Real Smiles Research Articles

Evaluation metric of smile classification by peri-oral tissue segmentation for the automation of digital smile design

ObjectivesThis study aimed to develop and validate evaluation metric for an automated smile classification model termed the “smile index.” This innovative model uses computational methods to numerically classify and analyze conventional smile types. MethodsThe datasets used in this study consisted of 300 images to verify, 150 images to validate, and 9 images to test the evaluation metric. Images were annotated using Labelme. Computational techniques were used to calculate smile index values for the study datasets, and the resulting values were evaluated in three stages. ResultsThe smile index successfully classified smile types using cutoff values of 0.0285 and 0.193. High accuracy (0.933) was achieved, along with an F1 score greater than 0.09. The smile index successfully reclassified smiles into six types (low, low-to-medium, medium, medium-to-high, high, and extremely high smiles), thereby providing a clear distinction among different smile characteristics. ConclusionThe smile index is a novel dimensionless parameter for classifying smile types. The index acts as a robust evaluation tool for artificial intelligence models that automatically classify smile types, thereby providing a scientific basis for largely subjective aesthetic elements. Clinical significanceThe computational approach employed by the smile index enables quantitative numerical classification of smile types. This fosters the application of computerized methods in quantifying and analyzing real smile characteristics observed in clinical practice, paving the way for a more objective evidence-based approach to aesthetic dentistry.

Deepfake smiles matter less—the psychological and neural impact of presumed AI-generated faces

High-quality AI-generated portraits (“deepfakes”) are becoming increasingly prevalent. Understanding the responses they evoke in perceivers is crucial in assessing their societal implications. Here we investigate the impact of the belief that depicted persons are real or deepfakes on psychological and neural measures of human face perception. Using EEG, we tracked participants’ (N = 30) brain responses to real faces showing positive, neutral, and negative expressions, after being informed that they are either real or fake. Smiling faces marked as fake appeared less positive, as reflected in expression ratings, and induced slower evaluations. Whereas presumed real smiles elicited canonical emotion effects with differences relative to neutral faces in the P1 and N170 components (markers of early visual perception) and in the EPN component (indicative of reflexive emotional processing), presumed deepfake smiles showed none of these effects. Additionally, only smiles presumed as fake showed enhanced LPP activity compared to neutral faces, suggesting more effortful evaluation. Negative expressions induced typical emotion effects, whether considered real or fake. Our findings demonstrate a dampening effect on perceptual, emotional, and evaluative processing of presumed deepfake smiles, but not angry expressions, adding new specificity to the debate on the societal impact of AI-generated content.

Fake smiles. Customer reactions to employees’ display inauthenticity and choice restrictions

AbstractFrontline employees’ fake smiles (i.e., positive emotion display inauthenticity) frequently occur despite firms’ efforts to ensure real smiles in service delivery. Previous research on the effects of display inauthenticity on customers reveals considerable heterogeneity. Attempts to resolve this have largely been limited to stable and dispositional factors, which often escape managerial control. The present research investigates the impacts of display inauthenticity, choice restrictions, and their interaction on service performance. Choice restrictions may buffer inauthenticity effects as demonstrated by results from three factorial experiments in different contexts (e.g., restrictions of service provider choice in predelivery in Study 1 and in‐store choice restrictions during service delivery in Studies 2 and 3). Frontline employees’ display inauthenticity negatively affects service performance only if customers are subjected to low but not high choice restrictions. The interaction effect is explained by customers’ interdependent self‐construal and is generalizable to actual spending behaviors. Our findings inform managers about the interplay of increasingly common inauthenticity and choice restrictions due to market shocks such as COVID‐19 and provide insights into managerial interventions that can be used to mitigate the effects of inauthenticity on customers.

Discriminating Fake and Real Smiles Using Electroencephalogram Signals With Convolutional Neural Networks

Genuineness of smiles is of particular interest in the field of human emotions and social interactions. In this work, we develop an experimental protocol to elicit genuine and fake smile expressions on 28 healthy subjects. Then, we assess the type of smile expressions using electroencephalogram (EEG) signals with convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Five different architectures (CNN1, CNN2, CNN3, CNN4, and CNN5) were examined to differentiate between fake and real smiles. We transform the temporal EEG signals into normalized gray-scale images and perform three-way classification to classify fake smiles, genuine smiles, and neutral expressions in the form of subject-dependent classification. We achieved the highest classification accuracy of 90.4% using CNN1 for the full EEG spectrum. Likewise, we achieved classification accuracies of 87.4%, 88.3%, 89.7%, and 90.0% using Beta, Alpha, Theta, and Delta EEG bands respectively. This paper suggests that CNNs models, widely used in image classification problems, can provide an alternative approach for smile detection from physiological signals such as the EEG.

Psychopathy and the perception of the genuineness of facial expressions

Individuals with psychopathic traits are thought to have deficits in emotion recognition, yet they are also known for being manipulative and conning, a skill that necessitates sensitivity to social cues. One unanswered question is whether psychopathic individuals can recognize subtleties in the expression of emotion, such as whether an expression is genuine or not. We examined relationships between psychopathy and ratings of the “genuineness” of pictures of facial expressions. Undergraduate participants (n = 453; 32.5% identifying as men) completed the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure and the Self-Report Psychopathy Scale III. They viewed images that depicted faces displaying either fake (forced, posed) or genuine expressions of happiness, sadness, surprise, and fear and rated how fake versus real they thought the expression was. Controlling for gender, psychopathic traits on both measures were associated with making less of a distinction between fake and real images. Individuals higher in psychopathy rated genuine expressions as less real than those lower in psychopathy. Analyses of psychopathy factors revealed a distinct finding for Boldness (interpersonal dominance and fearlessness), which was associated with rating real smiles as more real. Overall, the findings suggest that individuals higher in psychopathy may perceive the sincerity of emotions differently, which may influence their social behavior.

All About My Mother: Archives, Art, and Memory

All About My Mother:Archives, Art, and Memory Laura Engel (bio) One afternoon when we were in high school, my brother and I came home from school to find the living room full of coconuts. These were not your typical tropical fruit advertised in commercials for resort vacations, cracked open to reveal a creamy white rim, a vessel for drink with a paper parasol and straw. Instead, they were unseemly, large hairy brown misshapen bowling balls that covered the floor of my mother's studio (which was also, and always had been, our living room). These alien blobs made it impossible to enter into the space. They rolled against each other on the uneven wood, at times emanating noise, like a hiss or a sigh. In retrospect, although this seemed odd to us, it was not exactly unusual. Having an artist as a mother, or a mother who was an artist (not always clear which came first, as these roles were inextricably linked) often meant surprises. We grew up sitting on the floors of galleries and enormous raw loft spaces in SoHo when the neighborhood consisted of abandoned buildings and warehouses. We spent hours drifting through openings, performances, and happenings, surrounded by art made of unconventional materials: dirt, wood, clay, porcelain, wall paper, aluminum, trash, netting, yarn, fabric, and thread. In the 1970s when my mother began to formally exhibit her work, she re-imagined her classical training (she studied with Ad Reinhardt at Brooklyn College and later went on to Yale University) to incorporate non-traditional materials, particularly those associated with women and domestic practices. She made abstract paintings out of thread and gesso, sculptural fractals out of layered organdy; she juxtaposed photographs of famous buildings and ethnographic photographs with a visual map of their knitted silhouettes. Later on, she embroidered paintings. The coconuts were part of an installation about Western appropriation of the tropics in art, popular culture, and tourism. They accompanied large photo collage pieces (made to look like movie posters) that paired images designed to highlight fantasies, desires, and false assumptions surrounding the lure of "uncultivated" places. In an effort to include herself as the artist/producer of knowledge, who was also complicit in her own cultural production, my mother decided to embed a photograph of our family in one of the compositions (see figs. 1 and 2). We are at the famous restaurant Trader Vic's located in the Plaza Hotel in New York City. It is 1985, and I am a junior in high school. My [End Page 209] Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. Elaine Reichek, Gauguin at the Harmonium in His Underwear, 1987, oil on collaged gelatin silver prints, 66 x 47" (167.6 x 119.4 cm), Vera List Center for Art and Politics, The New School, New York. Photographed by Daniel Terna. [End Page 210] Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 2. detail of Reichek, Gauguin at the Harmonium in His Underwear. Photographed by Daniel Terna. [End Page 211] brother is a freshman. I am wearing an oversized Betsy Johnson sweater emblazoned with a tropical fish over leggings, an outfit that I remember thinking was very chic. My mother insisted that my brother wear a Hawaiian short-sleeve shirt for the photo, black with pink flowers, a hand-me-down from a trip she and my father had taken to the Caribbean a few years before. He still has his braces, and he smiles awkwardly at the camera. My mother wears a silk shirt; her hair is very short and spiky (an Annie Lennox look), and her expression is strained. She looks as though someone asked her to smile, and she complied, just to save face for the picture. My father, who is forty-four in the photo, is also trying to smile, but weakly. He looks unwell. His hair is beginning to thin, his body showing signs of the cancer that he would die from the following year. I do not know this in the photograph. I only know that I am posing for the camera, something I like to do. I am the only one with a real smile on my face. Today...

Multimedia English teaching analysis based on deep learning speech enhancement algorithm and robust expression positioning

In multimedia English teaching, learners face such an indifferent computer screen without emotion and feel the fun of interaction and emotional stimulation, which will cause resentment and affect the learner’s learning effect. In order to improve the efficiency of multimedia English teaching, aiming at the lack of emotion in multimedia English education, this study proposes an intelligent network teaching system model based on deep learning speech enhancement and facial expression recognition. Moreover, this study uses emotional calculation as the theoretical basis and uses facial expression recognition as the core technology to judge and understand the emotional state by capturing and recognizing the facial expressions of online learners. In addition, this study has carried out experimental tests on the effect of the identification method of this paper and verified that the method has good detection effect on the real smile micro-expressions through two sets of experiments and can provide theoretical reference for subsequent related research.

Observers’ physiological measures in response to videos can be used to detect genuine smiles

Abstract We investigated a method to detect genuine smiles from observers’ physiological states. We recorded two physiological measures from people observing videos of smiles: pupillary response (PR) and galvanic skin response (GSR). Smile videos were from two benchmark databases (MAHNOB and AFEW). MAHNOB videos were classified as showing genuine or real smiles and AFEW videos were classified as not showing real smiles, based on their process of elicitation. A leave-one-observer-out procedure was employed to investigate classification performance using k-nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), simple neural network (NN), and ensemble classifiers. Different noise removal techniques and a feature selection method — canonical correlation analysis with neural network (NCCA) — were applied to find minimally correlated features for the classes. Using these methods, the highest classification accuracy of 97.8% for PR and 96.6% for GSR signals were found via the ensemble classifier. In comparison, the observers (n = 20) correctly judged smiles as real only 58.9% of the time (on average) to 68.4% (by voting), which is similar to the literature, showing our data is similar in quality. Overall, our results demonstrate that user-independent analyses of physiological measures can substantially outperform individual self-reports for detecting real smiles.

Real Smiles vs. Faked Smiles: How Emotional Labor Impacts Service Behaviors

This study investigates how emotional labor impacts service behaviors. Unlike previous research which focuses predominantly on the customer’s experience during a service encounter, this paper focuses on service employees and their performance during the service encounter. In particular, this study looks at how the emotional labor strategies of surface acting and deep acting impact customer service, job performance, and job satisfaction. The results from the SEMPLS analyses show that (1) surface acting has a negative impact on customer service and job satisfaction and (2) deep acting has a positive impact on customer service, job performance, and job satisfaction. Overall, the results show that a real smile instead of a faked smile helps the service employee to be successful in their job. In addition to providing the results of this study, this article also provides many managerial implications and guidelines for managers.

Influence of orthodontic treatment, midline position, buccal corridor and smile arc on smile attractiveness

To assess the scientific evidence of the influence of some variables on smile attractiveness: orthodontic treatment, midline position, axial midline angulation, buccal corridor, and smile arc. Literature was searched through PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and All EBM Reviews. The inclusion criteria consisted of studies written in English; published in the past three decades; concerning the influence of orthodontic treatment, midline position, axial midline angulation, buccal corridor, and smile arc on smile esthetics; and judged by a minimum of 10 raters. Quality features evaluated were adequate description of samples, absence of confounding factors, and description of methods used to evaluate the smiles and statistical analyses. Initially, 203 articles were retrieved. Of these, 20 abstracts met the initial inclusion criteria and were selected. Thirteen articles were classified as high quality, seven as average, and none as low quality. Four-premolar extraction or nonextraction treatment protocols seem to have no predictable effect on overall smile esthetics, meaning that if well indicated, extraction in orthodontics does not necessarily have a deleterious effect on facial esthetics. The selected articles recommend that a small dental midline deviation of 2.2 mm can be considered acceptable by both orthodontists and laypeople, whereas an axial midline angulation of 10° (2 mm measured from the midline papilla and the incisal edges of the incisors) is already very apparent, and considering studies dealing with real smiles, buccal corridor sizes and smile arc alone do not seem to affect smile attractiveness.

Marietta the White Goat and the Motel

It might be nice to be in love. It irnght be fine to die. When I left my last home I added, but it's sure good to be gone. I drove straight south, or almost straight south; I was leaving for good again. A fever of the first day of driving kept me going after I had started to fall asleep, that and a big bag of weed under the dashboard that there was no reason to close, driving with just one hand on the right side of the wheel so that when I fell asleep my hand would pull the wheel to the right, and going onto the gravel shoulder would wake me up so I could steer back to the road. After Cl? Elum I fell asleep with my eyes open, watching the taillights on the truck ahead of me move apart as my eyes lost their focus, and it was late. Before I came to the next town I drove onto a side road and parked by some willows. I let Marietta the white goat out of the back seat and tied her to the bumper so she could sleep outside. Before we left I'd taken out the back seat so she'd have more room and so she could reach the bale of hay in the trunk. There was an old blanket on the floor so I could shake the shit out every day. She'd fin ally gotten to like driving but she still liked to sleep outside. I preferred the front seat, with the windows open. Man can go anywhere ifn he's got his goat with him. I woke up a couple hours later, dawn, to a loud ma-a-a-a coming through the window. As usual. Waited for Marietta to relieve herself, milked her, put her in the back seat and started driving again. Idaho and Utah were boring; by then I was used to people passing and staring, laughing or snarling, or all three, one after the other, Shitkickin' farmers. Once in a while a real smile. Big deal. ?What happened to people and towns, old goat? It's all stupid grinning tour ists in campers and sniveling grinning gas pumps for them. It's all motels, Mari etta old goat, all motels motels motels. ?MA-A-A-A