Real Space-time Research Articles

The Magical “Born Rule” and Quantum “Measurement”: Implications for Physics

I. The arena of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory is the abstract, unobserved and unobservable, M-dimensional formal Hilbert space ≠ spacetime. II. The arena of observations—and, more generally, of all events (i.e., everything) in the real physical world—is the classical four-dimensional physical spacetime. III. The “Born rule” is the random process “magically” transforming I into II. Wavefunctions are superposed and entangled only in the abstract space I, never in spacetime II. Attempted formulations of quantum theory directly in real physical spacetime actually constitute examples of “locally real” theories, as defined by Clauser and Horne, and are therefore already empirically refuted by the numerous tests of Bell’s theorem in real, controlled experiments in laboratories here on Earth. Observed quantum entities (i.e., events) are never superposed or entangled as they: (1) exclusively “live” (manifest) in real physical spacetime and (2) are not described by entangled wavefunctions after “measurement” effectuated by III. When separated and treated correctly in this way, a number of fundamental problems and “paradoxes” of quantum theory vs. relativity (i.e., spacetime) simply vanish, such as the black hole information paradox, the infinite zero-point energy of quantum field theory and the quantization of general relativity.

Holomorphic general coordinate invariant modified measure gravitational theory

Complexifying space time has many interesting applications, from the construction of higher dimensional unification, to provide a useful framework for quantum gravity and to better define some local symmetries that suffer singularities in real space time. In this context here spacetime is extended to complex spacetime and standard general coordinate invariance is also extended to complex holomorphic general coordinate transformations. This is possible by introducing a non Riemannian Measure of integration, which transforms avoiding non holomorphic behavior. Instead the measure transforms according to the inverse of the jacobian of the coordinate transformation and avoids the traditional square root of the determinant of the metric −g. which is not globally holomorphic, or the determinant of the vierbein which is sensitive to the vierbein orientations and not invariant under local lorentz transformations with negative determinants. A contribution to the cosmological term appears as an integration constant in the equations of motion. A proposed action for Finsler geometry, which involves −g rather than −g will also constitute an example of a Holomorphic General Coordinate Invariant Modified Measure Gravitational Theory.

Solitons in openN= 2 string theory

AbstractThe open N = 2 string theory is defined on the 4D space-time with the split signature (+, +, −, −). The string field theory action of the open N = 2 string theory is described by the 4D Wess–Zumino–Witten (WZW4) model. The equation of motion of the WZW4 model is the Yang equation, which is equivalent to the anti-self-dual Yang–Mills equation. In this paper, we study soliton-type classical solutions of the WZW4 model in the split signature by calculating the action density of the WZW4 model. We find that the action density of the one-soliton solutions is localized on a 3D hyperplane. This shows that there would be codimension-one-solitonic objects, or equivalently some kind of three-branes in the open N = 2 string theory. We also prove that, in the asymptotic region of the space-time, the action density of the n-soliton solutions is a “non-linear superposition” of n one-solitons. This suggests the existence of n intersecting three-branes in the N = 2 strings. Finally we make a reduction to a (1 + 2)D real space-time to calculate the energy densities of the soliton solutions. We can successfully evaluate the energy distribution for the two-soliton solutions and find that there is no singularity in the interacting region. This implies the existence of smooth intersecting codimension-one branes in the whole region. Soliton solutions in the Euclidean signature are also discussed.

Cosmic censorship and charged radiation in second order Lovelock gravity

The conditions for naked singularity formation are considered for a radiating metric of Boulware–Deser type within an electromagnetic field in second order Lovelock (or Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet) gravity. The spacetime metric remains real only up to certain maximum charge contribution. This differs from general relativity. Beyond a certain maximal charge, there exists no real and physical spacetime since the metric becomes complex. We establish that, under certain parameters and for specific values of the mass function and charge contribution, this branch singularity is indeed a naked singularity. This is in contrast to the neutral case where the spacetime metric is always real for a positive mass function, and further, a weak, initially naked singularity always occurs before it becomes covered by an event horizon for all future time. We highlight that both neutral and charged collapse under gravity in Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet gravity differ significantly to their general relativistic counterparts.

1920-30년대 명동 콘텐츠와 장소기반 AR게임 디자인

In this study, the process of AR game storytelling based on the physical place of Myeong-dong and the historical and cultural information of Myeong-dong in the 1920s-30s was specified, noting that the spatio-temporal meaning of the place can be discovered, expanded, and shared through game play in AR games. The main concept of Myeongdong Nori (tentative name) game design is Myeongdong experience in the 1920s and 30s based on AR technology, and the target experience is storytelling through reasoning, place experience, and role experience activities. In place-based AR games, players derive different games based on their experiences and choices, and actively construct the meaning of the game, which requires storytelling that provides rich information and situations. Therefore, characters, places, episodes, and visual materials centered on Myeong-dong in the 1920s and 30s were widely collected, and information DB was constructed using digital tools, and a series of processes were presented to plan game storytelling based on this. It is hoped that the place-based AR game storytelling study based on Myeong-dong content in the 1920s and 30s covered in this study can be used as the basis for a place-based AR game design model in which virtual time and real space-time experience are realized in the future.

Feeling into Paula Dawson’s Holograms

This article discusses the Australian artist Paula Dawson’s (b. 1954) landmark work of art holography To Absent Friends (1989), a triptych of an empty bar, devoid of life except for streamers and abandoned champagne glasses cluttering the countertops. The largest analog holograms ever made, Dawson’s work pushes the limits of holography in both scale and subject matter. By attending to the experiential aspects of Dawson’s holograms––the interplay of looking, touching, and moving that they elicit––I situate holography within a longer history of art and aesthetic experience than is typically lent to this medium. By extension, I consider the relationship between the optic and haptic senses in both making and viewing holograms, which recall earlier artforms and theories of haptic viewing. I emphasize holography’s similarities to relief sculpture and trompe l’oeil painting and draw on ancient theories of extramission as well as nineteenth-century aesthetic empathy (Einfühlung, or feeling-into) to discuss the haptic sensation and somatic movement activated by these elusive images. I suggest that holographic images draw the beholder into a dynamic, bodily, and intersubjective relationship that happens in neither virtual nor real space-time but somewhere between the two. While viewers are denied physical entry into the virtual space of the holographic image, by feeling into the image and acting on their tactile impulse in real space, they effectively collapse the distinction between what is real and what is virtual. While Dawson’s holograms are not moving images, I suggest they are animated images that move their viewers, both physically and emotionally.

Neurophysiology of Remembering.

By linking the past with the future, our memories define our sense of identity. Because human memory engages the conscious realm, its examination has historically been approached from language and introspection and proceeded largely along separate parallel paths in humans and other animals. Here, we first highlight the achievements and limitations of this mind-based approach and make the case for a new brain-based understanding of declarative memory with a focus on hippocampal physiology. Next, we discuss the interleaved nature and common physiological mechanisms of navigation in real and mental spacetime. We suggest that a distinguishing feature of memory types is whether they subserve actions for single or multiple uses. Finally, in contrast to the persisting view of the mind as a highly plastic blank slate ready for the world to make its imprint, we hypothesize that neuronal networks are endowed with a reservoir of neural trajectories, and the challenge faced by the brain is how to select and match preexisting neuronal trajectories with events in the world.

Atomic kernels as waves and catastrophes

The presentation of atomic kerrnels as particles requires for the physics duality principle that they get a wave description. This is due to presenting the SU (3) GellMann matrix space by octonians which are obtained by doubling the spacetime quaternions. Their multiplication table is different from the SU (3) matrices. The third presentation of this space is a complex 4-dimensional space where the real spacetime coordinates of a 4-dimensional Euclidean Hilbert space R4 are extended to C4. For getting from Deuteron Cooper pairs NP of a neutron and proton atomic kernels AK, the wave package superpositions for AK need the mass defect of neutrons where kg is changed to inner speeds or interaction energies. For kg octonians have a GF measuring base triple as Gleason operator. Using a projective geometrical norming, C4 is normed to CP³, a projective 3-dimensional space. Its cell C³ has spacetime coordinates C², extended by an Einstein energy plane z3 = (m,f), m mass, f = 1/∆t frequency where mass can be transformed into f by using mc² = hf. If C³ is presented as a real space R6, it can be real projective normed to a real projective space P5 for the field presentation of AK. As field the NP‘s have then a common group speed for AK wave packages superpositions with which AK moves in spacetime C² and also a presentation as a Ψ wave. As probability distribution where they can be energetically found in space serves Ψ* Ψ.

Derivation of a new multiscale model: I. Derivation of the model for the atomic, molecular and nano material scales

In the present work, a generalized form for the energy equation is derived following the concepts of a new theory called the time of events theory. This theory assumes a dynamic space-time in addition to the static space-time assumed explicitly in the special theory of relativity and implicitly in quantum mechanics. Assuming two spacetimes necessitates the complex space-time. Therefore, the energy equations are rederived assuming a real space-time, represented by the dynamic space-time, and an imaginary space-time represented by the static space-time. An angle θ is assumed between the particle’s world line and the real axis. The θ value depends on the particle’s mass and directly proportional to it. The heavy particles have larger θ, therefore have larger imaginary component, and the reverse is true for the light particles. The energy equations in the complex space-time were written in terms of complex velocities’ squares, each equation is written independently for each particle. Then, the equations are combined to give the final equation for the assembly that is composed of atoms, ions, or molecules. Applying this procedure for the hydrogen atom led to an equation similar to the Schrodinger equation. Based on the above procedure, a general equation for more complicated systems (atoms or molecules) is derived. We find that there is a difference in the leading factors for the electron-electron term from the traditional forms of quantum mechanics. For the case of ions and non-neutral molecules, a different equation is predicted by the current work, due to differences between electrons and protons numbers.

СОЦИАЛЬНОЕ ПРЕДНАЗНАЧЕНИЕ РУССКОЙ СКАЗКИ

Актуальность исследования определяется онтологической вариативностью, различием способов познания, что представляет разные картины мира. Данная мозаика миропонимания обуславливает проблему обретения целостности как системы единого неразделенного знания. Механизм дополненной реальности, перцептуального и концептуального видов пространства-времени в сказках представляет наибольший исследовательский интерес и эвристический потенциал. Субъективное восприятие мира в пространстве-времени может быть осознано посредством способов моделирования географической, хронологической составляющих, характерных для концептуального пространства-времени. Целью исследования является актуализация целостности (формы родственности) генезиса социальных норм в архаических формах синкретического мышления (русских сказках). В статье ставится задача рассмотреть идею родства как формы социального предназначения русской сказки. Методы. Авторы опирались на абстрактно-логический, феноменологический подходы, методы анализа, синтеза, типологизации. Результаты. В контексте воплощения идеи родства социальное предназначение русских сказок вариативно. Смысл сказок раскрывается различными способами: целостностью – синтезом образно-символической архаической природы сознания в художественном пространстве-времени сказки; созданием поэтических форм в контексте единства перцептуального, концептуального и реального пространства-времени. С точки зрения семантики пространства-времени социальное предназначение определено императивами, универсалиями знакового (символьного) осмысления мира посредством трактовки сказки как системы символов. Социальные постулаты архаики воплощены в коллективных образах единого, целого, являют результат воплощенной в сказках гармонии внутреннего и внешнего миров (реального и субстанционального).

Thinking inside the box opens the universe, gravity and cosmology in the light of the SMPP and general relativity

An experimentalist considers how the Standard Model of Particle Physics (SMPP) defines the real space-time of nature in the light of Einstein’s General Relativity (EGR). In the discussion observation is preferred over mathematics and care is taken not to introduce other ideas which can only be demonstrated by arguments dependent on those ideas. The main conclusion reached is that the universe has a high probability of being open, a conclusion quite different from current fashionable models, denying both dark energy and the need for inflation. Because an inappropriate mathematical procedure has been followed in formulating dark energy models they should be rejected as unsound. A new procedure is proposed which leads to a simple open cosmology for the present era, one of the two eras suggested in a new “Two Era Cosmology” (TEC). Other parts of the discussion throw light on several aspects of gravity which cause confusion in more mathematical treatments. The paper can be thought of as providing the basis of many research proposals which the author is unable to follow through.

Universal quantum Hawking evaporation of integrable two-dimensional solitons

We show that any soliton solution of an arbitrary two-dimensional integrable equation has the potential to eventually evaporate and emit the exact analogue of Hawking radiation from black holes. From the AKNS matrix formulation of integrability, we show that it is possible to associate a real spacetime metric tensor which defines a curved surface, perceived by the classical and quantum fluctuations propagating on the soliton. By defining proper scalar invariants of the associated Riemannian geometry, and introducing the conformal anomaly, we are able to determine the Hawking temperatures and entropies of the fundamental solitons of the nonlinear Schrödinger, KdV and sine-Gordon equations. The mechanism advanced here is simple, completely universal and can be applied to all integrable equations in two dimensions, and is easily applicable to a large class of black holes of any dimensionality, opening up totally new windows on the quantum mechanics of solitons and their deep connections with black hole physics.

Time-dependent characteristics of secondary electron emission

The recent development of the time-resolving capability for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) enables it to be a real 4D space-time imaging technique, which is extremely suitable for investigating the ultrafast dynamic processes concerned with secondary electron emission (SEE). This paper attempts to investigate the dynamic SEE process with the aid of a Monte Carlo method; the understanding of the mechanism will surely benefit the construction and application of various kinds of time-resolved SEMs. Our simulation modeling is based on the use of the Mott cross section and a dielectric function approach for the respective description of the electron elastic and inelastic scattering. One secondary electron is assumed to be produced in an inelastic scattering event, and the owned kinetic energy enables it to transport and produce other secondary electrons, forming the cascade production process. From the simulation, not only the time delay of SEE from the incidence instant of primary electrons but also the time dependences of the involved physical quantities, including the energy-, depth-, direction-, emission site-, and production site-distributions can be theoretically derived. The calculations provide useful knowledge on the time dependence of SEE from the theoretical perspective for the applications to the available time-resolved SEMs.

Analogue black-hole horizons

Some gravitational phenomena are difficult or even impossible to observe in real spacetime. Laboratory analogues of black-hole horizons offer new perspectives on field theory effects that might help our understanding of gravitation.

Chirality in gravitational and electromagnetic interactions with matter

It has been suggested that single and double jets observed emanating from certain astrophysical objects may have a purely gravitational origin. We discuss new classes of pulsed gravitational wave solutions to the equation for perturbations of Ricci-flat spacetimes around Minkowski metrics, as models for the genesis of such phenomena. We discuss how these solutions are motivated by the analytic structure of spatially compact finite energy pulse solutions of the source-free Maxwell equations generated from complex chiral eigen-modes of a chirality operator. Complex gravitational pulse solutions to the linearized source-free Einstein equations are classified in terms of their chirality and generate a family of non-stationary real spacetime metrics. Particular members of these families are used as backgrounds in analyzing time-like solutions to the geodesic equation for test particles. They are found numerically to exhibit both single and double jet-like features with dimensionless aspect ratios suggesting that it may be profitable to include such backgrounds in simulations of astrophysical jet dynamics from rotating accretion discs involving electromagnetic fields.

Toward construction of a consistent field theory with Poincaré covariance in terms of step-function-type basis functions for gauge fields

This paper is a review by the authors concerning the construction of a Poincaré covariant (owing to space–time continuum) field-theoretic formalism in terms of step-function-type basis functions without ultraviolet divergences. This formalism analytically derives confinement/deconfinement, mass-gap and Regge trajectory for non-Abelian gauge fields, and gives solutions for self-interacting scalar fields. Fields propagate in space–time continuum and fields with finite degrees of freedom toward continuum limit have no ultraviolet divergence. Basis functions defined in a parameter space–time are mapped to real space–time. The authors derive a new solution comprised of classical fields as vacuum and quantum fluctuations, leading to the linear potential between the particle and antiparticle from the Wilson loop. The Polyakov line gives finite binding energies and reveals the deconfining property at high temperatures. The quantum action yields positive mass from the classical fields and quantum fluctuations produce the Coulomb potential. Pure Yang–Mills fields show the same mass-gap owing to the particle–antiparticle pair creation. The Dirac equation under linear potential is analytically solved in this formalism, reproducing the principal properties of Regge trajectories at a quantum level. Further outlook mentions a possibility of the difference between conventional continuum and present wave functions responsible for the cosmological constant.

Enhanced selective catalytic reduction of NO over Mn-Ce catalysts with the acetic-acid-chelated titania support at low temperature

In the study, we used the titania chelated with acetic acid (TAc) as the supports to prepare the highly active titania supported Mn-Ce catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NO at low temperature. Characterization of the titania supported catalysts and the corresponding catalytic activity for NO removal were analyzed and evaluated. The TAc supported catalysts showed better Mn-Ce dispersion and catalytic activity for NO removal than the commercial TiO2 supported ones. Besides, the TAc supported catalysts also showed strong bonding at the TAc/TAc and the TAc/substrate interfaces, maintaining the integrity of the film after peeling test. We evaluated the catalytic activity for selective catalytic reduction of NO over the Mn-Ce catalysts wash-coated on ceramic monolith. Compared to the commercial TiO2 supported catalyst, the TAc supported one significantly enhanced the NO conversion by a factor of 1.25 and 1.58 times at 150 and 210°C, respectively. We speculate that the enhancement may arise from highly/uniformly-dispersed active centers on the surface of the TAc and the solidified structure of the coating layer. The well-dispersed active centers and the firm structure led to higher real space time when the NO stream flowed through the channels of the honeycombs, thereby resulting in a higher NO conversion.

Organic self-consciousness of the cultural era

Values are considered to be a form of worldview, the content of which is produced by philosophy within a certain cultural era and is subject to philosophical reflection. Values fix cultural meanings from within the epoch, acting as elements of its consciousness and self-consciousness. This way philosophical values can represent the era and at the same time they can make it change by the very fact of their existence. Cultural eras, unlike historical or technological ones, are characterized by the human content (significance) of the processes and events taking place. What we call a culture should be defined as something specifically humane rather than what is simply dealt with man. The human meaning of a culture refers to plenty of personal understandings, unique and independent interpretations of what man does when doing something. Each cultural epoch is completed in case its self-consciousness results from the true and sincere understanding of the foundations of the culture. Therefore, the historical bounda­ries of cultural epochs are determined by the scale of hypocrisy in their internal space. The self-consciousness of a cultural era can be recognized as organic if its correlation with the social and cultural context is natural and rather harmonious. The harmonious self-consciousness of a cultural era is possible if it is consistent with the real space-time parameters of the culture on the basis of a value intentionality. In this respect, the problem of the unity of thinking and being, as well as the use of social and epistemological approaches to studying the history of Russian philosophy are considered. This helps to analyze the phenomenon of organicism in Russian philosophy and culture

Euclidean Closed Linear Transformations of Complex Spacetime and generally of Complex Spaces of dimension four endowed with the Same or Different Metric

Relativity Theory and the corresponding Relativistic Quantum Mechanics are the fundamental theories of physics. Special Relativity (SR) relates the frames of Relativistic Inertial observers (RIOs), through Linear Spacetime Transformation (LSTT) of linear spacetime. Classic Special Relativity uses real spacetime endowed with Lorentz metric and the frames of two RIOs with parallel spatial axes are always related through Lorentz Boost (LB). This cancels the transitive attribute in parallelism, when three RIOs are related, because LB is not closed transformation, causing Thomas Rotation. In this presentation, we consider closed LSTT of Complex Spacetime, so there is no necessity for spatial axes rotation and all the frames are chosen having parallel spatial axes. The solution is expressed by a 4x4 matrix (Λ) containing components of the complex velocity of one Observer wrt another and two functions depended by the metric of Spacetime. Demanding isometric transformation, it emerges a class of metrics that are in accordance with the closed LSTT and the transformation matrix contains one parameter ω depended by the metric of Spacetime. In case that we relate RIOs with steady metric, it emerges one steady number (ωI) depended by the metric of Spacetime of the specific SR. If ωI is an imaginary number, the elements of the Λ are complex numbers, so the corresponding spacetime is necessarily complex and there exists real Universal Speed (UI). The specific value ωI=±i gives Vossos transformation (VT) endowed with Lorentz metric (for gii=1) of complex spacetime and invariant spacetime interval (or equivalently invariant speed of light in vacuum), which produce the theory of Euclidean Complex Relativistic Mechanics (ECRMs). If ωI is a real number (ωI#0) the elements of the Λ are real numbers, so the corresponding spacetime is real, but there exist imaginary UI. The specific value ωI=0 gives Galileo Transformation (GT) with the invariant time, in which any other closed LSTT is reduced, if one RIO has small velocity wrt another RIO. Thus, we have infinite number of closed LSTTs, each one with the corresponding SR theory. In case that we relate accelerated observers with variable metric of spacetime, we have the case of General Relativity (GR). For being that clear, we produce a generalized Schwarzschild metric, which is in accordance with any SR based on this closed complex LSTT and Einstein equations. The application of this kind of transformations to the SR and GR is obvious. But, the results may be applied to any linear space of dimension four endowed with steady or variable metric, whose elements (four- vectors) have spatial part (vector) with Euclidean metric.

Spinon dynamics in quantum integrable antiferromagnets

The excitations of the Heisenberg antiferromagnetic spin chain in zero field are known as spinons. As pairwise-created fractionalized excitations, spinons are important in the understanding of inelastic neutron scattering experiments in (quasi) one-dimensional materials. In the present work, we consider the real space-time dynamics of spinons originating from a local spin flip on the antiferromagnetic ground state of the (an)isotropic Heisenberg spin-1/2 model and the Babujan-Takhtajan spin-1 model. By utilizing algebraic Bethe ansatz methods at finite system size to compute the expectation value of the local magnetization and spin-spin correlations, spinons are visualized as propagating domain walls in the antiferromagnetic spin ordering with anisotropy dependent behavior. The spin-spin correlation after the spin flip displays a light cone, satisfying the Lieb-Robinson bound for the propagation of correlations at the spinon velocity.