Real-life Counterpart Research Articles

Unrelated Parallel Machine Considering Multi-task Simultaneous Supervision Dual Resources Constraints to Minimize Makespan

To maximize their production, many companies invest their funds into a semi-automatic machine to help them reach their fullest potential. However, many forgot to also take into account the adjustments that have to be done to the preexisting schedule because of the idle time that operators have now that the new machine has arrived. Multi-task simultaneous supervision dual resource constraints (MTSSDRC) have been the go-to method to solve that problem. Nonetheless, there is still an absence in an MTSSDRC field that involves an Unrelated Parallel Machine Scheduling Problem (UPMSP). This research proposed a model of MTSSDRC that is in line with UPMSP where the machine is a complex system and variations of machining speed can happen from a certain machine to certain jobs. This research also brought MTSSDRC closer to its real-life counterpart as a shop floor that exists in many manufacturing industries.

Motion Sickness in Mixed-Reality Situational Awareness System

This research focuses on enhancing the user experience within a Mixed-Reality Situational Awareness System (MRSAS). The study employed the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) in order to gauge and quantify the user experience and to compare the effects of changes to the system. As the results of SSQ are very dependant on inherent motion sickness susceptibility, the Motion Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire (MSQ) was used to normalize the results. The experimental conditions were tested on a simulated setup which was also compared to its real-life counterpart. This simulated setup was adjusted to best match the conditions found in the real system by using post-processing effects. The test subjects in this research primarily consisted of 17–28 years old university students representing both male and female genders as well as a secondary set with a larger age range but predominantly male. In total, there were 41 unique test subjects in this study. The parameters that were analyzed in this study were the Field of View (FoV) of the headset, the effects of peripheral and general blurring, camera distortions, camera white balance and users adaptability to VR over time. All of the results are presented as the average of multiple user results and as scaled by user MSQ. The findings suggest that SSQ scores increase rapidly in the first 10–20 min of testing and level off at around 40–50 min. Repeated exposure to VR reduces MS buildup, and a FoV of 49–54 is ideal for a MRSAS setup. Additionally camera based effects like lens distortion and automatic white balance had negligible effests on MS. In this study a new MSQ based SSQ normalization technique was also developed and utilized for comparison. While the experiments in this research were primarily conducted with the goal of improving the physical Vegvisir system, the results themselves may be applicable for a broader array of VR/MR awareness systems and can help improve the UX of future applications.

How Digital Hybridization Creates New Performance Practices

In this paper, we examine a new set of hybrid ludic practices utilizing cross-media narration that emerged with the rise of the Internet commonly called Alternate Reality Games. However, we propose to coin the term Alternate Virtuality Games (or AVG) as a way to distinguish these digital practices from their real-life counterpart. Viral online AVGs like This House Has People in It (Resnick, 2016) or Ben Drowned (Jadusable, 2010) are emblematic of a horizontal relationship between work and spectator, as well as performance outside of art institutions. The immersiveness of AVGs is unbound by the space and time of a specific happening, and is rather experienced by a multitude of agents at different times and places. This characteristic of being an extra-individual experience as well as being independent from institutions also places AVGs within liminal experiences such as studied by anthropologist Victor Turner.As such, we analyze these hybrid games as a mean for the 21st century spectator to overturn societal status quo through newfound agency. These performing agents get into a subjective state where they can experience and criticize our relationship to digital devices in a society of information and control, without being subjected to it.

Kisses and Comedy in Astrophil and Stella

HOW MANY KISSES HAPPEN in Astrophil and Stella? I have always assumed that there is just one, in the Second Song. Astrophil kisses Stella while she is asleep, then flees when she awakes. The Second Song is followed by a group of sonnets that exult over the stolen kiss and fantasise about consensual kisses that might follow, but these other kisses remain fantasy. Stella never kisses Astrophil of her own free will. That at least has been my inference, reinforced by generations of critics who have referred to ‘the kiss’ (singular). So far as I am aware, no one has elaborated a case for there being just one kiss, but until now no one has felt the need to. William Ringler, in his magisterial 1962 edition, had no doubt that the Second Song ‘describes the stealing of the kiss which is celebrated in sonnets 73, 74, and 79-82’.1 Ann Howe, writing two years after Ringler, agreed that ‘the succeeding sonnets celebrate’ ‘the kiss’.2 This assumption was still unquestioned in 2012, when Margaret Simon thought it obvious that the Second Song is followed by ‘a cluster of baiser sonnets … that celebrate the kiss that has alienated Stella’.3 But one year after Simon wrote those words, Melissa E. Sanchez published an important essay that took a different view. Where previous critics had referred the baiser sonnets back to the stolen kiss, Sanchez sees a cluster of new kisses that are both consensual and intimate: ‘Stella not only eschews the role of victim, but also kisses Astrophil of her own accord in sonnets 80 through 82. And, as James J. Scanlon observes with horror, these are not chaste pecks but passionate “ tongue kisses”’.4 In her 2019 book Queer Faith, Sanchez reaffirms her view that Stella gives Astrophil ‘several … passionate “tongue kisses”’, and again names Scanlon in support of this reading, though she now downgrades his ‘horror’ to ‘distaste’.5 She does not share Scanlon’s ‘distaste’ (let alone ‘horror’). Her whole point is to put in a good word for sexual desire – both Astrophil’s and Stella’s. Where previous critics had seen Stella as a virtuous ice queen, Sanchez sees her as a flesh-and-blood woman with needs of her own, trapped (like her real-life counterpart, Lady Penelope Rich) in an unhappy marriage that makes her susceptible to temptation.

DIGITAL TESTER OF THE DCC SIGNAL RECEPTION QUALITY

DCC (Digital Command and Control) is an operation standard for digital model train networks. By means of the DCC signal, broadcasted throughout the entire digital railway system, every item performs like its real-life counterpart. Despite the hardware and software safety measures, the extent and shape of large railway systems and the contacts between the rails, wheels and pickup collectors of model trains can impede the reception of the DCC signal, which may lead to the malfunction of their digital decoders. Thus, it is important to assess the quality of the DCC signal that reaches the digital decoders of model trains. The authors designed a DCC quality tester, which counts the valid DCC packets per second collected from the tracks of a digital railway system. It is built around a custom-programmed microcontroller and shows if the tested model train receives the DCC signal within an acceptable error rate that its decoder can handle properly. A high error rate warns that the model train and/or the tracks have problems. Thus, this digital DCC tester certifies the adequate operation of the tested digital model train, proving itself to be a useful quality-testing tool for model railroaders.

The use of open-ended items for giving feedback during the formative assessment process

Feedback plays an important role in classroom learning and teaching process. This study focuses on how feedback can be more effectively used in the formative assessment process. According to this purpose, the study first discusses the concept of student achievement and presents its changing nature in the 21st century. Subsequently, the study addresses higher-order thinking skills, the use of open-ended items in improving student achievement in the classroom, rubrics, formative assessment, and feedback. The study aims to present an exemplary measurement and assessment model that will contribute to the development of student achievement. Additionally, it examines the use of a feedback approach that will improve the power of using the knowledge of the students learned in lessons in daily life by associating it with basic life skills in the formative assessment process. Accordingly, teachers are provided with a unique means that they can easily use in improving classroom success. In the study, an open-ended item has been developed that has a real-life counterpart is used to provide information on the improving of student achievement, while a rubric used in scoring the answers to the item is also developed. The answer categories in the rubric show the place of the student in the distribution of success. Thus, teachers will be able to see what students can and cannot do, as well as be able to give accurate and realistic feedback on what needs to be done for the development of student achievement.

The Big Short's Incoherence, Documentary Aesthetics, and Use of Direct Address

<i>The Big Short</i>'s Incoherence, Documentary Aesthetics, and Use of Direct Address

Digital Twins and Industry 4.0 Technologies for Agricultural Greenhouses

Digital twin (DT) is one of the key concepts of the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0). A DT is a data-driven, digital replica of a real-world object or environment, including all the states and behaviour of the real-life counterpart. Based on research across multiple domains, DTs show great potential to improve both efficiency and sustainability. In addition, a DT is able to remove key constraints of human observations and interactions. Yet, the technology is still in its infancy. Thus, this article presents a literature search across five different databases focusing on suitable approaches for data coupling and the stages of DT implementation integration with Industry 4.0 technologies. The review process follows the systematic literature review (SLR) methodology. The selected articles cover a wide range of DT implementations across the agricultural industry, ranging from arable farming to aquaponics. Findings include identification of the stages needed to create the DTs, the data coupling processes, and how Industry 4.0 technologies (e.g., cloud-based technologies, IoT, and AI subfields) are integrated. Findings presented in this article will support others in the design of DTs and integration of Industry 4.0 technologies for agricultural greenhouses.

The Scholems: A Story of the German-Jewish Bourgeoisie from Emancipation to Destruction by Jay Howard Geller (review)

Reviewed by: The Scholems: A Story of the German-Jewish Bourgeoisie from Emancipation to Destruction by Jay Howard Geller Jerry Z. Muller Jay Howard Geller. The Scholems: A Story of the German-Jewish Bourgeoisie from Emancipation to Destruction. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019. 348 pp. doi:10.1017/S0364009420000343 In 1977, five years before his death, Gershom Scholem published a memoir of his youth, Von Berlin nach Jerusalem (published in English translation in 1980 as From Berlin to Jerusalem). Though it was not his focus, he touched upon the history of his family: his bourgeois parents, the printer Arthur and his wife Betty, and his three brothers. Reinhold, the eldest, became a German nationalist; the next in age, Erich, was a liberal; Werner was a radical leftist who for a few years was a Communist member of the Reichstag; and then there was Gershom himself—Gerhard until he Hebraicized his name—a committed Zionist from his youth. It no doubt occurred to more than one historian of German Jewry that the Scholems seemed to present a real-life counterpart to the fictional family depicted by Sholem Aleichem in Tevye and His Daughters, in which each child followed a different [End Page 457] and characteristic path of eastern European Jewry. Reconstructing the history of the Scholem family thus offers the possibility of portraying the various paths taken by the children of the turn-of-the-century German Jewish middle class. Jay Howard Geller has now taken up that challenge. His book has two aims. The first is to reconstruct the history of the family from its arrival in Berlin in the early nineteenth century through its dissolution through emigration and destruction during the Third Reich, with a coda surveying the later fate of the brothers and their families. The second is to use the history of the Scholem family to exemplify larger patterns—social, educational, religious, and political—in the history of the Berlin Jewish middle class (entrepreneurial and professional, below the level of the titled and the rich, but above that of the working class). The book largely succeeds in both, though there is a certain tension between the two aims—with the family drama sometimes diluted by historical generalizations. The background political narrative of each period, together with the story of the Scholem family, makes the book accessible to those without a background in modern German history, while even those familiar with German Jewish history will gain additional insights and information. Geller's reconstruction is grounded in assiduous research in archives and obscure published works, from high school yearbooks to government statistical reports. His most important source is the Gershom Scholem archive at the National Library of Israel in Jerusalem. From very early on in his life, Scholem had a sense of himself as a world historical figure—which he indeed became—and preserved not only his diaries, but also his massive correspondence. A three-volume selection of that correspondence was published in German between 1994–1999, with a one volume selection in English in 2002. Scholem published his correspondence with Walter Benjamin in 1980; an English translation appeared in 1992. In 1999 selections from Scholem's correspondence with his mother, Betty, were published. Since then, his extensive correspondence with Leo Strauss, Hannah Arendt, and Theodor Adorno has also been published. And yet this published correspondence represents only a fraction of the material in the Scholem archive: Scholem was a key node in the international Republic of Letters in the twentieth century, and his papers are a gold mine for the intellectual history of the era. Geller draws on the published as well as unpublished correspondence, primarily that of Scholem with the other members of his family. He also draws on existing biographical studies of Gershom and of Werner. The Scholem family at the center of the book had its origins in Glogau in Silesia. Its founder, Marcus Scholem, moved to Berlin in the early nineteenth century, where his son Siegfried founded a printing business. Siegfried's son, Arthur (Gershom's father), started a printing business of his own, which he ran with help from his wife, Betty—a common pattern among central European Jewish business families. Their...

Jay Howard Geller. The Scholems: A Story of the German-Jewish Bourgeoisie from Emancipation to Destruction. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019. 348 pp.

Reviewed by: The Scholems: A Story of the German-Jewish Bourgeoisie from Emancipation to Destruction by Jay Howard Geller Jerry Z. Muller Jay Howard Geller. The Scholems: A Story of the German-Jewish Bourgeoisie from Emancipation to Destruction. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019. 348 pp. doi:10.1017/S0364009420000343 In 1977, five years before his death, Gershom Scholem published a memoir of his youth, Von Berlin nach Jerusalem (published in English translation in 1980 as From Berlin to Jerusalem). Though it was not his focus, he touched upon the history of his family: his bourgeois parents, the printer Arthur and his wife Betty, and his three brothers. Reinhold, the eldest, became a German nationalist; the next in age, Erich, was a liberal; Werner was a radical leftist who for a few years was a Communist member of the Reichstag; and then there was Gershom himself—Gerhard until he Hebraicized his name—a committed Zionist from his youth. It no doubt occurred to more than one historian of German Jewry that the Scholems seemed to present a real-life counterpart to the fictional family depicted by Sholem Aleichem in Tevye and His Daughters, in which each child followed a different [End Page 457] and characteristic path of eastern European Jewry. Reconstructing the history of the Scholem family thus offers the possibility of portraying the various paths taken by the children of the turn-of-the-century German Jewish middle class. Jay Howard Geller has now taken up that challenge. His book has two aims. The first is to reconstruct the history of the family from its arrival in Berlin in the early nineteenth century through its dissolution through emigration and destruction during the Third Reich, with a coda surveying the later fate of the brothers and their families. The second is to use the history of the Scholem family to exemplify larger patterns—social, educational, religious, and political—in the history of the Berlin Jewish middle class (entrepreneurial and professional, below the level of the titled and the rich, but above that of the working class). The book largely succeeds in both, though there is a certain tension between the two aims—with the family drama sometimes diluted by historical generalizations. The background political narrative of each period, together with the story of the Scholem family, makes the book accessible to those without a background in modern German history, while even those familiar with German Jewish history will gain additional insights and information. Geller's reconstruction is grounded in assiduous research in archives and obscure published works, from high school yearbooks to government statistical reports. His most important source is the Gershom Scholem archive at the National Library of Israel in Jerusalem. From very early on in his life, Scholem had a sense of himself as a world historical figure—which he indeed became—and preserved not only his diaries, but also his massive correspondence. A three-volume selection of that correspondence was published in German between 1994–1999, with a one volume selection in English in 2002. Scholem published his correspondence with Walter Benjamin in 1980; an English translation appeared in 1992. In 1999 selections from Scholem's correspondence with his mother, Betty, were published. Since then, his extensive correspondence with Leo Strauss, Hannah Arendt, and Theodor Adorno has also been published. And yet this published correspondence represents only a fraction of the material in the Scholem archive: Scholem was a key node in the international Republic of Letters in the twentieth century, and his papers are a gold mine for the intellectual history of the era. Geller draws on the published as well as unpublished correspondence, primarily that of Scholem with the other members of his family. He also draws on existing biographical studies of Gershom and of Werner. The Scholem family at the center of the book had its origins in Glogau in Silesia. Its founder, Marcus Scholem, moved to Berlin in the early nineteenth century, where his son Siegfried founded a printing business. Siegfried's son, Arthur (Gershom's father), started a printing business of his own, which he ran with help from his wife, Betty—a common pattern among central European Jewish business families. Their...

Fictions of Integration: American Children's Literature and the Legacies of Brown v. Board of Education by Naomi Lesley

Reviewed by: Fictions of Integration: American Children's Literature and the Legacies of Brown v. Board of Education by Naomi Lesley M. Tyler Sasser Fictions of Integration: American Children's Literature and the Legacies of Brown v. Board of Education, by Naomi Lesley. Routledge, 2017. Fictions of Integration deals with the politics of African American children and white schools, particularly the novelizations of those politics in texts written for children. Tracing the literary legacies of Brown v. Board of Education allows Naomi Lesley to make three highly successful arguments: first, the school setting in children's literature, much like its real-life counterpart, restricts discourse about racial inequality and simultaneously provides the opportunity for opposition; second, the genre of the conventional school story often molds novels about desegregation, in turn softening the detrimental legacies of Brown; and third, children's literature about desegregation relies on depictions of schoolroom pedagogy as the chief method by which truly desegregated schools might become the flagship for racial equality and justice (8). Lesley hitches her arguments to several hotly debated issues in American education, thereby demonstrating the important place of children's literature not only for literary criticism but also in the politics of the larger American culture. Lesley takes an unusually perceptive approach to understanding the influence of Brown on children's novels. Her focus is not limited merely to those novels that directly address Brown. Rather, she provides an evenhanded treatment of novels that address the setting, legacy, backlash, and effects—both negative and positive—of desegregation on students. Chapter 1 represents what readers probably will anticipate from literary scholarship about fictions of integration, those novels that depict the educational and social experiences of the first black students to enter predominantly white schools in the 1950s. However, Lesley's scope is more ambitious and more insightful. In chapter 2, she challenges readers to understand the varied criticisms of desegregation from within several black communities. Chapter 3 furthers this approach by focusing on one of these residual effects of Brown, namely the use of disability diagnoses as a tolerable way to segregate students within only nominally desegregated schools. Finally, in chapter 4, Lesley analyzes several novels, such as Louis Sachar's Holes, that do not engage with Brown directly, but instead obliquely observe how the goals of Brown are unfinished and are a present concern, not a past success. The result [End Page 223] of such an insightful approach to this topic is that Fictions of Integration becomes a wonderfully balanced and nuanced piece of scholarship. More specifically, in chapter 1, "Scripting History and the Genre of Desegregation Stories," Lesley considers three representative novels that depict the admittance of black students into white classrooms in the wake of Brown: Dorothy Sterling's Mary Jane (1959), Andrea Pinkney's With the Might of Angels (2011), and Kristin Levine's The Lions of Little Rock (2012). Lesley argues that a major plot arc in post-Brown novels, whatever their publication date, is that of a pre-teenaged black student who represents a sort of "pioneer of desegregation," as s/he "copes with racist bullies, flourishes academically, and befriends a sympathetic white [friend]" (22). Other tropes in these novels "include a depiction of pedagogical anxieties and changes prompted by the Cold War, a romantic friendship as the key to the utopian vision of desegregation, and an emphasis on a resistant racial identity that depends upon academic performance in the classroom" (22). Taken together, these novels "demonstrate the generic power of the desegregation story genre" while "offering examples of how differently authors may negotiate the more troubling aspects of desegregation history" (22–23). Lesley begins by placing these novels within the context of the genre of the school story while helpfully explaining how the desegregation story "bends" this genre in order to offer criticism of education as an institution in three different ways (27). First, the black protagonists are not the "every child" of school stories; rather, they are intellectually gifted, ambitious, and eager to learn (27). Second, whereas school stories often focus on the social life of extracurricular activities over the classroom itself, these novels unconventionally deemphasize sports and clubs, replacing such events with more eagerness...

Hemingway and Bimini: The Birth of Sport Fishing at "The End of the World." by Ashley Oliphant

Reviewed by: Hemingway and Bimini: The Birth of Sport Fishing at "The End of the World." by Ashley Oliphant Wayne Catan Hemingway and Bimini: The Birth of Sport Fishing at "The End of the World." Ashley Oliphant. Sarasota, FL: Pineapple Press, 2017. 260 pp. Paper $14.95 Bimini is one of the 700 islands that comprise the Bahamas, and it is located just 50 miles east of Miami, a convenient trip for Ernest Hemingway. According to Ashley Oliphant in her book Hemingway and Bimini: The Birth of Sport Fishing at "The End of the World," Bimini befitted Hemingway because "he was personally attracted to the tropical worldview and the creative fuel that was so abundant" (37) on the island. Oliphant's book is divided into seven sections each containing subsections, making it easy for readers to track her argument. A majority of the evidence she presents emanates from interviews with "native Biminites" including Natty Saunders, a centenarian who: "claims to be the basis of Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea, suggesting the widespread belief that Gregorio Fuentes was Santiago's real-life counterpart is not true" (98). Oliphant's study piques readers' interest with speculation that the island's Bimini Road, an underwater rock formation, is a remnant of the Lost City of Atlantis, and an assertion that previous denizens used slaves to conduct their farming tasks: "In fact, many of the current families on the island are descended from the population of emancipated slaves" (30). Additionally, the author's research reveals that starting in the fifteenth century several "compelling historical figures, including Christopher Columbus, Juan Ponce de León, Blackbeard, Zane Grey, Al Capone, Howard Hughes, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Jimmy Buffett" (19) all visited the island. I would not count Jimmy Buffett as a historical figure, but Bimini is where Dr. King: [End Page 161] "wrote his acceptance speech for the Nobel Peace Prize" (212). The top fishermen in the world argue Grey, famous for Riders of the Purple Sage, did "more to publicize the world's greatest marlin centers than anyone else" (47). After the historical section of the book, Oliphant describes the reason Hemingway was attracted to the island: marlin. She points to noted writer and pioneering sports fisherman S. Kip Farrington, Jr. who, in 1937, wrote in Atlantic Game Fishing: "The three factors responsible for Bimini's prominence as a fishing center are, to my mind, the great depth of the water, the rapidly moving Gulf Stream current, and the abundance of fish which serve as food for the big fish" (41). The author also reveals that Hall of Fame fisherman Van Campen Heilner "fished out of Bimini long before most of today's famous fishermen had ever heard the name of that place" (43), which helped attract men and women trollers to the island. Because women trollers fished Bimini's deep waters, Oliphant highlights the fact—with text and photos—that Hemingway welcomed women to the island, challenging the myth that he was a misogynist and did not respect women. Before Hemingway fought half-ton marlin in Bimini he fished for northern pike and rock bass in the Des Plaines River near Oak Park, and in the summers he traveled north to Walloon Lake to land trout, the species Nick Adams hooks in "Big Two-Hearted River." He first set his sights on billfish (marlin, sailfish) in 1932 in Cuba, and from the moment he boated his first marlin he wanted to secure the largest one in the world. To accomplish this feat, he followed the advice of Farrington's article in American Big Game Fishing by: "hitting the gym in the weeks before for strength training and soaking his … hands in brine twice a day for a few weeks before the trip" (73). Papa augmented his training sessions with rounds of boxing, which he introduced to the locals. The intense training program helped Hemingway and inveterate anglers hook big fish, but Bimini was infested with sharks and marlin and tuna were eviscerated by the time they made it to the stern of the boats. Regardless, Hemingway would not allow a shark to outwit or outmuscle him; his "strategy was...

Analysis of roller bearing cages

The aim of this paper is to detail the creation of a roller bearing model with flexible body cages in the Adams program suite for subsequent dynamic analysis and to obtain information about kinematic and dynamic relationships of steel and plastic cages under various operating conditions. The bearing model was made to closely resemble its real-life counterpart, which allows us to estimate load conditions, dynamic conditions of individual bearing parts and interactions between them.

F. Scott Fitzgerald at Work: The Making of The Great Gatsby

<i>F. Scott Fitzgerald at Work: The Making of</i> The Great Gatsby

Dynamic Analysis of a Rolling Bearing Cage with Respect to the Elastic Properties of the Cage for the Axial and Radial Load Cases

The aim of this paper is to detail the creation of a large tapered roller bearing model with flexible body cages in the Adams program suite for subsequent dynamic analysis and to obtain information about kinematic and dynamic relationships of steel and plastic cages under various operating conditions. The bearing model was made to closely resemble its real-life counterpart, which allows us to estimate load conditions, dynamic conditions of individual bearing parts and interactions between them.

Usage of Dynamic Analysis to Determine Force Interactions Between Components of Rolling Bearings

The aim of this paper is to detail the creation of a roller bearing model in the Adams program suite for subsequent dynamic analysis and to obtain information about different parts of the bearing during the simulation. The bearing model was made so as to closely resemble its reallife counterpart, which allows us to estimate load conditions, dynamic conditions of individual bearing parts and interactions between them

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‘A man of great feeling and sensibility’: The Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi and the Tears of a Clown

In the ‘Concluding Chapter’ of his <em>Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi</em> (1838), Charles Dickens describes Grimaldi as ‘a man of great feeling and sensibility’, despite the fact that he thinks ‘many readers will ridicule the idea’ of a clown being capable of such emotional depth. But here Dickens is not merely a traditional biographer, summarizing the evidence and using it as the basis for an evaluation of his subject’s life. In fact, this is the carefully crafted conclusion of a narrative deliberately constructed to tell the life story of ‘a man of the kindest heart’. The level of Dickens’s creative input in the <em>Memoirs</em> has always been a matter for debate, but in a letter to Grimaldi’s doctor, Dickens explains how he directly shaped the way that Grimaldi’s emotional side was presented. Despite claiming his role as a mere editor, Dickens admits that ‘I was very much struck by the many traits of kindheartedness scattered through the book, and have given it that colouring throughout’, clearly signalling his focus on the sentimental side of Grimaldi’s character. In the first section of this article, I demonstrate how Dickens provides that colouring through his shaping of the biographical material, and reconstructs Grimaldi as a real-life counterpart to Dickens’s extremely popular character of time, Mr Pickwick. Through his choice of incidents from Grimaldi’s life, and the way in which he presents the choices and actions Grimaldi takes, Dickens attempts to offer Grimaldi as an admirable model of feeling towards his fellow man. However, in the second section of this article, I show how this biographical imperative to show Grimaldi as a man of feeling is counterposed by a contesting narrative. This second narrative is the work of the more creative writer within Dickens, and like his earlier essay ‘The Pantomime of Life’ (March 1837) it posits identity as being based on external performance and affect rather than interior feeling and emotion. The theatrical nature of many of its figures and the persistent dynamic of performer and audience working within the <em>Memoirs</em> ostensibly seem to set the unaffected figure of Grimaldi apart, moving his character closer to Dickens’s intended ‘colouring’. Yet Grimaldi’s involvement in a number of offstage ‘performances’, particularly in his youth, suggest that there is no easy distinction to be made between what Grimaldi did ‘outside of pantomime time’ and what he did inside it. In my conclusion, I consider the implications that this has for our view of Dickens’s own identity. While Grimaldi’s ‘child-like simplicity’ and openness of emotion is held up to be admired, the converse idea, of life as a performance, would certainly have a dark appeal to a man sometimes unable to directly articulate his own feelings and experiences to his much-beloved audience.

The Potato Eater Priest: On the Waterfronts Father Barry and His Real-life Counterpart

The Potato Eater Priest: On the Waterfronts Father Barry and His Real-life Counterpart

"Equitie to measure": The Perils of Imperial Imitation in Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene

Despite the anti-Spanish thrust of Book Five of Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene, the manner in which the principle of equity is applied in the book resembles the Spanish Dominican use of natural law to weigh the ethics of the Spanish conquest of the Americas. In Book Five, the champions Artegall and Britomart face a situation analogous to the Spanish conquest when they confront the Amazon, Radigund, who rules over a city that the narrator characterizes as unnatural. Artegall fails to exercise equity correctly and the result of his failure is his capture and imprisonment by Radigund as well as his eventual liberation by the female knight, Britomart. Britomart's intervention identifies equity as a feminine principle, presumably in order to identify the exercise of equity with Britomart's real-life counterpart, Queen Elizabeth. In the Radigund episode at the center of Book Five, Spenser's poem is caught in a contradiction between his adherence to the principle of " feminized" equity in foreign contexts and his insistence on basic principles of natural law, which were responsible for naturalizing patriarchal gender relations. As a result, one important and available (mis)reading of the book is that the narrative justifies the (Spanish) conquest of England itself and its own "Amazon" queen, Elizabeth, in the interest of restoring a regime based on traditional conceptions of natural law. In this respect, the logic that Book Five follows is similar to that championed by exiled English Catholics, who allied themselves with the Spanish crown against Elizabeth.