time of 916.61 milliseconds, compared to FA’s 1092 milliseconds and PSO’s 1026.09 milliseconds. By the 50th iteration, the proposed DE mechanism had reduced its execution time significantly to around 821.27 milliseconds, whereas FA and PSO showed lesser improvements, with FA at approximately 1053.06 milliseconds and PSO stabilizing at 956.12 milliseconds. The simulation results revealed that the proposed differential evolution mechanism for edge task clustering and scheduling outperforms FA and PSO regarding system efficiency and stability, significantly reducing execution time and having minimal variation across simulation iterations.

Precision agriculture predictive modeling and sensor analysis for enhanced crop monitoring

This research investigated the application of the Internet of Things (IoT) in precision agriculture and crop monitoring through a two-fold research methodology. A simulated dataset was generated, mirroring real-world IoT sensor readings of soil temperature, salinity level, soil moisture, and conductivity. Employing the Pandas and Matplotlib libraries in Python facilitated exploratory data analysis, including time series analysis through line plots to illustrate temporal variations in these critical parameters. The study then explored the evaluation of predictive models for soil moisture levels, extending the dataset to include simulated predicted values. Performance metrics such as Mean Squared Error (MSE) and R-squared (R2) were computed using the sci-kit-learn library, providing a comprehensive evaluative framework. Visual representations of actual versus predicted soil moisture levels, accompanied by the analysis of residuals, offered nuanced insights into the model’s efficacy. The results highlight dynamic variations in soil temperature, salinity, soil moisture, and conductivity, emphasizing the importance of continuous monitoring in precision agriculture. Fluctuations observed in these parameters are attributed to climatic conditions, agricultural practices, and soil properties. The study contributes valuable insights for stakeholders, emphasizing the significance of IoT technologies in providing actionable data for sustainable and adaptive farming practices. The visual representations offer practical tools for decision-making, while the performance evaluation of predictive models enhances the reliability of data-driven approaches in agriculture. The findings presented herein contribute to the ongoing discourse on precision agriculture, emphasizing the role of accurate predictions for efficient resource utilization and improved crop yield.

Advancing device and network security for enhanced privacy

The rapid proliferation of IoT (Internet of Things) devices has ushered in an era of unprecedented connectivity and automation. The widespread adoption has also exposed vulnerabilities, necessitating robust security and privacy measures. This research presents a comprehensive study focused on enhancing IoT device and network security and privacy through empirical investigation and advanced machine learning techniques. Commencing with an exhaustive literature review, it was assessed, the evolving landscape of IoT security threats, solutions, and identified research gaps. Building upon the foundation, it was designed and rigorously evaluated a machine learning-based classification model tailored for IoT device security. Utilizing a meticulously crafted simulated dataset mirroring real-world IoT features, our model undergoes comprehensive performance evaluations. Metrics include accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and ROC analysis. Our findings reveal a nuanced performance profile, shedding light on the model's capability to accurately classify IoT devices as Secure or Vulnerable. Precision-recall trade-offs, emphasizing the need for a judicious balance to mitigate false positives and false negatives was investigated. The critical role of feature engineering and model refinement, pointing to areas for future research and optimization. This research contributes to the burgeoning field of IoT security by employing machine learning as a proactive tool for fortifying IoT device and network security. Our findings advocate for a strategic approach to secure IoT ecosystems, ensuring data integrity and privacy in the face of evolving threats. As IoT devices continue to proliferate across industries, this research serves as a foundation for innovative strategies and ongoing investigations to harness the full potential of secure IoT environments while addressing multifaceted challenges in the ever-evolving IoT landscape.

Investigating environmental sustainability applications using advanced monitoring systems

This study employs an Internet of Things (IoT)-based simulation to investigate environmental parameters critical to sustainability and public health. Over a 10-hour period, temporal variations in air quality parameters, including carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matter (PM2.5), were monitored. CO2 levels exhibited a decline from 400 ppm to 375 ppm, suggesting improvements in ventilation and reduced emissions. NO2 levels consistently decreased from 25 to 22 ppm, indicative of effective emissions control measures, while PM2.5 levels increased from 10 to 25 μg/m³, possibly influenced by transient factors. Water quality monitoring revealed fluctuations in dissolved oxygen (DO) levels (8.20–8.80 mg/L) and pH levels (7.00–7.35) over 10 hours, emphasizing the dynamic nature of aquatic ecosystems. Soil moisture levels stood at 29.48%, and energy consumption was recorded at 270 units, highlighting the importance of resource-efficient management. The significance of IoT-enabled monitoring in tracking and responding to environmental parameter changes, contributing to environmental sustainability and public health. Continuous data collection empowers stakeholders to make informed decisions for improved air and water quality, sustainable agriculture, and energy efficiency. Further research aims to enhance simulation realism and validate findings against real-world IoT deployments

Leveraging Real-World Data from IoT Devices in a Fog–Cloud Architecture for Resource Optimisation within a Smart Building

It is estimated that over 125 billion heterogeneous and homogeneous Internet of Things (IoT) devices will be internet-connected by 2030. This significant increase will generate large data volumes, posing a global problem for Cloud–Fog computing infrastructures. The current literature uses synthetic data in the iFogSim2 simulation toolkit; however, this study bridges the gap using real-world data to reflect and address the real-world issue. Smart IoT device data are captured, compared, and evaluated in a fixed and scalable scenario at both the Cloud and Fog layers, demonstrating the improved benefits achievable in energy consumption, latency, and network bandwidth usage within a smart office building. Real-world IoT device data evaluation results demonstrate that Fog computing is more efficient than Cloud computing, with increased scalability and data volume in a fixed- and low-bandwidth smart building architecture. This indicates a direct correlation between the increase in devices and the increase in efficiency within a scalable scenario, while the fixed architecture overall shows the inverse due to the low device numbers used in this study. The results indicate improved energy savings and significant improvements of up to 84.41% and 38.95% in network latency and usage, respectively, within a fixed architecture, while scalability analysis demonstrates improvements up to 4%, 91.38% and 34.78% for energy, latency, and network usage, respectively. Fog computing improvements are limited within a fixed smart building architecture with relatively few IoT devices. However, the benefits of Fog computing are significant in a scalable scenario with many IoT devices.

Predictive Maintenance in IoT Devices using Time Series Analysis and Deep Learning

The pervasive integration of Internet of Things (IoT) devices across industries has ushered in a new era of data-driven operational efficiency. However, the reliability and uninterrupted functionality of these interconnected devices necessitate innovative approaches to maintenance. This research focuses on the development and implementation of a predictive maintenance framework for IoT devices, leveraging the synergies between Time Series Analysis (TSA) and Deep Learning (DL) techniques. The primary objective of this study is to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of predictive maintenance processes, ultimately minimizing downtime and optimizing resource utilization. The research methodology involves the collection of diverse data types from IoT devices, encompassing sensor readings, error logs, and historical maintenance records. A meticulous data preprocessing stage follows, involving cleaning, normalization, and feature extraction to prepare the dataset for analysis. The core analytical components of the proposed framework include Time Series Analysis for uncovering temporal patterns in the IoT data. Statistical methods and time series decomposition are applied to identify trends and seasonality, providing valuable insights into the device's performance over time. Concurrently, Deep Learning models, specifically recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and long short-term memory networks (LSTMs), are employed to predict maintenance needs based on historical patterns. Results obtained from the application of the predictive maintenance framework to real-world IoT datasets demonstrate promising accuracy and efficiency in anticipating maintenance requirements. The paper identifies existing challenges in predictive maintenance for IoT devices and suggests future research directions. These include the exploration of edge computing, federated learning, and the integration of explainable AI to enhance model interpretability. In conclusion, the study underscores the significance of predictive maintenance in ensuring the reliability of IoT devices, offering a roadmap for industries seeking to harness the full potential of data analytics and artificial intelligence for operational excellence.

A Multi-Perspective Feature Approach to Few-Shot Classification of IoT Traffic

The realization of Internet of Things (IoT) traffic classification is crucial to the management and monitoring of the IoT network. Performing IoT traffic classification under a few-shot scenario is vital due to extremely rapid growth in the number of IoT devices and necessity to save computational costs. In this paper, we propose MAFFIT, a multi-perspective feature approach to few-shot classification of IoT traffic. The purpose is to comprehensively consider the information of network traffic and to achieve accurate classification of IoT traffic using a limited number of samples. MAFFIT is based on our key observation that traffic behaviour and traffic composition are highly consistent across IoT traffic of the same class. For a flow, MAFFIT will first extract the packet length sequences and packet byte sequence, then encodes the features of the corresponding sequences using feature construction, and finally uses comparative learning to obtain the class of the flow without the additional cost of training a comparison model. We conduct extensive experiments on two real-world IoT traffic datasets, the results demonstrate that MAFFIT can achieve accurate IoT traffic classification using a limited number of flow samples and MAFFIT outperforms three existing network traffic classification methods.

Self-Supervised Learning IoT Device Features With Graph Contrastive Neural Network for Device Classification in Social Internet of Things

Device Classification (DC) is one of the critical network management means in the Internet of Things (IoT). Most of machine learning-driven DC methods are implemented in two steps, i.e., extracting device features and then training the classifier. Thus, for the same classifier, the quality of device features plays a decisive role. However, for one thing, these methods usually merely consider device traffic or device attributed features, ignoring the complex relationship between devices in Social IoT. For another thing, these features fed to the classifier are often selected manually without automatic learning. These two factors seriously affect the performance and flexibility of the algorithm. To address the above issues, we propose a novel Graph Contrastive Neural Network-based algorithm for DC dubbed GCNNDC. Specifically, based on the complex relationship between heterogeneous objects in Social IoT and the attribute information of the device itself, we first construct four kinds of homogeneous device-device attributed networks as the input of the neural network. Then, we train a novel GCNN model to learn informative device features in a self-supervised learning fashion. Finally, we leverage the features to train a classifier to complete the DC task. Experimental results on real-world IoT network dataset demonstrate the superiority of GCNNDC.

Flow and unified information-based DDoS attack detection system for multi-topology IoT networks

Internet of Things (IoT) networks are vulnerable to Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, which can degrade their Quality of Service (QoS). In general, DDoS attacks are classified into high- and low-volume attacks. Existing statistical-based methods for DDoS attack detection in IoT networks are effective only for high-volume or low-volume attacks, but not for both. The majority of research in this domain relies on single-dimensional analysis and static thresholds. In response to these limitations, this paper introduces a Flow and Unified Information-based DDoS (FLUID) attack detection system, a lightweight statistical approach, for DDoS attack detection in IoT networks. The FLUID system incorporates multi-dimensional analysis by integrating unified information and flow behavior to effectively identify both high- and low-volume DDoS attacks. FLUID utilizes entropy and distance metrics, such as Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence and greedy bin-packing, as unified information measures to distinguish legitimate traffic from malicious activity. Additionally, it examines flow behavior to gain insights into network traffic patterns. Notably, the FLUID system maintains its lightweight nature through a streamlined set of network features and optimized computational efficiency. Evaluations on real-world IoT client/server and Event-Driven Architecture (EDA) testbeds with the ToN-IoT, CICIDS 2017, CICIDS 2019, and DoS/DDoS-MQTT-IoT datasets show that the FLUID system can achieve over 90% detection accuracy for both high- and low-volume DDoS attacks.

FederatedTrust: A solution for trustworthy federated learning

The rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Edge Computing has presented challenges for centralized Machine and Deep Learning (ML/DL) methods due to the presence of distributed data silos that hold sensitive information. To address concerns regarding data privacy, collaborative and privacy-preserving ML/DL techniques like Federated Learning (FL) have emerged. FL ensures data privacy by design, as the local data of participants remains undisclosed during the creation of a global and collaborative model. However, data privacy and performance are insufficient since a growing need demands trust in model predictions. Existing literature has proposed various approaches dealing with trustworthy ML/DL (excluding data privacy), identifying robustness, fairness, explainability, and accountability as important pillars. Nevertheless, further research is required to identify trustworthiness pillars and evaluation metrics specifically relevant to FL models, as well as to develop solutions that can compute the trustworthiness level of FL models. This work examines the existing requirements for evaluating trustworthiness in FL and introduces a comprehensive taxonomy consisting of six pillars (privacy, robustness, fairness, explainability, accountability, and federation), along with over 30 metrics for computing the trustworthiness of FL models. Subsequently, an algorithm named FederatedTrust is designed based on the pillars and metrics identified in the taxonomy to compute the trustworthiness score of FL models. A prototype of FederatedTrust is implemented and integrated into the learning process of FederatedScope, a well-established FL framework. Finally, five experiments are conducted using different configurations of FederatedScope (with different participants, selection rates, training rounds, and differential privacy) to demonstrate the utility of FederatedTrust in computing the trustworthiness of FL models. Three experiments employ the FEMNIST dataset, and two utilize the N-BaIoT dataset, considering a real-world IoT security use case.

IoT-QWatch: A Novel Framework to Support the Development of Quality-Aware Autonomic IoT Applications

The unprecedented growth of Internet of Things (IoT) is leading to its increased usage in various domains, such as manufacturing, health, and smart cities. A majority of IoT applications are autonomic, i.e., they operate under minimal/no human intervention, and make decisions/actuations based on machine-to-machine communication and data analytics. A key challenge in the development of such applications is the ability to measure their quality while they are working in a diverse and heterogeneous IoT ecosystem. In this paper, we propose an agent based Internet of Things-Quality Watch (IoT-QWatch) framework that provides the ability to measure IoT quality metrics at each stage of the autonomic IoT application life cycle running in the IoT ecosystem. We envision that IoT-QWatch will enable the development of a new generation of quality-aware autonomic IoT applications that are able to be resilient to the heterogeneous and uncertain nature of IoT ecosystems. We present architectural details and implementation of IoT-QWatch, and corresponding models used to measure IoT quality metrics at different stages. We conduct extensive experiments using a real-world IoT test bed from the domain of manufacturing to validate the efficacy of IoT-QWatch. Experimental outcomes provide promising results in realising IoT-QWatch in real-world deployment, while the framework itself offers significant extensibility to include new models for measuring IoT quality metrics.