Real-time Scale Research Articles

PSXI-19 Effects of different forage levels on performance and feeding behavior of feedlot cattle

Abstract Body weight (BW) gain is highly correlated with profitability and positively associated with feed efficiency and reduced environmental impact of beef production. Fiber stimulates rumination which is essential for digestion, nutrient absorption, and maintenance of animal health. The quantity and quality of fiber in the diet affect BW gain and feeding and rumination patterns. Forage neutral detergent fiber (fNDF) has a key role in regulating intake and health. This study tested two levels of forage inclusion NDF on performance and feeding behavior of Nellore bulls. Corn silage was the source of forage fiber, diets had 12% or 7% fNDF [23.3% or 13.6% in the total dry matter (DM). Diets had 64% and 73.5% ground corn, and 0.2 and 0.5% potassium chloride respectively for 12% and 7% fNDF. Both treatments included soybean meal (1.5%); cottonseed (7%), urea (1.2%), mineral mixture (2.7%) and monensin (25 ppm). Diets were formulated to meet protein and mineral requirements with RLM model (rlm.app.br). Nellore bulls (n = 40; BW = 460 ± 38 kg and an average age of 20 mo) were fed for 50 d after 21 d adaptation. Each animal was considered as experimental unit in a completely randomized design. On d 21 and 42 behavior was evaluated every 10 min for 24 h. Feed intake was measured using Growsafe feeders. Average daily gain (ADG) was estimated by linear regression based on BW (without fast) obtained in real time scales at the water trough. Data were evaluated by SAS PROC GLM. Daily gain (1.71 vs. 1.43 kg/d, P = 0.0002), DM intake (10.97 vs. 10.00 kg/d, P < 0.001) and feed efficiency (0.154 vs. 0.139, P = 0.04) were greater for the 12% fNDF treatment. Likewise, rumination time was greater for the 12% fNDF compared with the 7% fNDF treatment; 356 and 275 min/d respectively (P = 0.0005). Animals fed 12% fNDF had longer rumination times and improved performance compared with those fed 7%. There were no differences in the number of visits to the troughs or in total feeding time (P > 0.05), with mean visits of 15.17 and 15.43, and feeding times of 145.6 and 146.8 minutes for the 12% and 7% fNDF diets, respectively. Linear correlation between ADG and rumination time was positive r = 0.49 (P < 0.03) and r = 0.28 (P < 0.23), indicating that rumination is associated with an increase in ADG. Coefficient of variation for ADG was 13.4 and 27.2% for 12 and 7% fNDF diets, with greater variability for the low fiber diets. The results highlight the importance of providing adequate forage to feedlot cattle. Results are consistent with previous work from our group demonstrating that the maximum performance is achieved at around 11 to 13% fNDF. Bulls fed 12% fNDF diets had greater BW gain, higher rumination and reduced ADG variation compared with those fed 7% fNDF diets.

Certain Novel Dynamic Inequalities Applicable in the Theory of Retarded Dynamic Equations and Their Applications

In this article, we establish certain time-scale-retarded dynamic inequalities that contain nonlinear retarded integral equations on various time scales. These inequalities extend and generalize some significant inequalities existing in the literature to their more general forms. The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of solutions to various dynamic equations on time scales involving retarded integrals can be studied using these inequalities. The results presented in this manuscript furnish a powerful tool to analyze the boundedness of nonlinear integral equations with retarded integrals on several time scales. In the end, we also include numerical illustrations to signify the applicability of these results to power nonlinear retarded integral equations on real and quantum time scales.

Основні питання створення моделі процесу технічної експлуатації повітряного судна військового призначення

The subject of the research in this article is the creation of a mathematical model of the process of technical operation (PTO) of a military aircraft in the system of information support for the operation of an aircraft. The aircraft is a complex technical system that includes many systems, subsystems, and elements for reliable and error-free functioning, which require constant monitoring of its technical condition to determine the possibility of its intended use. It is proposed to promote PTO in the system of information support for the operation of aircraft operating in real time and to create a mathematical model of the process. We will construct a graph of states and transitions using the transition matrix to describe the PTO of a military aircraft. The purpose of this study is to create a mathematical model of the PTO of a military aircraft in a system of information support for the operation of the aircraft operating on a real time scale. The task: to determine the role and advantage of using the mathematical model of the PTE of a military aircraft in the information support system for the operation of a CMMS-type aircraft operating in real time for its use in forecasting and managing the effectiveness of the PTE. The scientific and practical novelty of the obtained results is as follows: the advantages of the PTE mathematical model of a military aircraft in the CMMS-type aircraft operation information support system, which works in real time before the PTO model by resource and the model when decisions are made at the moment, have been determined state changes. The conclusion of this study is that the use of the proposed PTO model will allow us to evaluate complex reliability indicators in real time, that is, continuously. The considered PTO model of a military aircraft considers all the features of military aircraft operation at the current stage. This allows us to assume the possibility of its use for the entire aircraft fleet of the Air Force Base of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

Boundary fluctuation dynamics of a phase-separated domain in planar geometry.

Using phase-ordering kinetics and of renormalization group theories, we derive analytically the relaxation times of the long wavelength fluctuations of a phase-separated domain boundary in the vicinity of (and below) the critical temperature in the planar Ising universality class. For a conserved order parameter, the relaxation time grows like Λ^{3} at wavelength Λ and can be expressed in terms of parameters relevant at the microscopic scale: lattice spacing, bulk diffusion coefficient of the minority phase, and temperature. These results are supported by numerical simulations of 2D Ising models, enabling in addition calculating the nonuniversal numerical prefactor. We discuss the applications of these findings to the determination of the real timescale associated with elementary Monte Carlo moves from the measurement of long wavelength relaxation times on experimental systems or molecular dynamics simulations.

Realistic Forests and the Modeling of Forest‐Atmosphere Exchange

AbstractForests cover nearly a third of the Earth's land area and exchange mass, momentum, and energy with the atmosphere. Most studies of these exchanges, particularly using numerical models, consider forests whose structure has been heavily simplified. In many landscapes, these simplifications are unrealistic. Inhomogeneous landscapes and unsteady weather conditions generate fluid dynamical features that cause observations to be inaccurately interpreted, biased, or over‐generalized. In Part I, we discuss experimental, theoretical, and numerical progress in the understanding of turbulent exchange over realistic forests. Scalar transport does not necessarily follow the flow in realistic settings, meaning scalar quantities are rarely at equilibrium around patchy forests, and significant scalar fluxes may form in the lee of forested hills. Gaps and patchiness generate significant spatial fluxes that current models and observations neglect. Atmospheric instability increases the distance over which fluxes adjust at forest edges. In deciduous forests, the effects of patchiness differ between seasons; counter intuitively, eddies reach further into leafy canopies (because they are rougher aerodynamically). Air parcel residence times are likely much lower in patchy forests than homogeneous ones, especially around edges. In Part II, we set out practical ways to make numerical models of forest‐atmosphere more realistic, including by accounting for reconfiguration and realistic canopy structure and beginning to include more chemical and physical processes in turbulence resolving models. Future challenges include: (a) customizing numerical models to real study sites, (b) connecting space and time scales, and (c) incorporating a greater range of weather conditions in numerical models.

Approximate optimal synthesis of operational control systems for dynamic objects based on quasilinearization and sufficient optimality conditions

A new approach to the analytical design of linear and nonlinear integrated automatic control systems (ACS) of a real (accelerated) time scale, based on the joint use of dynamic programming technologies and the quasilinearization method, is presented. For continuous dynamic systems, the foundations of the theory of nonlinear synthesis in a degenerate (synergetic) formulation are given.

Design of linear surfaces that restrict the range of permissible positions of links of the manipulator mechanisms in implementation of instantaneous states

Linear surfaces are used in various spheres of human activity. One of the most common techniques of designing linear surfaces is based on the three directing curves. In some cases, one of these directing curves is not set, but rather replaced by some geometric condition imposed on the emerging surfaces, which can in form of a certain point correspondence established between the points of the rest two directing curves. The article reviews the example of designing such surfaces, which in an approximate form would restrict the zone that sets the permissible positions of links of the manipulator mechanism of certain given configuration in realization of permissible instantaneous states. The acquired linear surfaces underlie the algorithm for calculation of configurations, which do not intersect the restricted zone in case of a deadlock situation. The result of this research is the computer simulation of the motions of arm and torso mechanism of the Android robot using the obtained algorithm for calculation of configurations. The simulation of motion demonstrates that the use of linear surfaces in analysis of the relative position of the manipulator and restricted zones in the deadlock situations allows reducing the calculation time by 50-60 percent. Such reduction of calculation time is highly demanded in computer control of the arm and torso motions of the Android robot on a real time scale.

Structure-based simulations complemented by conventional all-atom simulations to provide new insights into the folding dynamics of human telomeric G-quadruplex* *Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11504043, 61671107, 31670727, and 61771093), the Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China (Grant No. ZR2016JL027), the Taishan Young Scholars Program of Shandong Province of China (Grant No. tsqn20161049),

The hybrid atomistic structure-based model has been validated to be effective in investigation of G-quadruplex folding. In this study, we performed large-scale conventional all-atom simulations to complement the folding mechanism of human telomeric sequence Htel24 revealed by a multi-basin hybrid atomistic structure-based model. Firstly, the real time-scale of folding rate, which cannot be obtained from the structure-based simulations, was estimated directly by constructing a Markov state model. The results show that Htel24 may fold as fast as on the order of milliseconds when only considering the competition between the hybrid-1 and hybrid-2 G-quadruplex conformations. Secondly, in comparison with the results of structure-based simulations, more metastable states were identified to participate in the formation of hybrid-1 and hybrid-2 conformations. These findings suggest that coupling the hybrid atomistic structure-based model and the conventional all-atom model can provide more insights into the folding dynamics of DNA G-quadruplex. As a result, the multiscale computational framework adopted in this study may be useful to study complex processes of biomolecules involving large conformational changes.

A Data Driven Experimental System for Individualized Brain Stimulation Design and Validation.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective clinical treatment for epilepsy. However, the individualized setting and adaptive adjustment of DBS parameters are still facing great challenges. This paper investigates a data-driven hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experimental system for closed-loop brain stimulation system individualized design and validation. The unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is utilized to estimate critical parameters of neural mass model (NMM) from the electroencephalogram recordings to reconstruct individual neural activity. Based on the reconstructed NMM, we build a digital signal processor (DSP) based virtual brain platform with real time scale and biological signal level scale. Then, the corresponding hardware parts of signal amplification detection and closed-loop controller are designed to form the HIL experimental system. Based on the designed experimental system, the proportional-integral controller for different individual NMM is designed and validated, which proves the effectiveness of the experimental system. This experimental system provides a platform to explore neural activity under brain stimulation and the effects of various closed-loop stimulation paradigms.

Метод підвищення продуктивності корелограмного оцінювання спектральної густини потужності випадкових сигналів

The method of increase of productivity of estimation of spectral density of power (SDP) of random signals at the expense of reduction of computational complexity of procedures of digital processing of investigated signals is offered in the work. The choice and substantiation of the methodology of digital evaluation of SDP signals is performed. It is proved that the correlogram methodology of SDP estimation under the condition of the same volume of processed signal samples is characterized by higher quality factor in comparison with direct estimation methods. At the same time, the application of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique to calculate the autocorrelation function of the signal creates conditions for improving the performance of correlogram methods for estimating SDP. Therefore, the correlogram methodology of fast digital estimation of SDP of random signals is applied in the work. A high-performance method for determining the autocorrelation function of the signal has been developed. In this paper, it is proposed to use the fast digital correlation theorem in order to accelerate the definition of the autocorrelation function. A recurrent relation is obtained to determine the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of a subsequence in which a number of samples are updated. The proposed method requires two DFT and one reverse DFT. The synthesis of the correlation window function, which provides the maximum asymptotic rate of decline of the side lobes of the signal power spectrum for a given level of side lobes relative to the level of the main lobe of the spectrum. An expression for estimating the SDP of a random signal is obtained, according to which the statistical stability of the estimation is provided by averaging by processing segments, and correlation weighing allows to control the level of lateral parasitic petals of the spectrum of the studied signal. The research of productivity of the developed method of correlogram estimation of SDP of signals is executed. An expression is obtained to determine the coefficient of productivity, which takes into account the number of multiplication operations in the implementation of correlogram estimation of SDP. The results of the analysis proved that the proposed method makes it possible to significantly reduce the time for determining the SDP of random signals and to ensure the mode of operation of digital spectrum analyzers in a real time scale.

Efficient Mobile Sink Path Scheduling for Clustered based Wireless Sensor Network

WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) has found wide range of adoption in different sector and it is primary component of much real time application such as IoT, Big Data etc. Meanwhile modern application needs scalable real time data access and low latency since they are heterogeneous; however achieving the low latency for real time data causes the energy overhead in sensor device. Moreover, two technique i.e. clustering technique and Mobile sink helps in achieving the scalability and reducing the energy consumption in sensor device, further this causes the energy overhead in rendezvous node and CH (Cluster Head). In order to address this issue several optimization technique were presented for selection of rendezvous node and optimal cluster, the main drawbacks of these techniques are that they are applicable only for the homogeneous network. Hence, to overcome this issue, this research work presents technique EMSPS (Efficient Mobile Sink Path scheduling) technique for heterogeneous WSN, this technique is cluster based. Furthermore, EMSPS introduces the multiple-objective function such as network traffic for CH and rendezvous node selection, coverage time, radio selection strength, connection time and connectivity. EMSPS is evaluated considering the various parameter such as loss of connectivity, first node death, total node death and network lifetime, further comparison has been done with the state-of-art technique by considering the above parameters. Nevertheless, EMSPS provides the satisfactory trade-off between the energy and latency requirement.

Microsecond Exchange Processes Studied by Two-Dimensional ESR at 95 GHz.

Exchange processes which include conformational change, protonation/deprotonation, and binding equilibria are routinely studied by 2D exchange NMR techniques, where information about the exchange of nuclei between environments with different NMR shifts is obtained from the development of cross-peaks. Whereas 2D NMR enables the real time study of millisecond and slower exchange processes, 2D ESR in the form of 2D-ELDOR (two-dimensional electron-electron double resonance) has the potential for such studies over the nanosecond to microsecond real time scales. Cross-peak development due to chemical exchange has been seen previously for semiquinones in ESR, but this is not possible for most common ESR probes, such as nitroxides, studied at typical ESR frequencies because, unlike NMR, the exchanging states yield ESR signals that are not resolved from each other within their respective line widths. But at 95 GHz, it becomes possible to resolve them in many cases because of the increased g-factor resolution. The 95 GHz instrumental developments occurring at ACERT now enable such studies. We demonstrate these new capabilities in two studies: (A) the protonation/deprotonation process for a pH-sensitive imidazoline spin label in aqueous solution where the exchange rate and the population ratio of the exchanging states are controlled by the concentration and pH of the buffer solution, respectively, and (B) a nitroxide radical partitioning between polar (aqueous) and nonpolar (phospholipid) environments in multilamellar lipid vesicles, where the cross-peak development arises from the exchange of the nitroxide between the two phases. This work represents the first example of the observation and analysis of cross-peaks arising from chemical exchange processes involving nitroxide spin labels.

Microplotter-Printed On-Chip Combinatorial Library of Ink-Derived Multiple Metal Oxides as an "Electronic Olfaction" Unit.

Information about the surrounding atmosphere at a real timescale significantly relies on available gas sensors to be efficiently combined into multisensor arrays as electronic olfaction units. However, the array's performance is challenged by the ability to provide orthogonal responses from the employed sensors at a reasonable cost. This issue becomes more demanded when the arrays are designed under an on-chip paradigm to meet a number of emerging calls either in the internet-of-things industry or in situ noninvasive diagnostics of human breath, to name a few, for small-sized low-powered detectors. The recent advances in additive manufacturing provide a solid top-down background to develop such chip-based gas-analytical systems under low-cost technology protocols. Here, we employ hydrolytically active heteroligand complexes of metals as ink components for microplotter patterning a multioxide combinatorial library of chemiresistive type at a single chip equipped with multiple electrodes. To primarily test the performance of such a multisensor array, various semiconducting oxides of the p- and n-conductance origins based on pristine and mixed nanocrystalline MnOx, TiO2, ZrO2, CeO2, ZnO, Cr2O3, Co3O4, and SnO2 thin films, of up to 70 nm thick, have been printed over hundred μm areas and their micronanostructure and fabrication conditions are thoroughly assessed. The developed multioxide library is shown to deliver at a range of operating temperatures, up to 400 °C, highly sensitive and highly selective vector signals to different, but chemically akin, alcohol vapors (methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and n-butanol) as examples at low ppm concentrations when mixed with air. The suggested approach provides us a promising way to achieve cost-effective and well-performed electronic olfaction devices matured from the diverse chemiresistive responses of the printed nanocrystalline oxides.

Evaluation of the localized corrosion on Mg electrode surface by electrochemical noise technique

AbstractThe symmetrical and asymmetrical electrodes made of Mg were studied in 0.1‐M NaCl electrolyte adjusted at pH 12. The statistical and wavelet methods were employed for analyzing the electrochemical current noise (ECN) signals. The asymmetric configuration was used for electrochemical detection of filiform corrosion on Mg electrode. The real time scale of the dominant transients of the asymmetric electrodes was detected on the basis of the maximum peak in the SDPS plots. The SDPS values of the real time scale crystals of the ECN signals resulting from asymmetrical electrodes increased with the increase in immersion time due to the onset of filiform corrosion.

Measurement of laser-induced dynamic structures on the surface of materials in a real time scale

The processes induced by laser radiation in the region of its interaction with matter are characterized by a high development rate and exclude direct contact of measuring detectors in the interaction region. The opportunity of structural adjustment of the irradiated surface of the material requires recording the temporal characteristics of these dynamic processes, which essentially determine the structural surface phase transitions in a heterogeneous medium. Therefore, for their diagnostics the highly sensitive, non-contact and inertialess registration methods are required. We used promising in this aspect optical recording methods based on the two channel scheme, i.e. the pump-probe techniques: the power pump laser and additional/probe laser radiation (brightness amplifies) to measure the development of nonlinear dynamic processes on the solid surface under laser radiation. The approach in frame of work of the such unified intelligent laser technological system results in control in time of processes of both laser thermal hardening with corresponding characteristics and generation of the spatial structures of different types on the surface of metallic units. We demonstrated some results for the laser technological processing with powerful laser radiation of a metal surface.

Synthesis of wireless telecommunication network with adaptation to refusals of central elements of average and high intensity

A technique of synthesis of a wireless digital communication network with package switching, providing transfer of video messages of real time scale between elements of multipurpose information-operating system in conditions of high failure rate of central elements, is considered. As conceptual model of a telecommunication network – the network of the mixed structure, including multipurpose devices, constructed on the basis of standards of a broadband radio access with switching of packages and two interconnected levels of network interaction of elements (local and main) is accepted. The technique of synthesis of a wireless network is based on the multilevel, combined adaptation of a telecommunication network in the conditions of refusals of central elements, which primary goal is rational change of parameters, functions of network elements in close interrelation with purposeful transformation of structure of telecommunication system subnetworks. The main objective of carrying out the combined adaptation of the network consists in achievement of necessary throughput of communication system depending on degree of failure rate of central elements. Properties of multilevel adaptation were investigated in the course of realization of the combined (structurally-parametrical) synthesis with use of the aggregate approach of modelling of difficult technical systems. Efficiency of the specified technique is proven by the results of the imitating experiment with use of the aggregate model of a wireless network of data transmission with switching of packages, obtained previously. The experimental data, received at natural research of networks of a broadband radio communication on the basis of standards 802.11 b/g/n, have shown, that time of processing of packages of a message essentially depends on use of existing ways of adaptation. In particular, application of effective algorithms of adaptation (both parametrical and structural) will allow to reduce the time of finding of details (packages) in broadband communication devices by several times and, thereby, to provide demanded throughput of the network functioning in the conditions of refusals of central elements.

ПРОГРАММНО-АППАРАТНЫЕ СРЕДСТВА ДЛЯ БОРТОВЫХ СИСТЕМ ИНФОРМАЦИОННОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ПОДВИЖНЫХ СРЕДСТВ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ СТЗ

Research objective is increase of autonomous mobile means information support efficiency with use of visual data and technologies of its development due to rational use of nonconventional calculators and special preparation of algorithmic providing. Use of nonconventional, heteroge-neous computing means allows to expand significantly a circle of visual data processing problems on the real time scale and, thereby, to increase situational awareness of autonomous robots and efficiency of its receiving. Rational use of nonconventional calculators demands essential altera-tion of algorithmic providing. The majority of visual data algorithms were developed counting on realization on traditional, von Neumann architecture of calculators and demand essential efforts for realization on parallel structures and developments of special programming tools. In work the emphasis on researches in the area use FPGA is placed and a number of approaches in special preparation of necessary algorithmic is considered. As model, demonstration examples of use of nonconventional calculators realization of such algorithms of visual data processing which areactively used in a wide range of information support problems of purposeful movements of mobile robot is considered. Preparation and realization on FPGA of such algorithms as creation of histo-grams, an optical flow calculation, segmentation of images is described. Results of experiments are given in the operating models of airborne computers. As basic data the visual data collected at the movement of mobile means in the conditions of habitat are used. All used software is executed on the basis of the unified software framework of the real time vision systems of domestic devel-opment. In the conclusion further steps in the specified direction, taking into account aspiration to use of domestic software and hardware are discussed.

Electronic resources (ER) for information retrieval of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) research in the Digital Era

With the growing worldwide in internet conservation, cultivation and use of medicinal, aromatic and other related groups of plants, there has been a four-fold increase in the volume of literature published on these crops during last two decades. This dynamic scenario demands constant updated inflow, documentation and management of accrued of knowledge, which is now-a-days largely available on electronic media and can be accessed through E-journals, scholarly databases, information gateway internet, E-Books, E-magazine and E-Newsletters. The current issues in MAPs research largely revolve around the production, post harvest management, value-chain alignments, profitability, efficiency and sustainability. To meet the challenges and requirements of globalization, intellectual property rights, agri-export, market intelligence and related issues adequately and successfully, developing countries like India must reorient their R&D priorities on a real time scale for which tools for fast retrieval of information must be developed for which refined on priority. An organized method for retrieval of nascent information is likely to play a very crucial role in this mission. But most of the information is highly scattered in various kind of information resources and their retrieval is so complex and cost intensive that it may not be affordable by every developing country. Therefore, efforts have been made in this paper to identify and list the electronic resources which are exclusive in nature is and are freely available on internet.

Remotely sensed rivers in the Anthropocene: state of the art and prospects

ABSTRACTThe rivers of the world are undergoing accelerated change in the Anthropocene, and need to be managed at much broader spatial and temporal scales than before. Fluvial remote sensing now offers a technical and methodological framework that can be deployed to monitor the processes at work and to assess the trajectories of rivers in the Anthropocene. In this paper, we review research investigating past, present and future fluvial corridor conditions and processes using remote sensing and we consider emerging challenges facing fluvial and riparian research. We introduce a suite of remote sensing methods designed to diagnose river changes at reach to regional scales. We then focus on identification of channel patterns and acting processes from satellite, airborne or ground acquisitions. These techniques range from grain scales to landform scales, and from real time scales to inter‐annual scales. We discuss how remote sensing data can now be coupled to catchment scale models that simulate sediment transfer within connected river networks. We also consider future opportunities in terms of datasets and other resources which are likely to impact river management and monitoring at the global scale. We conclude with a summary of challenges and prospects for remotely sensed rivers in the Anthropocene. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A numerical model coupling bubble flow, light transfer, cell motion and growth kinetics for real timescale microalgae cultivation and its applications in flat plate photobioreactors

A comprehensive numerical model based on volume-of-fluid (VOF) is established in this paper for the simulation of multiphysical process of the microalgae cultivation in photobioreactors (PBRs). The comprehensive numerical model is composed of the following four models: (1) a free-surface lattice Boltzmann model for VOF simulations of bubble flow, (2) a discrete ordinate model for collimated light transfer, (3) a Lagrangian model for cell motion, and (4) a kinetic model for microalgae growth. A temporal extrapolation scheme is proposed first to extend the simulation in small time steps into the real timescale. The growths of microalgae in a two-dimensional flat plat PBR are then simulated by the model. The effects of the gas hold-up, bubble distribution, light intensity and light/dark history on the growth of microalgae are further studied in detail. The result showed that the average growth rate can be adopted for the whole PBR. The non-uniform distribution of bubbles attenuates the positive effects of bubbles on increasing light intensity inside the PBRs. Meanwhile, the simulation with the average flow field without fluctuations can lead to non-uniform distributions of cells and errors in prediction the microalgae growth due to the centrifugal effects. The residence time distribution (RTD) of cells in the PBR is almost uniform under the condition studied, and the simulation results with RTD are close to the results with cell tracking. Finally, an improved structure of flat plat PBRs with horizontal deflectors is proposed. The results demonstrated that the inserted deflectors can increase the gas hold-ups and the uniformity of gas distributions. These effects lead to higher light intensity in the PBR, which increases the growth rate of the microalgae.