Real-time Telemetry Data Research Articles

Implementation of a 6U CubeSat Electrical Power System Digital Twin

This paper presents the design of a digital twin for a 6U CubeSat electrical power system, including the solar arrays, solar array regulators, battery, power distribution unit, and load subsystems. The digital twin is validated by comparing its real-time outputs with those of the physical system. Experimental tests confirm its feasibility, showing that the digital twin’s real-time outputs closely match those of the physical system. Additionally, the digital twin can be used for control-hardware-in-the-loop and power-hardware-in-the-loop tests, allowing the real-time integration of simulated subsystems with hardware. This capability facilitates testing of new subsystems and optimization during the project’s development phases. Additionally, to demonstrate the advanced capabilities of this model, the digital twin is used to simulate the CubeSat electrical power system behavior in real time throughout a complete orbital cycle in low Earth orbit conditions. This simulation provides valuable insights into the CubeSat operation by capturing the transient and steady-state responses of the EPS components under real orbital conditions. The results obtained indicate that the digital twin significantly enhances the testing and optimization process of new subsystems during the development phases of the project. Moreover, the capabilities of the digital twin can be further augmented by incorporating real-time telemetry data from the CubeSat, resulting in a highly accurate replication of the satellite’s in-orbit behavior. This approach is crucial for identifying and diagnosing failures or malfunctions in the electrical power system, ensuring the robust and reliable operation of the CubeSat.

Security Drone for Surveillance in Military

Abstract: This paper presents the design and development of a sophisticated military security drone equipped with advanced components including Pixhawk flight controller, GPS module, camera, receiver, telemetry system, BLDC (Brushless Direct Current) motors, and electronic speed controller (ESC). The Pixhawk flight controller serves as the brain of the drone, managing flight dynamics, navigation, and mission planning with remarkable precision and reliability. Integrated with a highaccuracy GPS module, the drone achieves autonomous navigation capabilities, enabling it to execute pre-defined flight paths and perform missions with minimal human intervention. A high-resolution camera system is incorporated into the drone, providing real-time video surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities. This camera system is complemented by a receiver module, facilitating remote control and data transmission between the drone and ground control station.Furthermore, the telemetry system enables remote monitoring of the drone's vital parameters, including altitude, speed, battery status, and sensor readings. This real-time telemetry data enhances situational awareness and facilitates informed decision-making during missions.The propulsion system of the drone consists of BLDC motors and electronic speed controllers, offering efficient and reliable propulsion for sustained flight operations. These components are carefully integrated to optimize power consumption, flight endurance, and maneuverability, ensuring the drone's effectiveness in various operational scenarios. In summary, the integration of Pixhawk flight controller, GPS module, camera, receiver, telemetry, BLDC motors, and electronic speed controller in the design of the military security drone represents a significant advancement in unmanned aerial technology. The resulting drone platform offers enhanced capabilities for surveillance, reconnaissance, and security applications, contributing to the effectiveness and efficiency of military operations in diverse environments

Drone Detection and Tracking Using RF Identification Signals.

The market for unmanned aerial systems (UASs) has grown considerably worldwide, but their ability to transmit sensitive information poses a threat to public safety. To counter these threats, authorities, and anti-drone organizations are ensuring that UASs comply with regulations, focusing on strategies to mitigate the risks associated with malicious drones. This study presents a technique for detecting drone models using identification (ID) tags in radio frequency (RF) signals, enabling the extraction of real-time telemetry data through the decoding of Drone ID packets. The system, implemented with a development board, facilitates efficient drone tracking. The results of a measurement campaign performance evaluation include maximum detection distances of 1.3 km for the Mavic Air, 1.5 km for the Mavic 3, and 3.7 km for the Mavic 2 Pro. The system accurately estimates a drone's 2D position, altitude, and speed in real time. Thanks to the decoding of telemetry packets, the system demonstrates promising accuracy, with worst-case distances between estimated and actual drone positions of 35 m for the Mavic 2 Pro, 17 m for the Mavic Air, and 15 m for the Mavic 3. In addition, there is a relative error of 14% for altitude measurements and 7% for speed measurements. The reaction times calculated to secure a vulnerable site within a 200 m radius are 1.83 min (Mavic Air), 1.03 min (Mavic 3), and 2.92 min (Mavic 2 Pro). This system is proving effective in addressing emerging concerns about drone-related threats, helping to improve public safety and security.

Real-Time Telemetry Data Monitoring System on Soil Movement of Railway Tracks

A telemetry data monitoring system is needed to monitor land shifting. This system consists of an ATMega328 microcontroller, a Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) and a rheostat, an accelerometer sensor, a rain gauge tipping bucket, and the HC-12 radio telemetry module. Normally, the LVDT reads the land shift in the 0-20 mm range, the Rheostat is capable of shifting up to 66 mm, the accelerometer sensor reads less than 20 deg of data, and the rain gauge tipping bucket sensor creates the amount of rainfall below 50 mm/hour which is then sending real-time data regularly for 24 hours. The buzzer installed in the field will sound if the LVDT reads land shift more than 30 mm, Rheostat more than 51 mm, and the accelerometer sensor reads data more than 45 deg; also, the rain gauge tipping bucket sensor reads more than 70 mm/hour. This test creates parameter data. So that shift data can be monitored.

Research on the Design of Network Ordering System for Distribution Network Operation Order

The command issuing and executed feedback of dispatching operation order in distribution network is hanging from traditional telephone mode to network mode. Based on the event driven architecture, this paper implements a network ordering system for distribution network operation order, which can be flexibly configured and deployed. It is compatible with intranet site, mobile app, artificial intelligence voice and other command modes, and it supports real-time telemetry data verification of Distribution Automation System. Asynchronous and low coupling design between command channels reduces the overall logic complexity of the system, and improves the adaptability to requirements.

Design of Aerial Probe for 3D Mapping of AQI Index of Carbon Monoxide Levels

With the onset of Industry 4.0, automation and its applications have led to an increase in the product development domain. Numerous products have been developed involving wireless connectivity, sensors and embedded systems that lead to easiness in data visualization and computation. The market of automation has just started to be penetrated by start-ups and various established multinational companies, leading to an increased focus on the future of integration of Artificial Intelligence with hardware and networking. With current focus on sustainable development and climate change, our idea was to develop a product which could help private as well as government agencies in mobile air pollution detection over large neighbourhoods and cities. The purpose of this paper is to define the design and development of a radio frequency remote controlled aerial probe which aims at providing real-time telemetry data to a wireless base station, along with the capabilities of 3D mapping the concentration of Carbon Monoxide (CO) particles in the atmosphere and the contaminants dependencies on air temperature and pressure. We also aim at testing the accuracy of the particulate contaminant sensor by comparing the collected data value with the given government database, in order to calculate the percent error.

Research on Anomaly Detection Method for Satellite Power Supply Based on Bayesian Model

Satellite power system is an important system of satellites and it has a significant impact on safe and reliable operations of satellites. Researches on anomaly detection method of satellite power systems can improve the reliability of normal satellite operations. Fixed top and bottom limitations for telemetry parameters are often used in engineering to detect anomalies of telemetry parameters, but the detection thresholds do not change with time and can neither reflect the dynamic tendency of telemetry parameters nor anomalies that occur during dynamic changes of telemetry parameters. In order to solve this problem, this paper puts forward a dynamic detection method for finding anomalous satellite power supply telemetry parameters by comparing predicted values and real-time telemetry data by using dynamic characteristics of satellite power supply telemetry parameters and the Bayesian Model. This method can be used to verify telemetry data of voltage parameters of the storage battery of satellite actually in orbit. The results show that this method can effectively detect anomalies of satellite power supply.

Drivers Characterization based on a Signal Analysis of Vehicle Telemetry

This paper presents a computational analysis of drivers behaviors by using signals and data generated from a velicular telemetry system. The proposal diagnoses driver's behaviours looking for potential and dangerous driving manoeuvres. Experimental testing has been performed in real environment around the city of Barranquilla, Colombia. The testing results show how driving diagnosis can be successfully achieved through the analysis of real time telemetry data that are directly related to the driver's actions.

Earth conical shadow modeling for LEO satellite using reference frame transformation technique: A comparative study with existing earth conical shadow models

Abstract In this article, we propose an Earth conical shadow model predicting umbra and penumbra states for the low Earth orbiting satellite considering the spherical shape of the Earth. The model is described using the umbra and penumbra cone geometries of the Earth’s shadow and the geometrical equations of these conical shadow regions into a Sun centered frame. The proposed model is simulated for three polar Sun-synchronous Indian Remote Sensing satellites: Cartosat-2A, Resourcesat-2 and Oceansat-2. The proposed model compares well with the existing spherical Earth conical shadow models such as those given by Vallado (2013), Wertz (2002), Hubaux et al. (2012), and Srivastava et al. (2013, 2014). An assessment is carried out of the existing Earth conical shadow models with Systems Tool Kit (STK), a high fidelity commercial software package of Analytic Graphic Inc., and the real time telemetry data.

Online Steady-State Telemetry Data's Practical Acquisition Method

SCADA system is a real-time data source, and it can accurately record the real-time information of the power system. Due to renewable energy's connection to the power system, load fluctuations and scheduling switching operation, the power system is often in a dynamic process. The telemetry data provided by SCADA system contains two parts, the steady-state data and transient data. The data cannot be directly used in state estimation. So we propose histogram thinking and extract steady-state data from the real-time telemetry data, which provides good data for state estimation. This method has the character of quick calculating speed and accuracy, and is adapted to the needs of real-time data's processing.

A Wireless Health Monitoring System based on Android Operating System

This paper describes a mobile health monitoring system which consists of a portable multifunctional physiological parameters detecting 3AHcare node and a mobile program for real-time data telemetry based on the smartphone with the Android operating system. The 3AHcare node is a health monitoring device with embedding Bluetooth module in it and capable of measuring a subject's ECG, blood pressure, blood oxygenation, respiration, temperature and motion – almost equivalent to the feature set of a hospital bedside patient monitor. In the Android Application, we receive physiological parameters such as ECG via the socket connection between the Android device and the detecting module; we process the received data with special algorithms to get steady waves; we store data locally on microSD flash; we display data by waveform and digit; we alarm by threshold algorithm and we realize remote data transmission via TCP/IP protocol. We have evaluated the performance of the monitoring system in capturing, recording, transmitting and displaying ambulatory data and found the system easy to use and with high precision.

In-flight Fault Diagnosis for Autonomous Aircraft via Low-rate Telemetry Channel

An in-flight diagnosis system that is able to detect faults on an unmanned aircraft using real-time telemetry data could provide operator assistance to warn about imminent risks due to faults. However, limited bandwidth of the air-ground radio-link makes diagnosis difficult. Loss of information about rapid dynamic changes and high parameter uncertainty are the main difficulties. This paper explores time-domain relations in received telemetry signals and uses knowledge of aircraft dynamics and the mechanics behind physical faults to obtain a set of grey-box models for diagnosis. Relating actuator fin deflections with angular rates of the aircraft, low order models are derived and parameters are estimated using system identification techniques. Change detection methods are applied to the prediction error of angular rate estimates and properties of the test statistics are determined. Techniques to overcome correlations in data and cope with non-Gaussian distributions are employed and threshold selection is obtained for the particular distributions of test statistics. Verification using real data showed that the diagnosis method is efficient and could have avoided incidents where faults led to loss of aircraft.

回帰学習による逐次予測を用いた宇宙機の適応的リミットチェック

This paper proposes a novel “knowledge-free” anomaly detection method for spacecraft based on regression techniques. This method learns a linear or nonlinear probabilistic regression model in the learning phase by applying a regression technique to a massive telemetry data of spacecraft, and then monitors the real-time telemetry data using the constructed model. This approach can be seen as adaptive limit-checking because it sequentially predicts proper envelop of a target time-series based on the past data of itself and other relevant series. We have confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed anomaly detection method by applying it to the telemetry data obtained from a simulator of an orbital transfer vehicle designed to make a rendezvous maneuver and from actual space operation of Engineering Test Satellite VII (ETS-VII).

Networked Acoustic Modems for Real-Time Data Telemetry from Distributed Subsurface Instruments in the Coastal Ocean: Application to Array of Bottom-Mounted ADCPs

Abstract Through the winter and spring of 2002, networked acoustic modems demonstrated real-time wireless data telemetry from an array of bottom-mounted acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) on the inner continental shelf 20–60 m deep off of Montauk Point, New York. To achieve typical temporal and spatial sampling needs for data assimilative numerical modeling, the array spanned 10 km × 10 km and transmitted data each ∼2 h. Network nodes included five sensors, each an ADCP with acoustic modem housed in a trawl-resistant bottom frame; five repeaters that are individual acoustic modems on near-bottom taut-wire moorings; and two gateways, each a buoy with a subsurface acoustic modem and topside cellular modem allowing for two-way communication with the shore. Deliveries from an ADCP adjacent to the gateway buoy were more than 97% successful through both winter and spring. Deliveries from ADCPs 5 km from the gateway averaged 25% (86%) reliability in winter (spring). Winter performance degrades because of upward-refracting sound speed profiles that limit direct acoustic paths, and strong winds that disrupt sea surface reflectivity and increase ambient noise. Reliability improved up to 36% due to the receive-all gateway mode, and more than doubled for certain node pairs due to a handshake protocol incorporating an automatic repeat request. Shore-based network control demonstrated adaptive sampling by changing ADCP vertical and temporal resolution, and network data path rerouting in response to unplanned events, such as trawling impacts. Networked acoustic modems are well suited for coastal ocean-observing systems, particularly at sites such as this where seafloor cables and surface buoys are vulnerable to fishing and shipping activities.

Real-time generation and supervision of a dynamic restoration plan for bulk-power systems

Abstract This paper presents the utilization of a rule-based system to generate and implement a dynamic restoration plan during a total blackout in a bulk-power system. The governor response and ramp rate of each generator, system load regulation and the pick-up characteristic of individual loads are modeled. The calculated system frequency and the calculated total generation output at each power station are compared with the real-time telemetry data. If the differences between the telemetry data and the calculated data exceed the specified tolerance, the restoration plan will be updated and adjusted accordingly. By using the streamlined arrangement in the transmission network, the loading in each transmission circuit can be estimated and a complete load flow calculation is not required during the generation of the restoration plan. Test cases were conducted and encouraging results were obtained. The developed rule-based restoration system can provide a complete restoration plan within a very short time and it can also dynamically generate a new restoration plan at any time interval according to the real-time telemetry data.

Tomographic measurements of the Kuroshio Extension Meander and its associated eddies

A 1000‐km scale three‐dimensional (3D) acoustic tomography experiment has been conducted in the Kuroshio Extension region from July to September 1997. The 3D temperature fields show the energetic meander of the Kuroshio Extension with high time resolution. Mesoscale eddies associated with the meander with horizontal scale greater than 200‐km are resolved in the tomographic inversion. These results are consistent with other measurements such as ADCP, XCTD and TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite altimetry. Variable oceanic structures in a 1000‐km domain, which are difficult targets for conventional point measurement techniques, can be measured well by ocean acoustic tomography with real‐time data telemetry.

Changes in pacing lead impedance over time predict lead failure

It has been suggested that a decrease in lead impedance may predict pacing lead failure, but there is limited prospective data about the relation of changes in lead impedance over time to lead performance. We monitored changes in lead impedance through implantable pulse generators with real-time telemetry data capability in 105 patients with Medtronic 4012 leads (n = 38) and Medtronic 4004 leads (n = 67). Pacing lead failure was documented by serial ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring or intensified pacemaker clinic surveillance. A significant decrease in lead impedance was observed in patients with Medtronic 4012 and Medtronic 4004 leads with documented lead failure, whereas lead impedance remained stable over time in patients without documented lead failure. The sensitivity and specificity of a lead impedance decrease of ≥15% to predict lead failure were 69% and 70%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of a lead impedance decrease of ≥30% to predict lead failure were 36% and 90%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values for a lead impedance decrease of ≥15% were 54% and 81%, respectively, and for a lead impedance decrease of ≥30% were 65% and 73%, respectively. Thus, small decreases in lead impedance may identify failing leads. Serial measurement of pacing lead impedance over time is a useful tool to monitor pacing lead performance.

Triaxial search coil measurements of ELF waves in the plasmasphere: Initial results from EXOS‐D

Triaxial search coil measurements of ELF waves in the frequency range below 50 Hz have been made with the polar orbiting satellite, EXOS‐D [AKEBONO], in the plasmasphere. Single component electric field measurements were also obtained along with measurements of the magnetic field. A survey of realtime telemetry data received for the period of March – October, 1989 reveals the existence of variety of plasma waves in the frequency range around ion gyrofrequencies near the equatorial region of the plasmasphere. Electromagnetic noises with a multi‐band structure were observed mostly above the local helium gyro‐frequency (fHe+), in the region of L values of 1.5 ∼ 2.5. Multi‐band ELF emissions are common in the daytime and were observed in 49 out of 250 orbits examined here. Another type of electromagnetic ELF waves with a broad‐band spectrum are also observed in the frequency range above the helium gyrofrequency in 10 orbits. Both types of wave spectra extend above the local proton gyrofrequency, but no absorption effect is observed at the local proton gyrofrequency. The electric field measurements clearly show spectral cut‐off for both of these two types of waves near f = (1.3 ∼ 2.5) fHe+. On the other hand, several spectral bands sometimes appear between the helium and oxygen gyrofrequencies in magnetic field components of multi‐band emissions.

Satellite measurements of solar X-ray flux and their use for interpretation of sudden ionospheric disturbances

The apparatus for the reception and evaluation of the real-time telemetry (RTT) data on the X-ray flux, measured by the satellite Solrad-9, is briefly described. A comparison of the RTT data obtained with the data published by the authors of the experiment shows a good correlation of the data compared. The results of the comparison of our RTT data with SID data of the Panska Ves Observatory confirm many known facts concerning the response of the lower ionosphere to solar flares and, moreover, seem to support the idea of a less important role of X-rays in the lower ionosphere under slightly disturbed conditions.

Data Display for Real Time Telemetry

A data display meeting objectives of rapid updating, concentrated viewing area, access to multiple formats, high reliability, and flexibility has been developed for use with the Real Time Telemetry Data System (RTTDS). This display superimposes alpha-numeric symbols projected from a matrix of electromechanical data projectors on background formats projected by a random access 35 mm slide projector. Control logic for this device is shown in block form and reliability and other specifications listed. Background formats for use in the RTTDS are described as is the interface logic consisting of manual and automatic inputs, a core memory, and buffer registers. Typical updating times of the system addressed from sequential memory locations vary from 10 to 15 seconds depending on the amount of data to be changed. An alternate logic scheme using scanning techniques reduces updating time to 4 to 6 seconds. Self-testing programs can be utilized and an example is given. An industrial application for the data display is described including a typical block diagram and background formats.